NOTE ON ELECTRONIC TEXTS

Most of the writings on the individual economists webpages, Schools of Thought, and under "Essays and Surveys" were composed by ourselves (mostly Gonçalo Fonseca).  As this commentary is always changing, we do not encourage citation or reference to this material. 

We have also placed a small collection of original economics texts on this website.  Proper source and citations for these articles can be found either at the beginning of the documents are on the list of e-texts. 

Most other electronic texts you may come across on these pages are merely linked by us and are off this website.  For the major sources of original economics texts, see our list of online archives in the history of economic thought.  Note: the "frames" design of this website hides the original web-address and so documents which are off this website may appear under our URL.  Open the document in a new window (right-click on the mouse) to get the correct web-address of the document you are interested in.

FURTHER SOURCE MATERIAL

The following (non-electronic) texts have been consulted in constructing this website and are recommended to our visitors for further reading. This is merely a representative and not an exhaustive list of the resources that were used. As the written content of the web pages on this site is of our own composition, this brief list does not imply any more specific acknowledgement. See also our list of web links on HET for general online resources.

Note that not all of the references listed here are history of economic thought texts in the proper sense of the term. Several are merely economic treatises which nonetheless employ substantial and useful reviews of past and present economic doctrines.  If you wish to add a particularly informative book to this list, please e-mail us.

• A. Anakin, 1975, A Science in its Youth: Pre-Marxian political economy, Moscow: Progress.
• J. Appleby, 1978, , Economic Thought and Ideology in Seventeenth Century England Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• P. Arestis and M. Sawyer, editors, 1992, A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists, Aldershot, Edward Elgar.
• K.J. Arrow and M.D. Intriligator, editors, 1981-3, Handbook of Mathematical Economics, Amstedam: North-Holland.
• K.J. Arrow et al., 1991, Cowles Fiftieth Anniversary, New Haven: Cowles Foundation.
• A. Asimakopulos, 1991, Keynes's General Theory and Accumulation, Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
• R. Backhouse, 1985, A History of Modern Economic Analysis, Oxford: Blackwell.
• R. Backhouse, 1988, Economists and the Economy: The Evolution of Economic Ideas, 1600 to the Present Day, New Brunswick: Transaction.
• W.J. Barber, 1988, editor, Breaking the Academic Mould: Economists and American higher learning in the Nineteenth Century, Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press.
• M. Beaud and G. Dostaler, 1993, Economic thought Since Keynes: A History and dictionary of major economists.  London: Routledge.
• D. Bell, 1967, History of Economic Thought, New York: Ronald.
• M. Blaug, 1962, Economic Theory in Retrospect, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• M. Blaug and P. Sturges, 1983, Who's Who in Economics, 1700-1980, Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press.
• M. Blaug, 1985, Great Economists Since Keynes, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• M. Blaug, 1986, Great Economists Before Keynes, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• M. Bleaney, 1976, Underconsumption Theories: History and critical analysis, New York: International.
• J. Bonner, 1995, Economic Efficiency and Social Justice: The development of utilitarian ideas in economics from Bentham to Edgeworth.  Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar.
• H. Brems, 1986, Pioneering Economic Theory, 1630-1980, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• P. Bridel, 1997, Money and General Equilibrium Theory: from Walras to Pareto, 1870-1923, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
• B.J. Caldwell, editor, Carl Menger and His Legacy in Economics, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
• E. Cannan, 1893, A History of the Theories of Production and Distribution in English Political Economy from 1776 to 1848, New York: Augustus M. Kelley.
• H. Landreth and D. Colander, History of Economic Theory, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
• L.A. Coser, 1984, Refugee Scholars in America: Their impact and their experiences. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• P. Deane, 1978, The Evolution of Economic Ideas, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• M.H.Dobb, 1973, Theories of Value and Distribution since Adam Smith: Ideology and economic theory, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• M. Dore, S. Chakravarty and R. Goodwin, editors, 1989, John von Neumann and Modern Economics, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• R.V. Eagly, 1984, The Structure of Classical Economic Theory, New York: Oxford University Press.
• J.L. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P.K.Newman, editors, 1985, The New Palgrave: A dictionary of economics, New York: Macmillan.
• R.B. Ekelund and R.F. Hébert, 1999, Secret Origins of Modern Microeconomics: Dupuit and the Engineers.  Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• C. Gide and C.Rist, 1909, A History of Economic Doctrines, London: G.G. Harrap.
• G.Haberler, 1937, Prosperity and Depression: A theoretical analysis of cyclical movements, New York: United Nations.
• A.H. Hansen, 1951, Business Cycles and National Income, New York: Norton.
• G.C. Harcourt, 1972, Some Cambridge Controversies in the Theory of Capital, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• F.A. Hayek, 1991, The Trend of Economic Thinking, London: Routledge.
• E.F. Heckscher, 1931, Mercantilism, 1935 translation, London: Allen & Unwin.
• R.L. Heilbroner, 1953, The Worldly Philosophers, New York: Simon and Schuster.
• R.L. Heilbroner, 1988, Behind the Veil of Economics: Essays in worldly philosophy, New York: Norton.
• Eduard Heimann, 1945, History of Economic Doctrines: An introduction to economic theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
• K. Hennings and W.J. Samuels, 1990, editors, Neoclassical Economic Theory, 1870 to 1930, Boston: Kluwer.
• G.M. Hodgson, 1993, Economics and Evolution: Bringing life back into economics, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
• E.K. Hunt, 1979, History of Economic Thought. Wadsworth.
• T.W. Hutchinson, 1953, A Review of Economic Doctrines, Oxford: Clarendon.
• T.W. Hutchinson, 1994, The Uses and Abuses of Economics: Contentious essays on history and method, London: Routledge.
• B.Ingrao and G. Israel, 1987, The Invisible Hand: Economic equilibrium in the history of science, Cambridge, Mass: M.I.T. Press.
• W. Jaffé, 1983, William Jaffé's Essays on Walras (D. Walker, ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• L. Jonung, 1991, editor, The Stockholm School of Economics Revisited, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• J.M. Keynes, 1933, Essays in Biography, London: Macmillan.
• F.H. Knight, 1956, On the History and Method of Economics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• J.M. Koot, 1987, English Historical Economics, 1870- 1926, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• C.D. Krohn, 1987, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee scholars and the New School for Social Research.  Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
• R.E. Kuenne, 1963, The Theory of General Economic Equilibrium, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• K. Kyun, 1988, Equilibrium Business Cycle Theory in Historical Perspective, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• D. Laidler, 1991, The Golden Age of the Quantity Theory, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• B.J. Loasby, 1989, The Mind and Method of the Economist: A critical appraisal of major economists in the 20th century, Aldershot, UK: Elgar.
• F.A. Lutz, 1956, The Theory of Interest, Chicago: Aldine.
• J. Maloney, 1991, The Professionalization of Economics: Alfred Marshall and the dominance of orthodoxy. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
• A.W. Marget, 1942, Theory of Prices, 2 vols., New York: Prentice Hall.
• K. Marx, 1910, Theories of Surplus Value, 3 vols., London: Lawrence & Wishart.
• R. Meek, 1956, Studies in the Labor Theory of Value, New York: Monthly Review Press.
• R. Meek, 1963, Economics of Physiocracy: Essays and translations, New York: Augustus M. Kelley.
• R. Meek, 1973, Precursors of Adam Smith, London: Dent.
• P. Mirowski, 1994, editor, Edgeworth on Chance, Economic Hazard and Statistics.  Lanham, Maryland: Rowan and Littlefied.
• W.C. Mitchell, 1967, Types of Economic Theory, 2 vols., New York: Augustus M. Kelley.
• M.S. Morgan, 1990, The History of Econometric Ideas, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• A.E. Murphy, 1983, editor, Economists and the Irish Economy.  Dublin: Irish Academic Press.
• G. Myrdal, 1929, The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory.London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
• T. Negishi, 1989, History of Economic Thought, Amstedam: North-Holland.
• T. Negishi, 1994, The History of Economics: Collected Essays, Vol. II, Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar.
• J. Niehans, 1990, A History of Economic Theory: Classic contributions, 1720-1890, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• D. Patinkin, 1972, Essays On and In the Chicago Tradition, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
• D. Patinkin, 1982, Anticipations of the General Theory? And other essays on Keynes, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• M. Perelman, 1984, Classical Political Economy.
• K. Pribram, 1983, A History of Economic Reasoning, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• I. Rima, 1967, Development of Economic Analysis, Homewood, Ill., R. D. Irwin.
• E. Roll, 1939, History of Economic Thought, Englewodd Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
• W.W. Rostow, 1990, Theorists of Economic Growth: from David Hume to the present.
• P.M. Rutkoff and W.B. Scott, 1986, New School: A history of the New School for Social Research. New York: Free Press.
• W.J. Samuels, 1988, Institutional Economics, 2 vols, Aldershot: Edward Elgar.
• W.J. Samuels, 1992, Essays in the History of Heterodox Political Economy, New York: New York University Press
• W.J. Samuels, 1992, Essays in the History of Mainstream. Political Economy, New York: New York University Press.
• W.J. Samuels, 1993, editor The Chicago School of Political Economy, New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction.
• W.J. Samuels, 1996, editor, American Economists of the Late Twentieth Century, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
• B. Sandelin, editor, 1991, A History of Swedish Economic Thought, London: Routledge.
• G.L.S. Shackle, 1967, The Years of High Theory: Invention and tradition in economic thought, 1926-1939.
• J.A.Schumpeter, 1951, Ten Great Economists from Marx to Keynes, New York: Oxford University Press.
• J.A. Schumpeter, 1954, History of Economic Analysis, New York: Oxford University Press.
• E. Screpanti and Zamagni
• B.S. Seligman, 1962, Main Currents in Modern Economics, 3 volumes, Chicago: Quadrangle.
• T. Sowell, 1972, Say's Law: An historical analysis, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• T. Sowell, 1974, Classical Economics Reconsidered.  Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• H.W. Spiegel, 1971, The Growth of Economic Thought, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
• G.J.Stigler, 1941, Production and Distribution Theories: The formative period, New York: Macmillan.
• G.J.Stigler, 1965, Essays in the History of Economics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• P.M. Sweezy, 1942, The Theory of Capitalist Development: Principles of Marxian political economy, New York: Monthly Review Press.
• J. Viner, 1937, Studies in the Theory of International Trade, New York: Harper.
• J. Viner, 1991, Essays on the Intellectual History of Economics, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• J.J. Vromen, 1995, Economic Evolution: an inquiry into the foundations of new institutional economics, London: Routledge.
• D.A.Walker, 1996, Walras's Market Models, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• V. Walsh and H. Gram, 1980, Classical and Neoclassical Theories of General Equilibrium: Historical origins and mathematical structure, New York: Oxford University Press.
• E.R. Weintraub, 1985, General Equilibrium Analysis: Studies in appraisal, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• J.K. Whitaker, editor, 1990, Centenary Essays on Alfred Marshall. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

NOTES ON IMAGES

We wish to acknowledge some of the major sources of the images throughout this website.  Unfortunately, we started building this site and collecting the images before we realized that perhaps we should have kept track of the sources. We are trying to rectify the situation and have tried to reconstruct the sources in the following list, but it is only tentative at present.  Note that the following list does not imply that we have received permission to use the images.  Some requests for permission were graciously given, but others are still pending, so please be very careful with them.   If you would wish to use any of the images, please refer to the sources, not us.

Images on Main Pages

Most of the images gracing the main pages of this website were drawn by a certain Mr. Herrick and have been scanned from J.S. Gibbons (1859) The Banks of New York, Their Dealers, The Clearing House and the Panic of 1857. New York: Appleton & Co.

Scanned Images

The following images have were scanned from the following sources

American Economic Review: Portraits and/or signatures from American Economic Review (various years) of the following economists : Arrow, Baumol, Becker, Boulding, Burns, J.M. Clark, Commons, Davenport, Debreu, Domar, Douglas, Ely, Fetter, Fisher?, Friedman, Galbraith,  Georgescu-Roegen, Haberler, Hansen, Klein, Knight, Koopmans,   Kuznets, Leontief, Lewis, Machlup,  Marschak, Metzler?, Mitchell, Modigliani, Morgenstern, Rosenstein-Rodan?, Radner, Samuelson,  Schelling, Schumpeter, Scitovsky?, Seligman, Simon, Solow, Stigler, Taussig, Tobin, Viner, Walker, Young.  Also:

Also from the American Economic Review:

1953 - from an article by Robert Dorfman, "Mathematical or Linear Programming: A non-mathematical introduction", an illustration of activity analysis isoquants (Cowles Commission)
1956 - from an article by Sidney Weintraub, "A Macroeconomic Approach to the Theory of Wages", illustration of D/Z goods market equilibrium (Post Keynesians)
1957 - from an article by Francis M. Bator, "The Simple Analytics of Welfare Maximization",an illustration of the Edgeworth-Bowley box and an illustration of production optimality conditions. (Anglo-American Mathematical Marginalists, Lausanne School)
1971 - from an article by R.J. Barro and H.I. Grossman, "A General Disequilibrium Model of Income and Employment", illustration of rationed market (Walrasian-Keynesian)
1984 - from an article by Gerard Debreu, "Economic Theory in a Mathematical Mode", an illustration of the Gale-Nikaido Lemma (Neo-Walrasians)

Econometrica: Portraits and/or signatures from Econometrica (various years) of the following economists:  Cournot, Divisia, F.M. Fisher?, Frisch, Hotelling, Hurwicz, Malinvaud, Moore?,  Pareto, Radner, Roos, Roy, Scarf, Schultz?, Schumpeter?, Sonnenschein, von Thunen, Uzawa, Wald, Wold, Wicksell.

Also from Econometrica:

1934 - a note by Irving Fisher and fascimile of tribute by the Econometric Society to University of Lausanne (Walras)
1935 - from an article by Michal Kalecki, "A Macrodynamic Theory of Business Cycles", an illustration of a business cycle indicating peaks and troughs.(Business Cycle Theory)
1937- from an article by J.R. Hicks, "Mr. Keynes and the Classics: A suggested interpretation", an illustration of the first IS-LM diagram (Neo-Keynesian Synthesis)
1981? - from an article whose reference we have unfortunately lost at present (but are busy tracing and will cite appropriately!), a diagram of a Wald Test. (Empirics and Econometrics)
1991 - from an article by Ariel Rubinstein, a diagram of a game tree (Game Theory)

Quarterly Journal of Economics:

1966 - from an article by Luigi L. Pasinetti, "Changes in the Rate of Profit and Switches of Technique", illustration of wage-profit curves with five techniques (Capital Theory, Neo-Ricardians)

Journal of Political Economy: Portrait of Miguel Sidrauski. Also:

1939 - from an article by Paul Sweezy "Demand Under Conditions of Oligopoly", diagram of kinked demand curve under oligopoly (Imperfect Competition)

Mark Blaug's "Great Economists Before Keynes: An Introduction to the Lives and Works of One Hundred Great Economists of the Past" (1986, Cambridge University Press) and "Great Economists Since Keynes: An Introduction to the Lives and Works of One Hundred Modern Economists" (1985, Cambridge University Press): portraits of the following economists: Adelman, Aftalion, Alchian, Arrow, Bain, Barone, Bergson,  Bortkiewicz, Bowley, Burns, Cassel, Chamberlin, Chenery, J.M. Clark, Clower, Commons, Demsetz, Dobb, Dorfman, Downs, Ely, Fisher, Gerschenkron,  Haberler, Hahn, Hansen, Harrod, Hawtrey, Hicks, Hilferding, Hirschmann, Jevons, H.G. Johnson, Kaldor, J. Neville Keynes, Kuznets, Leijonhufvud,  Lerner, Lipsey, Little, Lucas, Machlup, McCulloch,  Mincer, Morishima,  Musgrave, Okun, Pasinetti,  Patinkin, Phelps, Pigou, Posner, Robbins, Robertson, Rostow, Say, Scitovsky, Senior, Shackle, Spiethoff,  Stiglitz, Thornton, Torrens, Triffin, Weber, Weintraub, Wicksell, Wieser. (some of the scans from Dr. Hak Choi sites)

Other Sources:  portraits of the following economists were taken from the following sources:

• Carver, Clark (young), Ely (young),  Fetter, Fisher (young), George, Seligman (young), Sumner, Taussig from A.F. Weber (1899) "American Economists of To-Day", New England Magazine,Vol. 21 (3).
• Akerman - from Hegeland, editor, Money, Growth and Methodology: essays in honor of Johan Akerman.  1961, Lund.
• Aumann - from S. Hart and A. Neyman, editors, 1995, Game and Economic Theory: Selected Contributions in Honor of Robert J. Aumann.  Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
• Allais, Brunner - from M. Szenberg's Eminent Economists: Their life philosophies. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Cannan (f. own book?),
• De Quincey - from Thomas De Quincey's Writings, 1851.
•  Circuit of Money - from Foster and Catchings, 1923, Money.   New York: Houghton-Mifflin.
• B. Graham - from B. Graham, 1937, Storage and Stability: A modern ever-normal granary, New York: McGraw-Hill
• A.S. Johnson - from A.S. Johsnon, 1954, Essays in Social Science, New York.
• Lange, Simons, Viner and five photos of the Cowles Commission from D. Patinkin's Essays On and In the Chicago Tradition, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
• Lowe - from H. Hagemann and H.D. Kurz, editors, 1984, Beschäftigung, Verteilung und Konjuktur. Universit Bremen.
• Mandeville (f. frontpiece of the Fable of the Bees, Liberty Classics)
• Nurkse - from Haberler and Stern, editors, 1961, Equilibrium and growth in the world economy: Economic essays.   Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
• H. Schultz - from O. Lange, F. McKintyre and T.O. Yntema, editors, 1942 Studies in Mathematical Economics and Econometrics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• Walras - from W. Jaffe, editor, 1965, Correspondence of Leon Walras and Related Papers, Vol. I.  Amsterdam: North-Holland

Borrowed Images

Dr. Coll's Economia de Mercado (Malaga): Amin, Kautsky, Kirzner,

The Cowles Foundation : Cowles, Geanakoplos, Koopmans, Marschak, Roos, Scarf, Shubik, Yntema, the Mandarins

Gallica (Bibliothèque Nationale de France): Walrasian General Equilibrium Theory

Rod Hay's McMaster Archive: Bentham,  Bohm-Bawerk, Cantillon, J.B. Clark, Hobbes, Law, Petty, Quesnay, Wicksteed.

MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive: Bertrand, Bernoulli, Berkeley, Condorcet, Mandelbrot, Karl Menger, Nash, Ramsey, Abraham Robinson, Slutsky.

Marx-Engels Archive: Engels, Marx, Luxemburg, Growth Theory.

New Deal Network: Keynesian Revolution, Neoclassical Macroeconomics

Nobel Website: Portraits of the following economists: Allais, Becker, Buchanan, Coase, Debreu, Fogel, Friedman, Haavelmo, Harsanyi, Kantorovich, Klein,  W.A. Lewis, Markowitz, Meade, Merton, Miller, Modigliani,  Myrdal,   North, Ohlin, Samuelson, Scholes, T.W. Schultz,  Selten, Sharpe, Simon, Solow, Stigler,  Stone, Tinbergen, Vickrey.

The Peel Web: the British Anti-Classicals, Manchester School

Dr. Eckhard Schultz's Hall of Economists: Eucken, Kalecki, Keynes, Kondratieff, Leontief, List, Malthus, Marshall, Menger, Ricardo, Ropke, Schmoller, Schumpeter, Sombart, Stackelberg. (Coase,  Friedman, Hayek, Samuelson, Tobin)

Spartacus Educational Website: Bentham, Henry and Millicent, Fawcett, Martineau, J.Mill,  Owen, Sidney Webb, Beatrice Webb,  Harriet Taylor, Mill and Taylor,   the Classical Ricardian System, the Classical Ricardians, Social Philosophers.

Paulette Taieb and the Centre d'Histoire de la Pensée Economique:  Boisguilbert.

The Siege and Commune of Paris, 1870-71 (Northwestern University): the Marginalist Revolution

Individual Websites: Portraits of economists and other images are borrowed from the following sites (links are given on respective pages): Anderson (Berkeley), Barro (Hoover Institute), Baumol (Levy Institute),  Bewley (Yale), Blanchard (Harvard), Boulding (CSF, Colorado), Brown (Yale), Condillac (Univ. of Idaho), Paul Davidson (Tennessee), Diamond (M.I.T.), Duffie (Stanford), Eatwell (House of Lords),  Foley (Columbia), Douglas Gale (NYU), Goodwin (Siena),  Grodal (Copenhagen), Heilbroner (New School), Hildenbrand (Bonn), Hume (Hume Archive), Jorgensen (Harvard), Kreps (Stanford),  McKenzie (Rochester), Meltzer (Carnegie-Mellon), Thomas Moore (Texas), Mundell (Columbia), Nell (New School), Pantaleoni (ITCG), Peleg (Elsevier), Sargent (Hoover Institute), Schwartz (Elsevier),  Sen (Indian-American Conference),  Shell (Cornell), Smale (Berkeley), Starr (UC San Diego), Stokey (Chicago), Vind (Copenhagen), Williamson (Berkeley), Wilson (Stanford), American Economic Association (A.E.A. Site), Bullionist Controversy (Bank of England), Cambridge Neoclassicals and Cambridge Keynesians (Cambridge University website), Chicago School (University of Chicago website), Fabian Society (Beatrice Webb Homepage), German Historical School (F. Velde's Heraldica website), Harvard (Harvard University website), Kiel School (Kiel Institute),  L.S.E. (L.S.E. site), Economic Development (Lusaka Lowdown), Lessius, Molina, and de Lugo (Jesuit family album), Grotius (Societas Luridicas Grotius),  Marginalist Revolution (Northwestern), Business Cycles (Irish Famine Project), Ayres (School of Cooperative Individualism),

Still trying to trace sources for the following images:   Galbraith, George, Godwin, Hutcheson, Locke, J.S. Mill, Minsky, Mises, von Neumann, Newcomb, Proudhon, Joan Robinson, Rousseau, Adam Smith, Spencer, Turgot, Veblen, American Institutionalists,  Enlightenment economists, Marxian School,  Mercantilists, Monetarism,  New Institutionalist, Physiocrats, Austrian, Scottish Enlightenment, Vienna Colloquium, Monetary Theory, Mathematical Appendix, Marcet