Species Accounts
The following species accounts were made during the 21months of surveying
in the region (January 1997 and September 1998). Details regarding population
densities of the species are given in Lloyd and Palomino (in press). Conservation
status of the species follows Collar et al. (1994) ¹ and Parker et
al. (1996) ².
Crypturellus atrocapillus (Black-capped Tinamou):
Only recorded in bluff top bamboo habitat at the TRC (behind the Ccollpa).
Individuals were observed calling throughout most of the day.
Crypturellus parvirostris (Small-billed Tinamou):
Recorded in scrubby grassland secondary habitat near the Rio Tambopata
at Sachavacayoc Centre and on numerous chacras located along the Rio Tambopata.
The frequency of daily encounters from neighbouring chacras is indicative
of the amount of suitable secondary habitat created by human settlement.
Also heard and seen regularly around Puerto Tambopata in Puerto Maldonado.
C. variegatus (Variegated Tinamou):
Recorded on a daily basis during VCP surveys in terra firme sandy-clay
forest at Explorers Inn Reserve. In the past it has undoubtedly been under-recorded
at this site, due to the distant proximity of this forest type from the
river and lodge. This species was recorded on less than ten occasions in
both old floodplain forest at the Sachavacayoc Centre and Cuzco Amazonico.
Vocal predominantly during the predawn chorus (0045 hrs to 0530 hrs), with
each individual sometimes calling only once.
Jabiru mystacea (Jabiru):
This species was recorded from four locations: EA, CA, Sachavacayoc and
TRC. All but a few sightings were made on the exposed sand-bars and shallows
on the islands opposite the lodge buildings, (EA and CA), or from the sandbars
and beaches opposite and adjacent to the main clay lick at the TRC. The
largest flock of Jabiru ever recorded in and around the Tambopata province
was recorded at the Cuzco Amazonico lodge, in April 1997. A flock of 204
individuals were seen flying low, heading in a northerly direction. At
Sachavacayoc, individuals were observed on sandbars exposed at the bends
of the Rio Tambopata. A flock of 39 birds was seen to land and forage at
this site at Sachavacayoc in November 1997. A week later another flock
of four birds were seen at the same area.
Platalea ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill):
Recorded from the Cerros del Tavara by Parker et al (1994), there have
been sporadic sightings of single birds or pairs of this species at various
points along the Rio Tambopata since 1995. Recorded on four occasions feeding
in the shallows off the exposed sandbars of a large river island opposite
the lodge at EA. In June 1998, a pair was seen foraging in the same area
on four consecutive days. In September of the same year, groups of one
to five birds were seen intermittently over an eight-day period in the
same area.
Morphnus guianensis (Crested Eagle):
Status: Near threatened ¹
Only one sighting of this species during two years of observations in
Tambopata. One juvenile was seen flying through the sub-canopy of the forest
edge at the Explorers Inn lodge clearing, on the 10th March 1997.
Harpia harpyja (Harpy Eagle):
Status: Near-threatened ¹
One individual and nest located at the Sachavacayoc Centre in 1997.
This pair did not nest in 1998. Another pair was also seen and recorded
on video at the Tambopata Research Centre in type E/F forest in August
1998.
Aburria cumanensis (Blue-throated Piping Guan):
This species appears to be in serious threat in the lower region of the
Rio Tambopata, from the mouth of the Rio Malinowski, to Puerto Maldonado.
Only one bird was recorded in this stretch of habitat during the two years
of Proyecto Tambopata. Habitat destruction of lower floodplain forest caused
by human settlement along the river banks has probably had a great effect
on this species with the result that the population of this species faces
elimination from this section of the river. Substantial populations exist
in the Upper Tambopata region extending from the Rio Malinowski to the
Tavara foothills, where there is no human settlement. In this region (i.e.
at the TRC) this species was observed on a daily basis foraging on exposed
rocky beaches and in tall trees along the river's edge. Roosts at night
in the sub-canopy of forest interior habitat.
Mitu tuberosa (Razor-billed Currasow):
This cracid species faces a similar situation to that of A cumanensis in
that the lower Rio Tambopata and Madre de Dios population of M. tuberosa
faces local extermination. The number of observations of this species at
four of the sites are a cause for concern. One record of a single bird
in old floodplain forest at Sachavacayoc Centre, in June 1997. Another
single bird was observed walking along the main trail in terra fimre clay/
seasonally flooded swamp forest at Explorers Inn Reserve, adjacent to a
small swamp, on the 6th May 1998. Not recorded at Cuzco Amazonico but it
was recorded on one occasion at the edge of a large aguajal at EcoAmazonia
on the 18th September 1998.
The species was recorded daily on the sides of the upper Rio Tambopata
at the TRC, along rocky beaches, and calling from lower floodplain and
middle/upper floodplain forest. Encountered daily in foothill forest along
the Rio Tavara.
Psophia leucoptera (Pale-winged Trumpeter):
Status: Vulnerable ²
Recorded on numerous occasions? at all five locations. This species
seems to be under no immediate threat locally at either of the lodges except
CA, where like all large terrestrial birds, its probably been decimated
by the high levels of hunting over the years. The capture for the local
pet trade does not appear to be a current cause for concern, with only
four birds reported to be domesticated in and around the PEM area.
Propyrrhura colouni (Blue-headed Macaw):
This species was recorded on five occasions at Sachavacayoc. At TRC single
birds were recorded on several occasions, primarily during the hours of
0700hrs to 0900hrs. Mostly recorded flying over the area of the main clay
lick, associated bamboo forest and the lodge clearing. Other pairs or individual
birds were recorded flying over and perching momentarily in middle/upper
floodplain forest (records from December 1997, February and August 1998).
More recently, groups of up to 8 individuals have been observed at close
quarters, perched high in emergent Ficus trees. At Cuzco Amazonico a pair
were observed perching in a tall tree in the lodge clearing, in February
1997 with further sightings of individuals and pairs flying over the nearby
aguajal, in the east of the reserve. Last recorded at CA on two consecutive
days in January 1998. In total we made 28 separate sightings of this species
during VCP surveys and general observations and calculated mean group size
of 1.8 individuals.
Nothing is known about its ecology or breeding behaviour, yet this species
is listed as being not globally threatened (CITES Appendix II) and one
of the least known parrot species in South America (del Hoyo et al, 1997).
Its movements in lowland habitats in south-eastern Peru are described as
"erratic" (del Hoyo et al, 1997). Unlike recent suggestions from observations
in the Manu region and from the Beni region in Bolivia (del Hoyo et al,
1997), this species is not numerous in foothill regions and is yet to be
recorded in the Tavara-Candamo foothills near the ZRTC. Probably deserves
formal status of Data Deficient.
Diopsittaca nobilis (Red-shouldered Macaw):
Previously recorded from the Pampas del Heath in the Parc Nacional Bahuaja-Sonene
(Parker et al, 1994) and Lago Sandoval (12°37'S, 69°5'W) situated
south of the Madre de Dios river, some 45 minutes from Puerto Maldonado
(Walker, pers com). In March 1998, this species was observed flying high
over the lodge clearing at EcoAmazonia lodge on four occasions, in raucous
flocks of between 14 to 18 individuals, between 1600hrs and 1715hrs. Recorded
only once during VCP sampling when a single flock was observed flying over
seasonally flooded swamp forest in June 1998. In September of the same
year, three birds were flushed from the crown of an Iriatea deltoidea palm
tree in the same forest habitat.
Touit huetti (Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet):
Few records exist for this Touit parrotlet. Lack of detection maybe due
to the species nomadic (Parker et al, 1996). Recorded on one occasion at
TRC in February 1998, flying high over middle/upper floodplain forest.
Recorded twice at EcoAmazonia, the second sighting was of a flock of three
birds that were seen flying around the canopy platforms in September 1998.
At Sachavacayoc large flocks of unknown size were heard on two occasions
(May and July 1998).
Nannopsittaca dachilleae (Amazonian Parrotlet)
Status: Near-threatened ¹
Only located at two sites during the two years during general observations,
and not during VCP Sampling. Recorded at river edge bamboo habitat, near
the lodge clearing at the Sachavacayoc Centre. Also recorded in bamboo
and river edge habitat adjacent and above the clay lick at TRC. We did
have the opportunity to interview one local parrot trapper whilst examining
captured wild Tui Parakeets (Brotogeris sanctithomae) in the INRENA headquarters
in Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios. He described a species similar to N.
dachilleae, and he has seen many on river islands, but he also said that
he is aware of no one (including himself) trapping the species. Recorded
from Explorers Inn by Parker et al, 1994, but not by us, because our surveys
were mainly concerned with forest-interior species in type H forest. Locally
threatened in Tambopata, due to the threats to floodplain forests and more
specifically because of almost total deforestation of river edge habitat
by human settlement. Another reason for the paucity of records could be
due to the possible nomadic ecology of this species.
Bubo virginianus (Great Horned Owl):
A pair or Great Horned Owls were seen and tape-recorded in the forest edge
at the lodge clearing of the TRC during two visits to the TRC (December
1997 and February 1998).
Nyctibius aethereus (Long-tailed Potoo):
Recorded at night and during the early hours of the morning at all sites
except in the seasonally flooded swamp forest of EcoAmazonia. Regularly
encountered at Sachavacayoc, where an individual bird sings regularly from
a canopy perch only 400 metres from the lodge. The nest of this species
has recently been located at the Manu Wildlife Centre (Walker, pers.com).
Camprimulgus parvulus (Little Nightjar):
A pair of C. parvulus were recorded during VCP Sampling between the 2nd
to the 6th August 1998 in middle/upper floodplain forest only 350 metres
along one of the main tourist trails from the research centre. The birds
were seen and heard singing only three to four metres from the trail, sitting
on the ground or a few metres up on a nearby fallen tree during 0510-0525hrs.
This nightjar species has previously been recorded from gallery forest
in the Pampas del Heath, Parc Nacional Bahuaja-Sonene,
and recorded on fewer than five occasions at the Explorers Inn Reserve
in "floodplain forest" (Parker et al, 1994; Donahue, 1994). Parker et al
(1994) report this species as being a southern migrant.
Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus (Purus Jacamar):
Not recorded during VCP sampling due to its lakeside and riverside habitat
preferences. This species was seen on two occasions during general observations
at the EcoAmazonia Lodge. A single bird was recorded fishing from a perch
approximately 5 metres above the water on a nearby quebrada to the lodge.
In May 1998 a group of five birds were seen at an aguajal some 1.5km from
the lodge. All five individuals were seen "sallying" for winged termites
above the observation platform at the aguajal (Samuels, pers.com). Recorded
from the Department of Loreto (known as Chestnut Jacamar), and also along
the Rio Yurua in western Brazil. There are very few other sightings in
the lowlands of Peru.
Monasa flavirostris (Yellow-billed Nunbird):
Recorded only once at the Sachavacayoc Centre, in a clearing surrounded
with Guadua bamboo, directly near the river bank. There it was seen daily
foraging at mid levels in the bamboo edge. Also recorded in the bluff-top
Guadua bamboo habitat at the TRC.
Eubucco tucinkae (Scarlet-hooded Barbet):
Status: Least Concern ¹
We recorded this species on only a few occasions in "lodge clearings"
at all five locations. This species has always been observed foraging with
mixed species flocks. Recorded by Denton (pers.com) at the Wasai lodge
along the Rio Tambopata, upriver from the Sachavacayoc Centre. Also recorded
by Widdowson (1994) in the furthest regions of the upper Rio Tambopata,
beyond the Rio Tavara, near the foothills, which he called the "Plateau
Region" (13°21'S, 69°33'W). It is not known which forest type it
was recorded from, but several are described for this location (unpublished
TReeS (Tambopata Reserve Society) report). Probably deserves formal status
of Data Deficient.
Aulacorhynchus prasinus (Emerald Toucanet):
Individuals were recorded foraging in the canopy of middle/upper floodplain
forest at TRC in August 1998. A pair was also seen perched in the understorey
of terra firme clay forest at the EI. Another individual was mist-netted
near ground level in Guadua bamboo understorey habitat at the Tambopata
Jungle Lodge in June 1997.
Celeus spectabilis (Rufous-headed Woodpecker):
Status: Vulnerable ²
Four territories were located in Guadua bamboo understorey of old floodplain
forest habitat at Sachavacayoc, whereby it was also found nesting. Another
two territories were located in upper floodplain forest inundated with
bamboo at the Explorers Inn Reserve. Formerly deserves near threatened
status since the habitat it is restricted to is rare and patchily distributed,
its specific nesting requirements (Kratter, 1998; Lloyd, submitted) and
that the species has very low population densities.
Hylexetastes stresemanni (Bar-bellied Woodcreeper):
Status: Vulnerable ²
This species was recorded only once during two-years of VCP sampling.
In February 1998, a single bird was observed foraging at an army ant swarm,
in type B forest at EcoAmazonia lodge. The bird was then attacked by an
individual Dendrocolaptes picumnus and Dendrocincla fuliginosa flying to
low-levels (~5m) hitching along tree trunks, with the other two species
in pursuit. Probably deserves formal status of Data Deficient.
Simoxenops ucayalae (Peruvian Recurvebill):
Status: Near threatened ¹
Encountered regularly during all five VCP surveys at the Sachavacayoc
Centre and four visits to the TRC (also captured during mist net surveys)
from census stations located in Guadua bamboo habitat. Recorded foraging
in pairs, but on occasion groups of four birds (two pairs?) were heard
calling in close proximity to one another. Individuals at both these sites
were also mist-netted.
Automolus melanopezus (Brown-rumped Foliage-Gleaner):
Recorded daily during VCP surveys during four of the five surveys at Sachavacayoc
but recorded less frequently during all four surveys at the TRC. Recorded
foraging from ground level to a height of three metres with mixed species
flocks with other Furnariids, with mixed flocks of other bamboo specialists,
and also foraging at army ant swarms.
Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae (Bamboo Antshrike):
This near-obligate bamboo specialist (Kratter, 1995b), endemic to the south-western
Amazon region and only described in 1983, is one of the most common bamboo
specialists within the Guadua bamboo habitats. Recorded daily during VCP
surveys at Sachavacayoc and TRC. This antshrike species was also recorded
during general observations in edge habitat around the lodge clearings
at CA and EA. These birds were recorded regularly during surveys in 1997
but were absent in 1998.
Frederickena unduligera (Undulated Antshrike):
Previously recorded from the Explorers Inn reserve and from the Parc Nacional
Bahuaja-Sonene by Parker et al (1994) we first recorded Frederickena unduligera
at the TRC on 10th August 1998. A male was seen calling during VCP Sampling
and taped at 0550am, in the understorey of middle/upper floodplain forest
near an old regenerating forest gap immediately adjacent to a large quebrada.
A second bird, again a male, was seen and heard calling in a scrubby area
of habitat at the forest edge of
EcoAmazonia lodge clearing. The bird was observed calling from a low
perch (one metre from the ground) near the waste dump at the lodge.
Myrmotherula haematonata (Stipple-throated Antwren):
This species was mist netted a three of the four locations. The mist net
captures from the TRC in middle/upper floodplain forest representing the
first record of the species from the ZRTC. Individuals were also mist-netted
in seasonally flooded swamp forest at EcoAmazonia, in April, and December
1997, and March, May and September 1998. Also netted in old floodplain/seasonally
flooded swamp forest mosaic at Cuzco Amazonico.
Cecromacra manu (Manu Antbird):
Status: Vulnerable ²
Solitary males or pairs were recorded daily from Guadua bamboo thickets
at SA and TRC. Individuals were not observed accompanying mixed flocks
of other bamboo specialists.
Percnostola lophotes (White-lined Antbird):
This species is the most abundant and least threatened of all the bamboo
specialists in the Guadua bamboo habitats. Recorded daily during VCP surveys
at Sachavacayoc and TRC. Also recorded in scrubby edge habitat, located
on the periphery of the football pitch at the EcoAmazonia lodge. Only two
pairs were located here amongst a small number of very young stems of Guadua
bamboo.
Schistocichla leucostigma (Spot-winged Antbird):
Only previously recorded in this region from Cuzco Amazonico by Davis et
al (1991). A juvenile female was mist-netted in old floodplain forest adjacent
to a quebrada in April 1997 at CA. Another individual was found at the
forest edge near the lodge clearing at the TRC. The female was in poor
health and heavily infested with bot-fly larvae. This represents the first
record of the species within the ZRTC.
Myrmeciza goeldi (Goeldi's Antbird):
Recorded on a daily basis during VCP surveys at both SA and TRC. Also encountered
in March 1998, during VCP surveys at EcoAmazonia lodge, in aguajal edge
habitat. Recorded only once at CA, calling from similar aguajal edge habitat
January 1998.
Hylophylax punctulata (Dot-backed Antbird):
One of the rarer Hylophylax species (Ridgely and Tudor 1994), a pair was
mist netted in seasonally flooded swamp forest at EcoAmazonia Lodge in
October 1997. The only previous record for this species from the region
comes from the Explorers Inn Reserve, within the ZRTC (Parker et al, 1994).
Possibly this species is more abundant in the younger, more frequently
flooded floodplain forest habitats (Parker et al, 1996).
Chamaeza nobilis (Noble Antthrush):
Recorded during VCP surveys at SA and the TRC, while it was also recorded
during general observations at Cuzco Amazonico lodge. One individual was
also mist-netted at the TRC during December 1997. Not recorded at Explorers
Inn during the last five years (Lloyd, pers obs). Seems to prefer floodplain
forest habitats rather than higher terra firme forest habitats (Lloyd and
Palomino, in press). At the nearby Tambopata Jungle Lodge (located upriver
of EI and SA) a pair flushed from ground level vegetation in upper floodplain
forest, performed an elaborate "injured wing feigning" distraction display
whilst leading the observers from the presumed nest location.
Formicarius rufifrons (Rufous-fronted Antthrush):
Status: Vulnerable ¹
This species was recorded at three of the four locations - the first
site being the Tambopata Research Centre. Two territories were located,
corresponding to two areas located by Kratter (1995a) at the same site.
Birds were seen and heard calling in December 1997 and February 1998.
Two further territories were located at the Cuzco Amazonico lodge in
February 1997, representing the first records of this species in the lower
region of the Rio Madre de Dios from the ZRTC to the Bolivian frontier.
The two territories were located in Type F forest edge scrubby habitat
at the lodge clearing, some 30 metres from the river. Birds were often
heard calling from 0700hrs to 1700hrs from both areas. On the 26th April
1997, at one territory directly adjacent to the lodge tourist bungalows,
a female was caught, measured and weighed, photographed and released at
the point of capture (weight = 55.0g, wing length = 8.2 cm, tail length
= 6.5 cm, culmen = 1.5 cm, tarsus = 3.7 cm). These two territories were
in occupation during three further 18 day visits to the site (April 1997,
March 1998, July 1998) and were still present in September 1998 despite
extensive damage to their habitat during this month, caused by lodge reconstruction.
To date these two territories of this globally threatened species (Collar
et al, 1992) at this site are under immediate danger from the lodge's activities.
New tourist accommodation is being constructed directly on top of the two
territories, which have probably been extirpated by the time this report
has been completed.
In June 1998 at EcoAmazonia lodge, a single territory was located near
the canopy platforms some 6km from the lodge at a juxtaposition of three
different habitats; seasonally flooded, permanently flooded swamp forest
and an unknown scrub habitat. On two occasions (June 1998 and September
1998), a singly bird was observed singing around the base of the two trees
supporting the platforms.
Porphyrolaema porphyrolaema (Purple-throated Cotinga):
Status: Least Concern ¹
On the 15th September 1998, a male and female was seen perched in the
canopy at the seasonally flooded swamp forest edge at EcoAmazonia lodge
clearing. The male was seen preening itself at 0730hrs and was observed
for a further nine minutes before it joined a mixed canopy flock and returned
into the forest interior.
Conioptilon mcilhennyi (Black-faced Cotinga):
Status: Near threatened ¹
Regularly encountered during VCP Sampling and during general observations
recorded in pairs or groups of 4 to six individuals in seasonally flooded
swamp forest at EcoAmazonia Lodge. For further details see:
Lloyd. H. (in press). Population densities of the Black-faced Cotinga
Conioptilon mcilhennyi in south-east Peru. Bird Conservation International.
Mionectes olivaceus (Olive-striped Flycatcher):
Individuals were mist netted in floodplain forest habitats at CA, SA and
TRC during the two-year project.
Ramphotrigon fuscicauda (Dusky-tailed Flatbill):
Recorded during VCP surveys in mixed species flocks of bamboo specialists,
foraging above and amongst live bamboo foliage at SA and TRC.
Poecilotriccus albifacies (White-cheeked Tody-Tyrant):
Status: Near threatened ¹
Endemic to only two Departments in south and south-eastern Peru. This
obligate bamboo specialist (Kratter, 1995b) was found to be more common
in old floodplain forest bamboo at SA than in the middle/upper floodplain
forest bamboo at TRC (Lloyd and Palomino, in press). Recorded quite frequently
during VCP surveys foraging in pairs, in mixed flocks of bamboo specialists,
at heights of 2-5 m amongst live and dead bamboo foliage. Also seen breaking
open dead-leaf curls.
Ramphocaenus melanurus (Long-billed Gnatwren):
Recorded in three different locations at the EcoAmazonia lodge, in June
and September 1998. Pairs were observed foraging in densely packed viney
tangles, from mid to sub canopy level, in seasonally flooded swamp forest,
and in dense viney tangles located around the forest edge of the lodge
clearing. This species was always observed accompanying understorey and
canopy mixed species flocks.
Eucometis penicillata (Grey-headed Tanager):
This tanager (rare in Tambopata?) was not recorded during VCP surveys due
to the fact that the census stations were not located in edge habitat or
lower floodplain forest. One individual was mist netted forest edge habitat
around the lodge clearing at EcoAmazonia Lodge. We also recorded this species
foraging in secondary river edge habitat at the Explorers Inn. Only previously
recorded from Tambopata at Explorers Inn (Donahue, 1994).
Cyanocorax cyanomelas (Purplish Jay):
Recorded foraging in groups of 4 - 12 individuals in lower floodplain forest
at the TRC in December
1997, February and July/August 1998.
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