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This page is a subset of texts derived from the three major online Sourcebooks listed below, along with added texts and web site indicators. For more contextual information, for instance about Western imperialism, or the history of a given period, check out these web sites.

• Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
• Internet Medieval Sourcebook
  • Islamic History Section
• Internet Modern History Sourcebook

For help in research, homework, and so forth see

• Ancient History HELP!
• Medieval Studies HELP!
• Modern History HELP!

Notes:	In addition to direct links to documents, links are made to a number of other web resources.
2ND	Link to a secondary article, review or discussion on a given topic.
MEGA	Link to one of the megasites which track web resources.
WEB	Link to a website focused on a specific issue.. These are not links to every site on a given topic, but to sites of serious educational value.

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Contents

• The Pre-Islamic Arab World
  • Pre-Islamic Arabia
  • Pre-Islamic Persia
• Muhammad and Foundations - to 632 CE
  • Religious and Social Context of 7th Century Arabia
  • Muhammad
  • Hadith
• Islamic Faith and Theology
  • The Sunni Tradition
  • The Shi'ite Tradition
  • Sufism
  • Islam as a Modern Faith
  • Women in Islam
• Islamic Expansion and Empire
  • Conquest
  • Government Institutions
  • Islamic Africa [Sub Sahara]
• The Caliphate
  • Government
  • Science
  • Culture
  • Philosophy
  • Gender and Sexuality in Classical Islam
  • Successor States: Ummayyad Spain
  • Successor States: Fatamid Egypt
  • Successor States: Mameluke Egypt
  • Successor States: North Africa Maghreb
  • The Mongol Invasions
• The Persians
  • Culture
  • The Safavids
• The Turks
  • Turkish Origins
  • Seljuks
  • Turkestan
  • Culture
• The Ottomans
  • Origins
  • Conquests
  • Government
  • Society
  • Ottoman Egypt
  • Culture
  • Decline
• The Expansion Eastwards
  • India
  • China
  • The East Indies
• Interaction with the West
  • Crusades
• The Western Intrusion
  • Napoleon
  • European 19th Century Imperialism
  • The Ottoman Empire in the Face of Western Power
  • Algeria
  • Arabia
  • Egypt
  • Iran
  • Libya
  • Morocco
  • Sudan
  • Syria
  • World War I
• Islamic Nationalism
  • Arab Nationalism
  • British and French Diplomacy
  • Islam and Liberal Democracy
  • Algeria
  • Pakistan
• The Islamic World since 1945
• General
• International Affairs/Organizations
• Algeria
• Egypt
• Iran
• Iraq
• Kurdistan
• Libya
• Saudi Arabia
• Syria
• Turkey
• The Palestine/Israel Conflict
• Islamic History Maps
• Origins, Expansion and Core Areas
• Crusades
• Spain
• Persia
• Egypt
• Turks: Seljuqs and Ottomans
• India and Far East

• Further Resources on Islamic History
  • Guides to the Web
  • Academic Sites
  • General Interest Sites
  • Muslim Sites

 

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The Pre-Islamic Arab World

Pre-Islamic Arabs

• Ancient Accounts of Arabia 430 BCE-550 CE
  • Accounts from Herodotus: The Histories, c. 430 BCE; Strabo: Geography, c. 22 CE; Dio Cassius: History of Rome, c. 220 CE; Ammianus Marcellinus: The Roman History, c. 380 CE; Procopius of Caesarea: History of the Wars, c. 550 CE
• Pre-Islamic Arabia: The Hanged Poems, before 622 CE
  • The Pre-Islamic poems of Imru-Ul-Quais, Antar, and Zuhair which Muhammad allowed to remain hanging in the Ka'aba.
• 2ND Irfan Shahid: Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century. (Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, Washington, D.C. 1989), Vll. BYZANTINISM AND ARABISM: INTERACTION, 528-539
• 2ND Philip K. Hitti: The Original Arab, The Bedouin [At Oneworld]
  

Pre-Islamic Persia

• 2ND Richard Frye: Heritage of Persia, 224-229
• 2ND Richard Frye: History of Ancient Iran, 325-334

 

Muhammad and Foundations - to 632 CE

Religious and Social Context of 7th Century Arabia

• 2ND Patricia Crone: Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. (Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1987), 231-250

Muhammad

• Ibn Ishaq (d. c. 773 CE): Selections from the Life of Muhammad
• The Qu'ran: Al-Fatiha (The Opening), text with RealAudio chanting,  [At Islam.org]
  The entire Qu'ran is available in audio at this site.
• The Qu'ran: Surahs 1 and 47
  See also  Catholic Encyclopedia: Islam (Concept)
• Muhammad: Last Sermon
• 2ND Philip K. Hitti: Muhammad, The Prophet of Allah [At Oneworld]
• 2ND Montgomery Watt: Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961) Last Chapter
• 2ND Maxime Rodinson: Muhammad (New York: Pantheon Books. 1980), pp. 38. ff, Chapter 3
• 2ND Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri: AR-RaheeQ Al-Makhtum (The Sealed Nectar) Memoirs of the Noble Prophet [At Ibrahimshafi]
  It is unclear what exactly this document is.
• Sunan Abu-Dawud, Partial translation, translator: Prof. Ahmad Hasan [At USC-MSA]
  "Sunan Abu-Dawud is a collection of sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) (also known as the sunnah). The reports of the Prophet's sayings and deeds are called ahadith. Abu-Dawud lived a couple of centuries after the Prophet's death and worked extremely hard to collect his ahadith."
• Malik (93-179 AH): Muwatta, Translated by `A'isha `Abdarahman at-Tarjumana and Ya`qub Johnson. [At USC-MSA]
  "Malik's Muwatta ("the well-trodden path") is a collection of two items: the sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) (also known as the sunnah). The reports of the Prophet's sayings and deeds are called ahadith."
• WEB Companions of The Prophet [At UMR]
  A sort of Muslim hagiography. Unfortunately, with no sources cited.

Hadith

• Hadith Selections, short excerpts.
• The Sunnah, (traditions of the Prophet Muhammad), excerpts.
• Sahih Bukhari: Hadith [At USC-MSA]
• Hadith on fasting, collected by al-Bukhari (d. 870 CE)
• WEB Sunnah and Hadith Page [At USC-MSA]
  With links to texts of various Hadith Collections.
  

Islam Faith and Theology

General

• WEB Islamic Thought [At MSA-Buffalo]
  A useful guide to a variety of sites.
• WEB Barbara R. von Schlegell: Introduction to Islamic Religion [Religious Studies 143/Asian & Middle Eastern Studies 136] [At UPenn]
• Arthur Jeffry: A Reader on Islam: Passages from Standard Arabic Writings Illustrative of the Beliefs and Practices of Muslims [At UPenn]
• 2ND Hadhrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad: An Elementary Study of Islam   [At Alislam.org]
• Qur'an Texts
  • Qu'ran, translated by E.H. Palmer, Full text [At Virginia Tech]
  • The Holy Qur'an, trans. M.H. Shakir,  Full text [At CMU]
  • The Qu'ran, trans.  Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali, [At Unn.ac.uk]  See also Catholic Encyclopedia: KORAN
  • The Qu'ran, translated Maulvi Sher Ali, Full Text,  [At U Texas]
  • The Qu'ran in Arabic script with audio recitation, Full Text,  [At IslamiCity]
  • The Quran: Three Versions Side By Side [At USC-MSA]
    Contains Yusuf Ali, Pickthall and Shakir's versions side by side for each sura.
  • WEB The Qu'ran Browser Homepage [At Brown]
    Online access to translations by  M. M. Pickthall, Abdullah Yusufali, M. H. Shakir
  • WEB List of Online Muslim Sacred Text Translations and Texts [At MSA-Bufflao]
  • 2ND Toby Lester : What is the Koran The Atlantic, January 1999 [At The Atlantic]
    Discussion of efforts to apply methods of textual criticism to the text of the Qur'an. This approach is rejected by most Orthodox Muslims.
• God
  • Muhammad Speaks of Allah: 'There is no God but He....' [At Eliade Page]
  • Allah is All-Knowing, All Powerful- The Creator! [At Eliade Page]
  • Allah 'is the first and the last,' the Creator, Maker, and Shaper [At Eliade Page]
  • Allah is Light [At Eliade Page]
• Revelation
  • Muhammad's Call [At Eliade Page]
  • Muhammad is the Messenger of God [At Eliade Page]
  • The Qur'an, 'The Book wherein is no doubt. . .' [At Eliade Page]
  • Allah Tells Muhammad the Story of Abraham [At Eliade Page]
  • Allah Reveals How He Saved Israel [At Eliade Page]
  • Allah Sent the Torah, the Prophets, and Jesus [At Eliade Page]
• Religious Life
  • Muhammad Proclaims the Prescriptions of Islam [At Eliade Page]
  • 'Those who repent thereafter, and make ammends...' [At Eliade Page]
  • Pilgramage in the Qur'an [At Eliade Page]
  • Muhammad Prescribes the Daily Prayers of the Muslim  [At Eliade Page]
  • Prayers of Dervishes [A Sufi Sect] [At Eliade Page]
  • Al-Hasan Extols Asceticism, 8th Century CE, [A Sufi Writer] [At Eliade Page]
• Eschatology
  • Muhammad Speaks of the Day of Doom  [At Eliade Page]
    

The Sunni Tradition

• The Sunnah, (traditions of the Prophet Muhammad), excerpts.
• Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058-1111 CE): The Remembrance of Death and the Afterlife
• Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (1058-1111 CE): Munkidh min al-Dalal (Confessions, or  Deliverance from Error), c. 1100 CE
• Zamakhshari (1070-1143 CE): The Discoverer of Truth, c. 1130 CE
• WEB Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Materials [At SOAS]

The Shi'ite Tradition

• Sultanu'l-Wa'izin Shirazi: Peshawar Nights (1927), Full Text [At al-islam.org]
• 2ND A Shi'ite Encyclopedia
• WEB Shia Islam [At WSU]
  A multi-media site by Richard Hooker.

Sufism

• Prayers of Dervishes [A Sufi Sect] [At Eliade Page]
• Al-Hasan Extols Asceticism, 8th Century CE, [A Sufi Writer] [At Eliade Page]
• Al-Hallaj: Sayings, a Sufi Mystic
• Rabia: Life in His Own Words a Sufi Mystic.
• Jalal ad-Din Rumi (1207-1273 CE): The Masnavi, excerpts, c. 1250 CE
• Jalal ad-Din Rumi (1207-1273 CE): The Fairest Land, c. 1250 CE
• Jalal ad-Din Rumi (1207-1273 CE): Poems from the Divan-I Shams-I Tabriz, c. 1270 CE
• Julia Pardoe: The Dancing Dervishes, 1902
• MEGA Sufi-related resources on the Internet
• WEB The Haqqani Foundation

Islam as a Modern Faith

• Islam [At Religious Tolerance][Summary]
• Malcolm X: On His Pilgrimmage to Mecca [At Unn.UK]
• Sherif Abdel Azee: Women in Islam Versus Women in the Judeo-Christian Tradition [At USC]
• WEB About Islam and Muslims [At U Oregon]
  Islamic apologetics, but preaching to the converted - see the text on Women and Islam!

Women in  Islam

• The Qur'an: The Women [At CCNY]
  From Surah's 2 and 4.
• A Visit to the Wife of Suleiman the Magnificent (Translated from a Genoese Letter), c. 1550
• Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): Dining With The Sultana, 1718
• Demetra Vaka: Aïshé Hanoum, c. 1888
  Life of a Turkish woman.
• WEB Women in Islam [At Answering Islam]
  The website is a site devoted to arguments with Muslims. This web page contains links to explanations, defences, and attacks on the subject of women in Islam.
• 2ND Sherif Abdel Azeem: Women In Islam Versus Women In The
  Judaeo-Christian Tradition  [At TWF]
  Widely reproduced "defence" of women's role in Islam.
• 2ND M. Rafiqul-Haqq and P. Newton: The Place of Women in Pure Islam [Ar debate.domini.org]
  Decidely critical of Muslim practice, but quotes a  large number of sources.
• 2ND Anne Hardwick: From Muhammad to Present: Islamic Law and Women [At Rhodes]
  Critical.
• 2ND Barbara Crossette: "A Manual on Rights of Women Under Islam," New York Times, December 29, 1996  [At Mt Holyoke]
• 2ND Ghada Barsoum: Polemics on the Veil in Egypt
  Student paper on modern Egyptian debates.
• 2ND Douglas Jehl: "Egyptian Court Voids Ban on Cutting of Girls' Genitals," New York Times, June 26, 1997  [At Mt Holyoke]
• 2ND John F. Burns: "Journal: Islamic Police Create a Minefield for Women," New York Times, August 29, 1997  [At Mt Holyoke]
• 2ND Marelise Simons: "Cry of Muslim Women for Equal Rights Is Rising," New York Times, March 9, 1998  [At Mt Holyoke]
• Female Circumcision/Female Genital Mutilation
  • The Issue of Female Circumcision [At H-Net]
  • Female Genital Mutilation on Trial [At The Atlantic]
  • Linda Burstyn: Female Genital Mutilation Comes to America, The Atlantic October 1995 [At The Atlantic]
  • WEB Female Genital Mutilation Research Homepage [At hollyfeld.org]
    Lots of interesting stuff, and discussion within the context of Islam. Also discusses "male genital mutilation" - such discussions in the past have ended up with distinct anti-Semitic overtones.
    
    

Islamic Expansion and Empire

Conquests

• 2ND W.N. Arafat: "New Light on the Story of the Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (1976), 100-107. [At haqq.com]
• 2ND The Battle of Badr, 624 CE [At islaam.com]
• Al-Baladhuri: The Battle of The Yarmuk (636 CE) and After
  The Byzantines lost control of Syria at Yarmuk.
• Accounts of the Arab Conquest of Egypt, 642 CE
  The Coptic account from The History of The Patriarchs of Alexandria and an Arab account - Al-Baladhuri: The Conquest of Alexandria
• Ibn Abd-el-Hakem: The Islamic Conquest of Spain
• Al Maggari: Tarik's Address to His Soldiers, 711 CE, from The Breath of Perfumes
• Anonymous Arab Chronicler: The Battle of Poitiers, 732 CE
• Arabs, Franks, and the Battle of Tours: Three Accounts 732  CE
• 2ND Fred Donner: The Early Islamic Conquests, (Princeton: Princeton Univ Press, 1981), pp.251 ff - Chapter VI. "Conclusions: 1. Tribe and State in Arabia: Second Essay"
• 2ND Judith Herrin: The Formation of Christendom. "Byzantium Confronted by Islam", (Princeton: Princeton Univ, Press. 1987), 183-213
• 2ND The War System in Islam  [At Hajeri]
  Muslim apologetics.

Government Institutions

• The Pact of Umar, 7th Century 
• Pact of Umar (another version), 9th century CE?
• The Diwan
• The Waqf (Pious Foundation)

Islamic Africa [Sub-Sahara]

• WEB Islam and Indigenous African Culture [At Harvard]
  A clear narrative, and excellent maps on the penetration of Islam across the Sahara and in East Africa.
• MAP The Advent of Islam in West Africa [At Harvard]
• MAP The Advent of Islam in East Africa [At Harvard]
• Abû Ûthmân al-Jâhiz: The Essays, excerpts, c. 860 CE
  On the Zanj (Black Africans). Arab Muslim opinions.
• African States
  • Glimpses of the Kingdom of Ghana, 1067 [At CCNY]
  • Al Bakri: Description of Ghana [At CCNY]
  • Leo Africanus: The History and Description of Africa: Borno [At CCNY]
• African Islamic Culture
  • Leo Africanus Description of Timbuktu [At WSU]
  • Ibn Battuta: Malian Women, [At CCNY]
  • Tabala Wolof: Sufi Drumming of Senegal [At Rootsworld]
    Music samples
  • 2ND John Hunwick: Africa and Islamic Revival: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives [At Georgia]
  • 2ND African Islamic History, a H-Africa thread ][At H-Net]
• The Slave Trade
  • Bills of Sale for Saracen Slave Girls, 1248
    These were Arab women sold as slaves.
  • Pictures of the Arab Slave Trade [At Hodc - unreliable religious site]
  • Pictures of Slave Ship, Fort Judah, Sale Posters, [At Hodc - unreliable religious site]
  • Slave Trade Statistics [At NYU]
  • 2ND Anika Francis: The Economics of the African Slave Trade [At Upenn]
  • 2ND Bernard Lewis. Race and Slavery in the Middle East, (New York: Oxford Univ Press 1994) Chap 1. "Slavery".
    

The Caliphate

General

• 2ND The First Four Caliphs [At USC-MSA]
• WEB H-Medieval Mideast Homepage
• WEB Bibliography for Medieval Islam [At IGS]

Government

• An Arab Ambassador in Constantinople, (late 10th Century)
• Al-Tanûkhî: Ruminations and Reminiscences, c. 980 CE 
  "The Table Talk of a Mesopotamian Judge"
• Yakut: Baghdad under the Abbasids, c. 1000 CE
• Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masu'di (Masoudi) (ca. 895?-957 CE): The Book of Golden Meadows, c. 940 CE
  Masu'di  - "the Arab Suetonius" or "the Arab Herodotus"  - specialized in a history which went beyond chronology to look at themes and individual anecdotes. This is an extensive selection on various caliphs.
• Ibn-Miskawaih: The Experiences of the Nations, c. 980 CE
  Powerplays in the Abbasid court.
• Al Biruni (973-1048 CE): The Existing Monuments or Chronology, c. 1030 CE
  One of the earlist Arabic historians.
• 2ND Gaston Wiet: Baghdad: Metropolis of the Abbasid Caliphate, (Norman OK: Univ of Oklahoma Press, 19?? ) Chap. 5
• 2ND J. Schact: "Law and Justice", in Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. II, pt. VIII/chap. 4, pp. 539 ff.

Science

• Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 28: Medicine (Kitab Al-Tibb) [At USC-MSA]
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973-1037 CE): On Medicine, c. 1020 CE
• Adelard of Bath: Natural Questions, c. 1137
  Impact of Muslim science in the West.
• 2ND Seyyed Hossain Nasr: Science and Civilization in Islam, (New York : New American Library. 1968). "Introduction".
• WEB History of Islamic Medicine
• Famous Muslim Scientist Lists
  The lists below seem to be part of a certain genre of list creation, usually to make the claim (which is true) that Islam had a glorious role in the history of science. Non of them seem to address what happened after c. 1500 (the Western Intrusion was not until c. 1800, so it will not do as an "excuse".)
  • WEB Muslim Scientists and Thinkers [At City.ac.uk]
  • WEB Muslim Scientists, 700 - 1500 CE [At Muslimsonline]
  • WEB Muslim Scientists, Mathematicians and Astronomers Before European Renaissance, 700 - 1500 CE [At Zenithco]

Culture

• The Poets of Arabia, Selections
• Al Hariri of Basrah (446-516 A.H./1054-1122 CE): Maqamat, (The Assemblies), c. 1100 CE, 12 of the 50 "assemblies". Maqamat (singular Maqamah) were a popular sort of Arabic entertainment literature (adab). This is perhaps the most popular example.
• The Women and Her Suitors story from the Thousand and One Nights [caution: very rude!]
• The Seven Yoyages of Sinbad the Sailor story from the Thousand and One Nights [At thekids.com]
• The Arabian Nights Entertainments, translated by Andrew Lang
  • Gutenberg text
  • HTML [At teachersoft.com]
• The Arabian Nights, translated Sir. Richard Francis Burton. Full Text  [At Virginia Tech]
• The Nizámu'l Mulk (?-1092 CE) : On the Courtiers and Familars of Kings
• Ibn Batuta (1307-1377 CE): Travels, selections
• 2ND Arthur Goldschmidt: A Concise History of the Middle East. Chap. 8. "Islamic Civilization"
• 2ND Oleg Grabar: Ceremonial and Art at the Umayyad Court. PhD Dissertation, Princeton Univ 1955. Chap. I. The Umayyad Royal Idea and its Expression under Mu'awiyah I. pp 18 ff
• 2ND Oleg Grabar: The Formation of Islamic Art, (New Haven: Yale Univ Press, 19??), pp. 43- 71,.Chap. 3 "The Symbolic Appropriation of the Land" chapter 3
• 2ND S. M. Ghazanfar: The Islamic World and the Western Renaissance [At Zenithco]. 
  Useful enough, but written with a chip on his shoulder by an economist.

Philosophy

• Ibn Rushd (Averroës) (1126-1198 CE): Religion & Philosophy, c. 1190 CE. 
  The text  is On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy, or in Arabic Kitab fasl al-maqal, with its appendix (Damina). Appended is  an extract from Kitab al-kashf`an manahij al-adilla. Averroes was also a major influence on Western thinkers.
• 2ND Ibn Rushd (Averroës) (1126-1198 CE), from Enc. Brit. [At Purdue]
• Islamic political philosophy: Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes [Local copy]
• WEB Islamic Thought   [At MSA Buffalo]
  

Gender and Sexuality in Classical Islam

• The Qur'an on Homosexuality.
• Edward Carpenter (1884-1929): Iolaus: An Anthology of Friendship [chapter on Arabia and Persia], with extracts from Rumi, Hafiz and Saadi.
• The Tale of Nur Al-Din Ali and his Son Badr Al-Din Hasan,
  from The Arabian Nights, translated Sir. Richard Francis Burton.
• Abu Nawas (c.756-810 CE): Poetry
• The Nizámu'l Mulk (?-1092 CE) : On the Courtiers and Familars of Kings
• Sa'di (1184-1292 CE): Gulistan, 13th Century CE, Full text of Persian prose/poetry text with significant homoerotic content.
• Rumi: Poetry
• Sa'di (1184-1292 CE): The Gulistan, c. 1256 CE. another translation.
• Sheikh Nefzaoui: The Perfumed Garden, 16th Cent. CE/c. A.H 925, translated by Sir Richard Burton , in chapter files, full text, [At Bibliomania]
  A guide to sex by a Tunisian writer of the 16th century. Does not discuss male homosexuality, but does discuss Lesbianism (in chap. 20).
• Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522 - 1592 CE): Lesbian Love in A Turkish Bath, 1560  [At Letters Magazine]
• 2ND Richard Burton: Terminal Essay, from his edition of the Arabian Nights.
  Burton' compilation of data on variety of societies was meant to explain some of the stories in The Nights. In doing so, he provided first overview of Islamic homosexuality.
• 2ND Islam and Homosexuality [At Islam Homepage]
  An extremely homophobic article which claims Islam never tolerated homosexuality.

Successor States: Ummayyad Spain

• 2ND David J. Wasserstein: The Caliphate in the West, (Oxford: ClarendonPress, 1993), chap. 1. "The Caliphal Institution in al-Andalus until 422/1031"
• WEB Islamic Spain [At Islamic Spain]
  Not very useful as yet..
• WEB The Legacy of al-Andulus [at hlegadoandalusi.es]
  In English, with Spanish and French versions.
• The Poetry of the Spanish Moors, Selections
• Pictures of Cordoba   [At Islamic Spain]
• Al-Andulus Image Gallery [At Muslim.net]

Successor States: Fatamid Egypt

• 2ND Yacov Lev: State and Society in Fatimid Egypt, (Leiden: E. J. Brill., 1991), CHAPTER FOUR: THE RULING CIRCLES
• 2ND Berkey: The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo, Chapter 2, Instruction.

Successor States: Mameluke Egypt

• 2ND Muhammad El-Halaby: The Battle of "Ain Jaloot", A Turning Point in History [At islam.org.au]
  Not very reliable article about the defeat of the Mongols.

Successor States: North Africa/Maghreb

• Ibn Said: Book of the Maghrib, 13th Century

The Mongol Invasions

• Ibn al-Athir: On The Tatars, 1220-1221CE
  The effects of the Mongols in Persia.
  

The Persians

Culture

• Firdausi: The Epic of Kings, c. 1000 CE [At MIT]
  HTML version in short sections.
• Firdausi: The Epic of Kings, c. 1000 CE [At VT]
  One text file.
• Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE): The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (first edition), trans. by Edward FitzGerald (page images [At Virginia]
• Omar Khayyam: The Rubiayat, c. 1120 CE, or another version, both editions translated by Edward Fitzgerald.
• Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE): The Rubaiyat, c. 1120
  This is not the famous translation by Edward Fitgerald, but a more complete version by   E. H. Whinfield.
• Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE): In Praise of Wine, c. 1100
• Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE): The Vanity of Regret, c. 1100
• Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE): The Cup, c. 1110
• Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE): Profession of Faith, c. 1120
• Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE): The Wisdom of the Supreme, c. 1120
• Nizami  (1140-1203 CE): Khosru & Shireen, c. 1190 CE
• Sa'di (1184-1292 CE): Gulistan, 1258 CE, Full text, in short sections. [At MIT]
• Sa'di (1184-1292 CE): Gulistan, 1258 CE, Full text of Persian prose/poetry text with significant homoerotic content
• Sa'di (1184-1292): The Gulistan, c. 1256 CE. Translation by James Ross (1890)
• Sa'di (1184-1292 CE): The Bustan
• Jalal ad-Din Rumi (1207-1273 CE): The Masnavi, excerpts, c. 1250 CE
• Jalal ad-Din Rumi (1207-1273 CE): The Fairest Land, c. 1250 CE
• Jalal ad-Din Rumi (1207-1273 CE): Poems from the Divan-I Shams-I Tabriz, c. 1270 CE
• Hafiz (1325-1389 CE): Verses in Praise of God, c. 1370 CE
• Jami (1414-1492 CE): Joseph and Zuleika, c. 1470 CE
• WEB Isfahan Page

Safavids

•  

The Turkish Irruption

Origins

• 2ND J.J. Saunders: A History of Medieval Islam, (London: Routledge, 19??), chap. 9. "IX The Turkish Irruption"
• 2ND Z. V. Togan: The Origins of the Kazaks and the ôzbeks, Central Asian Survey Vol. 11, No. 3. 1992, [At Turkiye.net]

Seljuks

Turkestan

• WEB Turks & Tatars: An exhibit of the Interactive History Project, Muslims in the 19th-century Russian Empire.

Culture

• The Book of Dede Korkut: A Turkish Epic [At UTK]
  An epic of the Oghuz (10th century).
• The Legends & Poetry of The Turks, selections
  From Ahmedi to Baqi.
• Old Turkish Tales: The Queen of Night
• WEB Turkmen Arts and Culture
  

The Ottomans

General

• WEB The Ottomans [At WSU]
  A multi-media site by Richard Hooker.
• WEB History of Ottoman Empire [At Ualberta]
• WEB The Ottoman Page
• WEB Yahoo!: Ottoman History
• WEB Türkiye: Country Information [At UTK]
• WEB Türkiye: Arts and Literature [At UTK]
• WEB H-Turk Homepage

Origins

• The Ghazi State

Conquests

• The Fall of Constantinople 1453
  from a Greek point of view.
• 2ND Muhammad El-Halaby: The LiberationFall of Constantinople 1453 [At Islam.org.au]
  from a Muslim point of view.
• Eulogy of Istanbul, from The Counsels of Nabi Efendi to his Son Aboul Khair [At WSU]
• Old Serbian Tales: Marko and the Turks, c. 1450 [At this Site]
• James M. Ludlow: The Tribute of Children, 1493
  The Janissaries

Government

• Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522 - 1592): The Turkish Letters,   excerpts, 1555-1562 [At this Site]
• Administration
• Military
• The Millet System
  • The Status of Jews and Christians in Muslim Lands, 1772 CE
    A question on the position of Jews in Islam, and the answer of the Shaikh Hasan Al Kafrawi, The Shafiite [Professor of canon law in Cairo, d. 1788 CE]
  • WEB The History of Turkish Jews

Society

• Sidi Ali Reis (16th Century CE): Mirat ul Memalik (The Mirror of Countries), 1557 CE
  A Turkish traveler's account of the world of India and the Middle East.
• Women
  • A Visit to the Wife of Suleiman the Magnificent (Translated from a Genoese Letter), c. 1550
  • Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): Dining With The Sultana, 1718
  • Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (1522 - 1592): Lesbian Love in A Turkish Bath, 1560  [At Letters Magazine]

Ottoman Egypt

• Firman of Appointment of Muhammad Ali as Pasha of Egypt, issued by the Ottoman Sultan, 1840 [At MS State]
• Muhammad Ali's Tax Inspectors 1809 [At MS State] from Chronicles of al-Jabarti - cAbd al-Rahman al-Jabarti cajaib al-athar f-il-tarajim w-al-akhbar, Cairo 1297/1879 IV, 93-94,141-142, 154, 183, 208-209).

Culture

• Architecture
  • Sinan
  • WEB  Views of Turkey [At Purdue]
    Includes many images of Ottoman architecture.
  • WEB Istanbul: The Cradle of Civilization
• Science and Technology
  • Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689-1762): Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey, [At this Site]
• Painting
  • WEB Miniature Collection: The Age of Sultan Suleyman, the Magnificent Exhibition [At UMD]
    With a large collection of miniatue images
• Poetry
  • The Legends & Poetry of The Turks, selections
    From Ahmedi to Baqi.
  • WEB Turkish Poetry Homepage [At UMD]
    A very large selection of texts in Turkish and English. Mostly modern authors, but has a specific page on Turkish poetry throughout the centuries, with both Turkish and English texts.
    • Selection from the Dede Korkut
    • Yunus Emre (?1238-?1320): Knowledge is to understand / To understand who you are
    • Esrefoglu (?-1469) : My God do not part me from thee / Do not part me from thy sight
    • Pir Sultan Abdal: The rough man entered the lover's garden / It is woods now, my beautiful one, it is woods
    • Nedim (?1681-1730): SONG, "Come, let's grant the joy to this heart of ours that founders in distress: / Let's go to the pleasure gardens, come, my sauntering cypress . . ."
    • Ahmet Hasim: PROMISED LAND, "Let it play with your hair, this gentle breeze / Blowing from the seven seas."
  • Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology by Walter G. Andrews, Najaat Black, Mehmet Kalpakli  [At UMD]
    • Nâilî: What witch are you
      

Decline

• Sir William Eton: A Survey of the Turkish Empire, 1799
• Demetra Vaka: Aïshé Hanoum, c. 1888
  Life of a Turkish woman.
• Julia Pardoe: The Dancing Dervishes, 1902
• Dr. Cyrus Hamlin: Turkish Bread, 1907
• The Young Turks: Proclamation for the Ottoman Empire, 1908
• 2ND Sultan Abdulhamid: Biography Of Sultan Abdul Hameed The Second And The Fall Of The Islamic Khilafa [At ummah.org.uk]
  An Antisemetic account.
• The Balkan Wars
  • Old Serbian Tales: Marko and the Turks, c. 1450 [At this Site]
  • Alfred Lord Tennyson: Montenegro [At this Site]
  • Arthur D. Howden-Smith: An Attack on the Bashi-Bazouks, Macedonia, 1907 [At this Site]
  • Bernard Grant: The Flight of the Turks from Lule-Burgas, 1912 [At this Site]
  • Philip Gibbs: The Siege of Adrianople, 1912 [At this Site]
    

The Expansion Eastwards

India

• See Internet Indian History Sourcebook
• Babur
• Akbar
• WEB The Mughals [At WSU]
  A multi-media site by Richard Hooker.

China

• 2ND Yusuf Abdul Rahman: Islam in China [At Ameen]
  

East Indies

• 2ND Hj. Ahmad Kamar: Islam in Peninsular Malaysia [At Ameen]

 

Interaction with the West

Crusades

• See Internet Medieval Sourcebook: Selected Sources for many Western sources on the Crusades.
• Usmah Ibn Munqidh (1095-1188): Autobiography: Excerpts on the Franks, c.1175 CE.
• Usmah Ibn Munqidh  (1095-1188): On Muslim and Christian Piety, 12th Century. [At CCNY]
• Usmah Ibn Munqidh  (1095-1188): On European Piracy, 12th Century. [At CCNY]
• Pope Innocent III:  License to Venice to Trade With The Saracens, 1198
• 2ND Philip K. Hitti : The Assasins [At Drug Library]
• The Tale of Two Hashish-Easters (Traditional),  and another Hasish Tale, from Arabian Nights [At Drug Library]
• Al-Makrisi: Arab Account of the Crusade of St. Louis
• A Christian-Muslim Debate [12th Century]
• 2ND Hadia Dajani-Shakeel: "Some Medieval Accounts of Salah al-Din's Recovery of Jerusalem (Al-Quds)" in Hisham Nashabe (ed) Studia Palaestina: Studies in honour of Constantine K. Zurayk, Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut 1988.
  

The Western Intrusion

Napoleon

• WEB The Napoleonic Library
• WEB Histoire Napoleonique

European 19th Century Imperialism

• 2ND Jane F. Collier: Islamic Law and Western Imperialism [At Mt Holyoke]
• Rev. Arthur Male: The Hill of Bones, Afghanistan 1878 [At this Site]

The Ottoman Empire in the Face of Western Power

• Treaty of Commerce and Navigation Between the United States and the Ottoman Empire, February 25, 1862 [At Yale]
• Abdul-Mejid, Sultan  (1823-1861): On Religious Freedom, from the Imperial Rescript, Islahat Fermani,  1856 [At Civnet]

Algeria

• WEB United States Treaties with The Barbary Powers: 1786-1836 [At Yale]
• The Barbary Treaties : Treaty of Peace, Signed Algiers June 30 and July 3, 1815 [At Yale]
• The Barbary Treaties: Treaty of Peace and Amity, with Article Additional and Explanatory, Signed at Algiers December 22 and 23, 1816 [At Yale]
• Proposal for the Establishment of a Native Army in Algeria, 1839 [At MS State]
  Translation of a letter from an unidentified senior French Army Officer to the French Minister for the Navy. 

Arabia

• Sir Richard Francis Burton: A Pilgrimage to Mecca, 1853 [At this Site]
• Colonel L. du Couret: Justice in Arabia, c. 1890 [At his Site]

Egypt

• WEB The History of the Suez Canal [At USC]
• The Story of the Suez Canal, from All the Year Round, January 8, 1876
• The Earl of Cromer: Why Britain Acquired Egypt in 1882, 1908 [At this Site]
• Declaration Between the United Kingdom and France Respecting Egypt and Morocco, together with secret articles signed at the same time. Signed at London, April 8, 1904. [At MS State]

Iran

• Charles James Wills: A Persian Wedding, 1885 [At this Site]
• S. G. W. Benjamin: Life in Persia, 1885 [At this Site]
• Samuel G. Wilson: New Year's Calls and Gifts, Persia 1895 [At this Site]
• Eustache de Lory: The Persian Bazaars, 1910 [At this Site]
• The Anglo-Russian Entente, Agreement on Persia, 1907 [At Yale]

Libya

• George E. Thompson: The Great Market of Tripoli, c. 1890

Morocco

• WEB Morocco--History, Culture, Maps. [At Maghreb.net]
• Treaty of Peace between the United States and Morocco Meknes, 16 September 1836  [At MS State]
• Letter threatening military reprisals by French on Moroccan pirates (1855) (French Text)   [At MS State]
• Convention between Morocco and Spain extending the Limits of Melilla etc., signed at Tetuan, 24 August 1859  [At MS State]
• Convention between Great Britain and Morocco relative to a Loan to be raised in London by Morocco, signed at Tangier, 24 October 1861  [At MS State]
• Commercial Treaty between Morocco and Spain 1861  [At MS State]
• Proclamation by the French consulate-general, Tangier 1862  [At MS State]
• Convention as to Cape Spartel Light-house between the United States, Austria, Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden and Norway and Morocco, 1867  [At MS State]
• Edmondo de Amicis: One Day in Morocco, c. 1870 [At this Site]
  A traveler's account.
• British Order in Council for the regulation of British Consular Jurisdiction in Morocco. Osborne, February 4, 1875.  [At MS State]
• Convention as to protection in Morocco between the United States, Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal and Sweden and Norway and Morocco, 1880.  [At MS State]
• Declaration between the United Kingdom and France respecting Egypt and Morocco, together with the secret articles signed at the same time. Signed at London, April 8, 1904  [At MS State]
• Declaration between the governments of France and Spain, respecting the integrity of Morocco Signed at Paris, October 3, 1904.
• Algeciras Conference, 1906 (French text)  [At MS State]
• Agreement between Germany and France Relative to Morocco. February 9, 1909.  [At MS State]
• Exchange of notes between France and Morocco, August 14-December 25, 1909.  [At MS State]

Sudan

• Alfred Egmont Hake: The Death of General Gordon at Khartoum, 1885

Syria

• 2ND Jonathan Frankel: "Ritual Murder" in the Modern Era: The Damascus Affair of 1840, Jewish Social Studies Volume 3, Number 2 [At JSS]

World War I

• WEB The World War I Document Archive [At BYU]
  has hundreds of documents.
• WEB Documents of World War I, [At Mt. Holyoke]
• WEB Balkan History Documents, 1456-1997 [At Mt. Holyoke]
  

Islamic Nationalism

Arab Nationalism

• WEB Political Islam [At Mt. Holyoke]
• 2ND Rich Stiller: Influence As Power, an online book about Lawrence of Arabia and influence. [At sunlabs.com]
• 2ND Bernard Lewis: The Roots fo Muslim Rage, The Atlantic, September 1990, [At The Atlanatic]

British and French Diplomacy

• Sir Henry McMahon: Letter to Ali ibn Husain, 1915 [At this Site]
  British promises to Arab leaders during World War I.
• Sir Henry McMahon to Sharif Husayn, 24 October 1915
• Sykes-Picoh Agreement, 1916 [At Stanford]

Islam and Democracy

• 2ND Bernard Lewis, "Islam and Liberal Democracy: A Historical Overview," Journal of Democracy 7.2 (1996) 52-63  [At Mt Holyoke]
• 2ND Robin Wright "Islam and Liberal Democracy: Two Visions Of Reformation," Journal of Democracy 7.2 (1996) 64-75   [At Mt Holyoke]
• 2ND Abdou Filali-Ansary, "Islam and Liberal Democracy: The Challenge Of Secularization," Journal of Democracy 7.2 (1996) 76-80   [At Mt Holyoke]
• 2ND Mohamed Elhachmi Hamdi, "Islam and Liberal Democracy: The Limits Of The Western Model," Journal of Democracy 7.2 (1996) 81-85   [At Mt Holyoke]
• 2ND Laith Kubba, "Islam and Liberal Democracy: Recognizing Pluralism," Journal of Democracy 7.2 (1996) 86-89  [At Mt Holyoke]
• 2ND National Institute for Research Advancement's (NIRA - Japan), "Political Islam: Pluralism Denied," By: Ryoji Tateyama  [At Mt Holyoke]

Algeria

• WEB Algeria [At Mt. Holyoke]
• Proclamation of Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN), November 1, 1954 [At MS State]
• Charles de Gaulle, French Premier: Speech at Constantine, Algeria, October 3, 1958 [At this Site]

Turkey

• 2ND Mustapha Kemal Ataturk   (1881-1938)[At UTK]
• WEB Ataturk [At Ataturk.com]
• WEB H-Turk Homepage
• MEGA Turkish World

Pakistan

• 2ND The Founder of Pakistan: Quaid-i-Azam Muhamad Ali Jinnah [At ummah.org]
• WEB Jinnah [At Texas]
  Online biography.
• British Government Statement: Policy in India, 1946 [At this Site]
• Declaration of Pakistan and India on Jammu and Kashmir, 1966  [At this Site]

The Islamic World Since 1945

General

• Islamic World: Country Studies
  Prepared for Library of Congress under the Country Studies/Area Handbook Program sponsored by the Department of the Army. These are full descriptions of the countries concerned, in terms of history, geography, economy, etc. There are also useful bibliographies. [At LOC]
  • Azerbaijan
  • Bahrain
  • Bangladesh
  • Indonesia
  • Iran
  • Iraq
  • Israel
  • Jordan
  • Kuwait
  • Lebanon
  • Libya
  • Oman
  • Pakistan
  • Qatar
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Sudan
  • Syria
  • Turkey
  • United Arab Emirates
• Islamic World: Modern Constitutions [if not listed below]
  • Kuwait Constitution, 1962 [At Wuerzburg]
  • Mauritania Constitution, 1992 [At Wuerzburg]
  • Morocco Constitution, 1992 [At Wuerzburg]
  • Oman Constitution, 1996 [At Wuerzburg]
  • Tunisia Constitution, 1991 [At Wuerzburg]
  • Yemen Constitution, 1991 [At Wuerzburg]
• Western Views of the Region
  • Benjamin R. Barber: Jihad Vs. McWorld,  The Atlantic Monthly, March 1992 [At The Atlantic][Added 7/23/98]

International Affairs/Organizations

• The Arab League
• Soviet Reaction to the Baghdad Pact, 1955 [At this Site]
• President Eisenhower: The Eisenhower Doctrine on the Middle East, A Message to Congress, January 5, 1957  [At this Site]
• TASS: Statement on the Eisenhower Doctrine, January 14 1957  [At this Site]

Algeria

• The Islamic Salvation Front National Provisional Executive Bureau:
  Communique No. 42, Algiers, November 14 1993 [At MS State]
• 2ND William Lewis, "Algeria at the Brink," Strategic Forum, National Defense University, Number 32, June, 1995  [At NDU]

Egypt

• Tahâ Hussein: From The Future of Culture in Egypt,  excerpts,1954 [At this Site]
• President Nasser: Denouncement of the Proposal for a Canal Users' Association, 1956  [At this Site]
• Anwar el Sadat: Afro-Asian Solidarity and the World Mission of the Peoples of Africa and Asia, 1957  [At this Site]
• 2ND Phebe Marr, "Egypt's Regional Role", Strategic Forum, National Defense University, Number 24, April 1995  [At NDU]

Iran

• Ayatollah Khomeini: The Uprising of Khurdad 15, 1979 [At this Site]
• V.S. Naipaul: Among the Believers, The Atlantic Monthly, July 1981, [At The Atlantic][Added 7/23/98]
  Shia Islam in Revolutionary Iran.
• Iran Constitution, 1992 [At Wuerzburg]
  Includes a history of the 1979 revolution, and specific comments on the position of women.

Iraq

• Iraq Constitution, 1990 [At Wuerzburg]
• 2ND Professor Bernard Reich & Major Stephen H. Gotowicki, "The United States and the Persian Gulf in the Bush Administration," United States Army, Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, USA, 1991  [At Army]

Kurdistan

• Robert Kaplan: Sons of Devils, The Atlantic Monthly, November 1987  [At The Atlantic]
  On Kurdish identity.
• Laurie Mylroie: After Saddam Hussein, The Atlantic Monthly, December 1992 [At The Atlantic]
  On the Kurds in the Middle East.

Libya

• Libya Constitution, 1969/1992 [At Wuerzburg]
• Mu`ammar al-Qadhafi: The Green Book (At Geocities)

Saudi Arabia

• Saudi Arabia Constitution, 1993 [At Wuerzburg]
• 2ND Douglas Jehl:  "Saudi Heartland Is Seething With Rage at Rulers and U.S.," New York Times, November 5, 1996   [At Mt Holyoke]

Syria

• Syria Constitution, 1973 [At Wuerzburg]

Turkey

The Palestine/Israel Conflict

• See also Internet Jewish History Sourcebook
• WEB UNISPAL UN Information System on the Question of
  Palestine [At UN]
  A very large number of documents from 1946 until the present.
• WEB Basic Texts of Israel-Palestine History, 1917-1997 [At Israel Government Gopher]
• WEB Documents Relating to the Middle East [At Mt. Holyoke]
• WEB Israeli-Palestinian Conflict [At Mt. Holyoke]
• WEB Canadian Forces College, Department of National Defence, Conflict in the Middle East
• WEB Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Texas at Austin
• WEB The Country of Palestine
  Large collection of useful links, and some to Anti-semitic sites.
• United Nations Security Council Resolutions Relating to the Middle East [At Yale]
• The Arab World in Syria in the late 19th Century
  • texts?
• World War I and its Effects
  • Anglo-French Joint Statement on Aims in Syria and Mesopotamia, November 8, 1918  [At BYU]
  • texts?
• The Politics and Culture of the Interwar Years
  • texts?
• Establishment of Israel
  • The Balfour Declaration, November 2, 1917  [At Israel.Org]
  • British White Paper of June 1922 on Palestine  [At Yale]
  • British White Paper of 1939 on Palestine  [At Yale]
  • Report of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, 1946  [At Yale]
  • UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (Partition Plan), November 29, 1947  [At israel.org]
  • The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948  [At isreal.org]
• Israeli Government
  • Protection of Holy Places Law, June 27, 1967  [At Israel.Org]
  • The Jerusalem Law, July 30, 1980   [At Israel.Org]
  • US-Israel Memorandum of Understanding on Strategic Cooperation, November 30, 1981  [At Israel.Org]
  • The Golan Heights Law, December 14, 1981  [At Israel.Org]
• Wars
  • UN Security Council Resolution 242, November 22, 1967  [At Israel.Org]
  • UN Security Council Resolution 338, October 22, 1973  [At Israel.Org]
  • Separation of Forces Agreement between Israel and Syria, May 31, 1974  [At Israel.Org]
• Peace Efforts
  • UN Security Council Resolution 425, March 19, 1978  [At Israel.Org]
  • Camp David Accords, September 17, 1978   [At Israel.Org]
  • Peace Treaty Between Israel and Egypt, March 26, 1979  [At Israel.Org]
  • Israel's Peace Initiative, May 14, 1989   [At Israel.Org]
  • Invitation to Madrid Peace Conference, October 30, 1991  [At Israel.Org]
  • Israel-PLO Recognition, September 9-10, 1993  [At Israel.Org]
  • Israel-Palestinian Declaration of Principles, September 13, 1993  [At Israel.Org]
  • Israel-Jordan Common Agenda, September 14, 1993  [At Israel.Org]
  • Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area, May 4, 1994 - Preamble and Articles  [At Israel.Org]
  • The Washington Declaration (Israel-Jordan-US), July 25, 1994  [At Israel.Org]
  • Agreement on the Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities (Israel-PLO) August 29, 1994  [At Israel.Org]
  • Treaty of Peace between Israel and Jordan, October 26, 1994
  • Interim Agreement between Israel and the Palestinians, September 28, 1995  [At Israel.Org]
  • Summit of Peacemakers - Final Statement (Sharm el-Sheikh, March 13, 1996)  [At Israel.Org]
  • Israel-Lebanon Ceasefire Understanding, April 16, 1996  [At Israel.Org]
• Palestinian Organizations and Politics
  • The Khartoum Resolutions, September 1, 1967  [At Israel.Org]
  • Palestinian National Charter, July 17, 1968  [At Israel.Org]
  • The Palestinian National Charter, 1968 [At Yale]
  • Hamas Covenant, 1988 [At Yale]
• Local Culture
  • WEB The Negev Bedouin [At BGU]
    A Photographic exabition.

 

Islamic History Maps

Origins, Expansion and Core Areas

• Satellite Map of the Middle East (source unknown)  [At Medieval Sourcebook]
• The Middle East in the Sixth Century,   from R. Roolvink et al., Historical Atlas of the Muslim Peoples (Amsterdam, 1957) [At UPenn]
• Muslim Expansion in the Time of Muhammad from R. Roolvink et al., Historical Atlas of the Muslim Peoples (Amsterdam, 1957) [At UPenn]
• Map of Muslim Expansion until A.D. 661, from W.C. Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam (Leiden, 1981)  [At UPenn]
• The Growth of Muslim Power: First 25 Years (BW)  [At Medieval Sourcebook] Source: H.G. Wells, A Short History of the World, (London: 1922)
• Muslim Expansion in the East in the Umayyad Period (661-750)
• The Umayyad Empire c.A.D.750, from W.C. Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam (Leiden, 1981) [At UPenn]
• The Muslim Empire: 750 CE (BW) Source: H.G. Wells, A Short History of the World, (London: 1922)  [At Medieval Sourcebook]
• The Abbasid Caliphate (786-809) from R. Roolvink et al., Historical Atlas of the Muslim Peoples (Amsterdam, 1957) [At UPenn]
• The Mediterranean in the Ninth Century from R. Roolvink et al., Historical Atlas of the Muslim Peoples (Amsterdam, 1957) [At UPenn]
• The Late Abbasid Caliphate c.A.D.900, from W.C. Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam [At UPenn]
• The Muslim World c.A.D. 1300, from W.C. Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam (Leiden, 1981)  [At UPenn]
• The Muslim World c.A.D. 1500, from W.C. Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam (Leiden, 1981)  [At UPenn]
• The Middle East in the Nineteenth Century, from W.C. Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam (Leiden, 1981)  [At UPenn]
• Map of Saudi Arabia [At Mt Holyoke]

Crusades

• The First Crusade, 1099 (Col) A clickable map of all of Europe in 1099 Source: Adaptation of "Europe at the time of the First Crusade", in Muir's Historical Atlas: Medieval and Modern, (London: 1911)  [At Medieval Sourcebook]
• The Crusader States in the Early 12th Century (BW) Source: George Richard Potter, The Autobiography of Ousama, (New York: 1929 [copyright seems to be expired])   [At Medieval Sourcebook]
• Crusader States, (Col) Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: Medieval and Modern, (London: 1911)   [At Medieval Sourcebook]
• Jerusalem, (Col) Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: Medieval and Modern, (London: 1911)   [At Medieval Sourcebook]
• Second and Third Crusades, (Col) Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: Medieval and Modern, (London: 1911)   [At Medieval Sourcebook]
• The Empire of Sultan Salah Al-Din (1171-1193) and the Crusaders' Principalities in Syria and Palestine  [At UPenn]
• Fourth Crusade, (Col) Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: Medieval and Modern, (London: 1911)  [At Medieval Sourcebook]

Spain

• The Umayyad Caliphate in the Second Half of the 9th and the Second Half of the 10th Centuries  [At UPenn]
• Spain after the Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate in the Periods of the Party Kings and of the Almoravids  [At UPenn]
• Spain in the 13th and 14th centuries. The Reconquest by the Christian Kingdoms of the North. The Kingdom of Granada   [At UPenn]

Persia

• The Muslim East in the First Half of the 13th Century  [At UPenn]
• The Later Timurid Period; and Map of Safawid Persia in the 16th and 17th Centuries  [At UPenn]

Egypt

Turks: Seljuqs and Ottomans

• Map of Almoravid, Saldjuk, and Ghaznavid Expansion c.A.D. 1100, from W.C. Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam (Leiden, 1981) [At UPenn]
• Growth of the Ottoman Empire From the Early 14th Century Till 1512  [At UPenn]
• The Ottoman Sultanate in the 16th and 17th Centuries  [At UPenn]
• The Ottoman Empire: 1556 (BW) Source: H.G. Wells, A Short History of the World, (London: 1922)   [At Medieval Sourcebook]
• Europe, 1360, (Col) Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: Medieval and Modern, (London: 1911)   [At Medieval Sourcebook]
• Europe, 1519, (Col)   Adapted from Muir's Historical Atlas: Medieval and Modern, (London: 1911)   [At Medieval Sourcebook]

India and Far East

• Map of the Sultanates of Java in the 16th and 17th centuries, from W.C. Brice. An Historical Atlas of Islam (Leiden, 1981)  [At UPenn]

 

---

Further Resources on Islamic History

• Guides to the Web
  • MEGA Resources on Islam [At Answering Islam]
    Although at a controversial website, the links page is fair and useful.
  • MEGA WWW Virtual Library: Area Studies: Middle East [At Columbia]
  • MEGA 1001 Sites: The Arab Internet Directory
  • MEGA The Islamic Gateway
  • MEGA World of Islam
  • MEGA Islamic Links
  • WEB Arabnet
    "The Online resource for the Arab World in the Middle East and North Africa"
• Academic Pages
  • WEB Barbara R. von Schlegell: Web Resources [At UPenn]
    A good starting point for Islamic religion.
  • WEB Islamic Studies, Arabic, and Religion [At Georgia]
    By Prof. Alan Godlas of the University of Georgia. See especially the page on Islamic History, Philosophy, and Scientific Thought
  • WEB History of Islamic Civilization [Nipissing U]
  • WEB Exploring Ancient World Cultures: Early Islam [At EAWC]
  • WEB Islamic and Arabic Arts and Architecture
  • WEB Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Materials [At SOAS]
  • WEB Mircea Eliade: From Primitives to Zen [at enteract.com]
    Complete texts of Eliade's religion anthology online.
  • WEB Islamic Themes in Medieval French Miniatures [At BNF]
  • Orientalisches Seminar der Universität Zürich
  • WEB Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, School of Oriental Studies
  • WEB Middle East Medievalists
  • WEB Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
    inlcudes some online articles.
  • WEB Encyclopedia of the Orient
    Very useful short entry encyclopedia on the Muslim/Middle Eastern world.
  • WEB Islamic Timeline [At Princeton]
    A scrolling timeline indication geography and duration of the huge number of Islamic dynasties.
  • WEB World History Textbook Summary [At U Mich]
    Reviews of how textboosk deal with Islam/Middle East, etc.
  • WEB Conversion of Islamic and Christian dates
• General Interest Sites
  • WEB Al-Khazina: The Treasury [At Princeton]
  • WEB Glimpses of Islamic Civilization
• Muslim Sites
  • WEB Islam and Islamic History in Arabia and The Middle East [At islamic.org]
    Comprehensive and well written. Has a religious point of view, but not obtrusively so
  • WEB USC Muslim Students Association Islamic Server [At USC]
    A very well done resource.
  • WEB About Al-Islam and Muslims [At Unn.uk]
    A wide variety of sources and texts from a Muslim point of view.
  • WEB The Islam Page [At Islamworld]
  • WEB DÜNYA: Cybermuslim Information Project
  • WEB Islamic Thought   [At MSA Buffalo]
    With links to material on Jurisprudence
  • WEB Islamic Texts and Resources MetaPage [At MSA Buffalo]
    An extensive, but ideologically motivated, guide to net resources.
    

---

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© Paul Halsall, October1998 - March 1999
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