California Cultural Geography

Trade Routes and Economic Exchange Among the Indians of California

Information from James T. Davis

Numbers in parentheses refer to tribe location according to the map entitled Tribes of California.

Achomawi (6e) supplied to:

Atsugewi (6f): basketry caps, salmon flour, acorns, salmon, dentalia, tule baskets, steatite, rabbit-skin blankets
Modoc (5): shell beads, bowl-shaped twined baskets, braided grass skirts, pine nut string skirts Northeastern Maidu (17a): green pigment, obsidian, bows, arrows, deer skins, sugar pine nuts, shell beads
Northern Wintun (16a): salt, furs, bows
Northern Paiute (21a): sinew-backed bows, arrows, baskets, dried fish, women's basketry caps, clam disc beads, dried salmon flour
Unspecified Tribes: raw sinew, bows

Atsugewi (6f) supplied to:

Achomawi (6e): furs, hides, meat, seed foods, epos roots, other roots and vegetables
Northern Paiute (21a): bows, baskets, shell beads
Northeastern Maidu (17a): bows, twined baskets, furs, horses
Yana (7b,7c,7d): buckskin, arrows, wildcat quivers, woodpecker scalps

Buena Vista Yokuts (20g) supplied to:

Southern Valley Yokuts (20b): asphaltum

Central Miwok (18e) supplied to:

Eastern Mono (21b): shell beads, glass beads, acorns, squaw berries, elderberries, manzanita berries, a fungus used in paint, baskets, sea shells, arrows
Washo (11): acorns, soaproot leaves for brushes
Yokuts (20): baskets, bows, arrows

Central Wintun (16b) supplied to:

Northwestern Maidu (17b): clam disc shell beads, other shell beads
Patwin (16d): pine nuts, acorns, seeds, game, bear hides, beads, sinew-backed bows
Yuki (4a): salt
Yana (7b,7c,7d): clam disc beads, magnesite beads


Chemehuevi (21e) supplied to:

Cahuilla (21t): basketry caps, conical burden baskets
Western Yavapai: shell beads


Chilula (1d) supplied to:

Yurok (2a): white grass used in basketry

Coast Miwok (18a) supplied to:

Wappo (4d): clam shells, abalone shells
Pomo (10a-g): clam shells, clam disc beads

Coast Yuki (4c) supplied to:

Kato (1k): mussels, seaweed, dry kelp for salt, salt, surf fish, abalone, giant chiton
Karok (8): whole clam shells
Pomo (10a-g): surf fish, abalone, giant chiton, mussels, seaweed, dry kelp for salt, shells of Hinnites giganteus
Yuki (4c): salt, fish


Yurok (2a) supplied to:

Hupa (1c): woven pack straps, smelt, redwood dugout canoes, dried sea foods, surf fish, mussels, seaweed, dentalia
Karok (8): clam shells, pipes, bows, whole Olivella shells, tobacco seeds, dugout canoes
Shasta (6a): redwood dugout canoes, acorns, baskets, salt, dentalia
Wiyot (3): Iris fiber rope

Costanoan (19c, 19f) supplied to:

Yokuts (20): mussels, abalone shells, salt, dried abalone
Sierra Miwok (18): Olivella shells

Digueño (15b) supplied to:

Mohave (15f): acorns
Kamia (15c): tobacco, acorns, baked mescal roots, yucca fiber, sandals, baskets, carrying nets, eagle feathers
Yuma (15d): acorns
Cocopa: eagle feathers

Eastern Mono (21b) supplied to:

"The West" (Central Miwok, Southern Miwok, Western Mono, Tnbatulabal, Yokuts): mineral paint, salt, pine nuts, seed food, obsidian, rabbit-skin blankets, tobacco, baskets, buckskin, pottery vessels, clay pipes
Central Miwok (18e): pine nuts, pandora moth caterpillars, kutsavi, baskets, red paint, white paint, salt, pumic stone, rabbit-skin blankets
Southern Miwok (18f): rabbit-skin blankets, basketry materials
Tule-Kaweah Yokuts (20e): sinew-backed bows, nuts, obsidian, moccasins, rock salt, jerked deer meat, hot rock lifters
Kings River Yokuts (20d): red paint
Washo (11): kutsavi
Koso (21d): shell beads, various goods
Western Mono (21c): mineral paint, pitch-lined basketry water bottles, acorns, rock salt, piñon nuts, mountain sheep-skins, moccasins, tailored sleeveless buckskin jackets, fox-skin leggings, hot rock lifters, sinew- backed bows, unfinished obsidian arrowheads, red paint
Yokuts (20): salt, piñon nuts
Tnbatulabal (21g): salt, pine nuts, baskets, red and white paint, tanned deer skins, kutsavi, pandora moth caterpillars

Gabrielino (21m) supplied to:

Serrano (21h, 21k): shell beads, dried fish, sea otter pelts, steatite vessels

Halchidhoma (15e) supplied to:

Maricopa: tobacco seeds
Hopi: woven blankets and cloth

Huchnom (4b) supplied to:

Yuki (4c): clam disc beads, sea foods, clams, salt, whole clam shells, kelp
Lassik (1h): clam disc beads

Hupa (1c) supplied to:

Yurok (2a): inland foods, skins, acorns
Mattole (1f): grass for rope, pine nut beads
Shasta (6a): acorns, baskets, dentalia, salt

Island Chumash (14h) supplied to:

Mainland Chumash (14d): chipped stone implements, fish bone beads, shell beads, baskets, a dark stone for digging-stick weights

Kamia (15c) supplied to:

Diegueño (15b): vegetal foods, salt
Yuma: tobacco

Karok (8) supplied to:

Shasta (6a): tobacco seeds, baskets, dentalia, salt, seaweed, tan oak acorns, canoes, pods for hair dressing, pepperwood, Haliotis ornaments, Haliotis shells, whole Olivella shells
Tolowa (1b): soaproot, pine nut beads
Konomihu (6c): dentalia, baskets
Yurok (2a): dentalia

Kato (1k) supplied to:

Lassik (1h): clam disc beads
Coast Yuki (4c): hazelwood bows
Wailaki (1j): baskets, arrows, clothing

Kings River Yokuts (20d) supplied to:

Tule-Kaweah Yokuts (20e): clay for pottery, black paint, black sword fern rood and redbud bark for basketry

Konomihu (6c) supplied to:

Karok? (8): furs, deer-skin clothing
New River Shasta? (6b): clam disc beads

Koso (21d) supplied to:

Eastern Mono (21b): salt

Mainland Chumash (14d) supplied to:

Kitanemuk (21h): wooden vessels inlaid with Haliotis shell
Island Chumash (14h): seeds, acorns, bows, arrows
Southern Valley Yokuts (20b): shell beads, whole pismo clam shells, Haliotis shells, Olivella shells, keyhole limpit shells, cowrie shells, sea urchin shells, dried starfish
Yokuts (20): shell ornaments
Tübatulabal (21g): shell beads, shell cylinders, steatite, asphaltum, fish
Salinan (13b): steatite vessels, columella beads

Mattole (1f) supplied to:

Hupa (1c): Angelica root, tobacco, Haliotis shell, various foods
Wiyot (3): tobacco, Haliotis shell, various foods

Modoc (5) supplied to:

Klamath: human slaves from surrounding tribes, shallow bowl-shaped twined baskets, blankets, beads, clothing, axes, spears, fishhooks
Achomawi (6e): furs, bows, dentalia, horses
Shasta (6a): buckskin dresses and shirts

Mohave (15f) supplied to:

Western Mono-Yokuts (21c): pottery
Diegueño (15b): gourd seeds
Havasupai: horses
Yuma: gourds, eagle feathers
Walapai: horses, shells (halketap), shell beads, glass beads, beadwork, corn, dried pumpkin, screw beans, mesquite beans, kwa'va seeds, beans

New River Shasta (6b) supplied to:

Konomihu (6c): furs, deer skin clothing

Nongatl (1g) supplied to:

Lassik (1h): dentalia
Karok (8): salt

Northeastern Maidu (17a) supplied to:

Atsugewi (6f): deer hides, clam disc beads, coiled baskets, skins, bows
Northwestern Maidu (17b): bows and arrows, skins, sugar pine nuts, shell beads, deer hides, miscellaneous foods, acorns
Northern Paiute (21a): dentalia
Washo (11): Papam bulbs
Achomawi (6e): clam disc beads, salt, digger pine nuts

Northern Hill Yokuts (20c) supplied to:

Western Mono (21c): acorns, willow bark baskets, shell beads

Northern Miwok (18d) supplied to:

Plains Miwok (18c): finished arrowheads, digger pine nuts, salt, obsidian
Washo (11): acorns, shell beads, sea shells, baskets

Northern Paiute (21a) supplied to:

Achomawi (6e): basketry water bottles, sinew, arrowheads, red paint, buckskins, moccasins, rabbit-skin blankets, various foods
Atsugewi (6f): horses, buckskins, red ochre, glass beads, guns, Olivella beads

Northern Valley Yokuts (20a) supplied to:

Miwok (18): dogs

Northern Wintun (16a) supplied to:

Shasta (6a): deer hides, woodpecker scalps, baskets, acorns, pine nut beads, clam disc beads, dried salmon, clams, shell beads
Chimariko (9): obsidian
Atsugewi (6f): clam disc beads, dentalia, acorns
Lassik (1h): salt, obsidian
Yana (7b-d): magnesite beads
Hupa (1c): salt
Nongatl (1g): salt
Northwestern Maidu (17b): shell beads
Kato (1k): salt
Achomawi (6e): salmon flour, clam disc beads, dentalia
Central Wintun (16b): obsidian

Northwestern Maidu (17b) supplied to:

Northeastern Maidu (17a): clam disc beads, other shell beads, salmon, salt, "digger" pine nuts
Patwin (16d): obsidian
Southern Maidu (17c): log rafts
Yana (7b-d): clam disc beads

Patwin (16d) supplied to:

Central Wintun (16b): salmon, river otter pelts, game, beads
Pomo (10a-g): woodpecker scalp belts, cordage for making deer nets, shell beads, sinew-backed bows, yellow hammer headbands
Wappo (4d): sinew-backed bows
Southern Maidu (17c): shell beads, abalone shells

Plains Miwok (18c) supplied to:

Northern Miwok (18d): grass seeds, fish

Pomo (10a-g) supplied to:

Yuki (4a): Hinnites shell beads, clam disc beads, dentalia, moccasins, sea shells, shell beads, dried Haliotis, mussels, seaweed, salt, magnesite beads
Huchnom (4b): clam disc beads
"The North": shell beads
Lake Miwok (18b): acorns
Wappo (4d): tule mats, magnesite beads, sinew-backed bows, fish
Patwin (16d): shell beads, salt, obsidian, fish, clams
Coast Yuki (4c): clam disc beads, acorns, fire drills of buckeye wood

Salinan (13b) supplied to:

Yokuts (20): shell beads, whole shells

Serrano (21h,21k) supplied to:

Gabrielino (21m): acorns, deerskins, seed foods

Yuma (15d) supplied to:

Diegueño (15b): gourd seeds
Western Yavapai: glass trade beads, dried pumpkin, maize, beans, melons
Cahuilla (21t): gourd rattles
Kamia (15c): tobacco

Shasta (6a) supplied to:

Northern Wintun (16a): deerskins, sugar pine nuts, green pigment, bows, arrowheads, manzanita berries, pelts, meat, dentalia, obsidian
Yahi (7d): obsidian
Karok (8): juniper beads, basketry caps, salt, dentalia, white deer skins, woodpecker scalps, whole Olivella shells, large obsidian blades, obsidian, deer skins, sugar pine nuts, wolf skins, horn for spoons
Rogue River Athabaskan: acorn flour
Modoc (5): bows, dentalia
Klamath: bows, clam disc beads, conical burden baskets
Yurok (2a): horn for spoons
Achomawi (6e): dentalia
Hupa (1c): horn for spoons

Southern Maidu (17c) supplied to:

Washo (11): acorns
Patwin (16d): obsidian, yellow hammer and woodpecker feathers, shell beads

Southern Miwok (18f) supplied to:

Eastern Mono (21b): clam disc beads

Southern Valley Yokuts (20b) supplied to:

Mainland Chumash (14d): fish, obsidian, salt from salt grass, seed foods, steatite beads, various herbs, vegetables
Tule-Kaweah Yokuts (20e): tule mats, shell beads
"The East": shell money
Western Mono (21c): white paint

Tolowa (1b) supplied to:

Karok (8): smelt, dentalia
Rogue River Athabaskans: women's basketry caps, eating baskets, trinket baskets

Tübatulabal (21g) supplied to:

Eastern Mono (21b): shell beads, acorns, manzanita berries, elderberries, baskets, rabbit-skin blankets
Mainland Chumash (14d): piñon nuts
Yokuts (20): piñon nuts
Kawaiisu (21f): concave-based arrow heads, double-notched base arrow heads

Tule-Kaweah Yokuts (20e) supplied to:

Kings River Yokuts (20d): Cladium roots, bunch grass, soaproot brushes, salt from salt grass, baskets, various roots and herbs
Eastern Mono (21b): deer, antelope and elk skins, steatite, salt from salt grass, baskets, shell beads
Southern Valley Yokuts (20b): steatite, coiled baskets, burden baskets, pottery vessels

Wailaki (1j) supplied to:

Lassik (1h): salt, calm disc beads
Karok (8): dentalia
Yuki (4a): whole clam shells, bows
Kato (1k): dentalia

Wappo (4d) supplied to:

"Neighboring Groups": salt

Washo (11) supplied to:

Northern Miwok (18d): salt
Sierra Miwok (18): salt, piñon nuts, buffalo skin robes, rabbit-skin blankets

Western Mono (21c) supplied to:

Eastern Mono (21b): clam disc beads, canes for arrows, acorn meal, fine Yokuts' baskets, tubular clam beads, shell beads, acorns, manzanita berries, squaw berries, elderberries, rabbit-skin blankets
Southern Valley Yokuts (20b): salt, sinew-backed bows, stone mortars and pestles
Kings River Yokuts (20d): sinew-backed bows
Northern Hill Yokuts (20c): rabbit-skin blankets, moccasins, rock salt, red and blue paint, piñon nuts

Wiyot (3) supplied to:

Mattole (1f): dugout canoes, various foods
"Inland": Olivella shells
Sinkyone (1i): beads
Hupa (1c): white deer skins
Yurok (2a): Iris fiber rope

Yana (7b-d) supplied to:

Atsugewi (6f): salt, dentalia, buckeye fire drills
Achomawi (6e): buckeye fire drills, deer hides, buckskin, dentalia, salt
Northern Wintun (16a): salt
Central Wintun (16b): baskets
"The North": deer hides, buckskin

Yuki (4a) supplied to:

Pomo (10a-g): furs, beads, baskets, skins
Coast Yuki (4c): obsidian
Central Wintun (16b): black bear skins

Return to Instructions: Trade Between California Indians

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