Handbook of Christian Apologetics: Hundreds of Answers to Crucial Questions By Peter Kreeft and Ronald K. Tacelli.
Sensible and concise, witty and wise, the authors offer compelling arguments for and defenses of every aspect of Christian belief, including faith and reason, God's nature, creation and evolution, providence and free will, miracles, the problem of evil, the Bible's historical reality, Christianity and other religions, and objective truths.
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Jacob van Hoogstraten
(also HOCHSTRATEN)
A theologian and controversialist, born about 1460, in
Hoogstraeten, Belgium; died in Cologne, 24 January, 1527. He studied
the classics and theology with the Dominicans at Louvain, and in
1485 was among the first in the history of that institution to
receive the degree of Master of Arts. He there entered the order,
and after his ordination to the priesthood in 1496, he matriculated
in the University of Cologne to continue his theological studies.
The general chapter held in 1498 at Ferrara appointed him professor
of theology in the Dominican college of Cologne. In 1500 he was
elected prior of the convent in Antwerp, and on the expiration of
his term of office returned to Cologne, where, in February, 1504, he
received the degree of Doctor of Theology. At the general chapter of
Pavia in 1507 he was made regent of studies, and thereby became
professer of theology in the university. His vast theological
attainments and his natural ability to impart knowledge made him an
exceptionally successful teacher.
Hoogstraten began his controversial career by publishing in
defence of the mendicant orders, who had been accused of abusing
their privileges, his "Defensorium fratrum mendicantium contra
curatos illos qui privilegla fratrum injuste impugnat" (Cologne,
1507). In the following year he published several works against the
eminent Italian jurist, Pietro Tomasi of Ravenna, who was then
lecturing in the German universities. During his controversy with
the Italian jurist he was elected prior of the convent of Cologne,
and thus became inquisitor general of the archbishoprics of Cologne,
Mainz, and Trier. He played his principal rôle, however, in
the controversy with Johann Reuchlin (q. v.) on the confiscation of
Jewish books, in the course of which Reuchlin's opponents were
satirized in the famous "Epistolæ obscurorum virorum." While
he took no active part in the earlier stages of the controversy, his
sympathies, nevertheless, as is evidenced by his relations with the
converted Jew, Pfefferkorn, were with Reuchlin's opponents.
Influenced no doubt, to some extent by the unfavourable attitude of
the universities towards the Jewish books, Hoogstraten on September
15, 1513, in his capacity as inquisitor, summoned Reuchlin to appear
within six days before the ecclesiastical court of Mainz to answer
to the charges of favouring the Jews and their anti-Christian
literature. The latter appealed to Rome; whereupon Leo X authorized
the Bishop of Speyer to decide the matter. Meanwhile, Hoogstraten
had Reuchlin's "Augenspiegel", a previously published retort to
Pfefferkorn's "Handspiegel", publicly burned at Cologne. On 29
March, 1514, the Bishop of Speyer announced that the "Augenspiegel"
contained nothing injurious to the Catholic Faith, pronounced
judgment in favour of Reuchlin, and condemned Hoogstraten to pay the
expenses consequent upon the process. The latter appealed to Rome,
but the pope postponed the trial indefinitely. At the instance of
Franz von Sickingen and others, the Dominicans deprived Hoogstraten
of the office of prior and inquisitor, but in January, 1520, the
pope annulled the decision of the Bishop of Speyer, condemned the
"Augenspiegel", and reinstated Hoogstraten.
Although to us living in the twentieth century the attitude of
Hoogstraten and his party may be censured as severe, yet when viewed
in the light of the medieval spirit we find much that will palliate
the views then prevalent. Among the other works of Hoogstraten
besides those already mentioned, the following are the more
important:
- (1) "Defensio scholastica principum Alemanniæ in eo,
quod sceleratos detinent insepultos in ligno contra P. Ravennatem"
(Cologne, 1508);
- (2) "Justificatorium principum Alemanniæ, dissolvens
rationes Petri Ravennatis, quibus Principum judicia carpsit"
(Cologne, 1508);
- (3) "Tractatus de cadaveribus maleficorum morte punitorum"
(Cologne, 1508);
- (4) "Tractatus magistralis, declarans quam graviter peccent
quærentes auxilium a maleficis" (Cologne, 1510);
- (5) "Apologia Fr. Jacobi Hoogstraeten" (Cologne, 1518);
- (6) "Apologia altera" (Cologne, 1519);
- (7) "Destructio cabbalæ" (Cologne, 1519);
- (8) "Margarita moralis phiosophiæ in duodecim redacta
libros" (Cologne, 1521).
QUÉTIF AND ECKARD, Script. Ord.
Prd., II, 67-72; HURTER, Nomenclator; PAULUS,
Die deutschen Dominikaner in Kampfe gegen Luther (1903),
86-106; REICHERT, Monumenta ord. Præd. historica (Rome,
1900), II, 67; VIII, 432; CREMENS, De Jacobi Hoogstraeten
vitâ et scriptis (Bonn, 1869).
JOSEPH SCHROEDER.
Transcribed by Douglas J. Potter
Dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of the Blessed Virgin
Mary
The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VII Copyright © 1910 by Robert Appleton Company Online Edition Copyright © 1999 by Kevin Knight Nihil Obstat, June 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York
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