Presented by the 7th MI, Volunteer Infantry Co. B Civilians
Table of Contents:
I. Introduction
II. General Dress and Deportment
III. Social Activities
IV. Relationships Between Genders
V. Ballroom Etiquette
VI. Trivia, Inventions, etc...
VII. Suggested Resources List
I. Introduction
This booklet is meant to be a quick reference guide for re-enactors regarding proper etiquette, dress and deportment.
All items presented here are purely suggestions offered to the reader that have been gathered from several different sources.
Notes on American Culture 1800-1860 - by Karen Rae Mchaffey
"America in the nineteenth century was growing at an incredible rate. Industrialization in the North brought forth factories,
department stores, mills, and large banking institutions, providing city jobs for rural people. Young men were being hired from
the farms of the country to make their fortune in the city."
"New jobs and opportunities created an addition to the social classes, known as "middle-class." This term was coined in the
1830's to describe people with mobile incomes, working hard to increase their quality of life. This came from a term of the
colonial era, "middling class". It originally referred to someone who was an "upstart" trying to move into a higher class bracket
than they wre born into."
II. General Dress and Deportment
The items that we wear while re-enacting are articles of clothing that we should be familiar with and comfortable wearing.
What a civilian wears will greatly depend on the social class he/she is portraying. Women from the working class of the 1860's
probably did not have all the frillies that are pictured in Godey's or Peterson's . An important point to remember is that
magazines and etiquette manuals were geared toward the more affluent.
Ladies' Dress
Every article of dress should be well made, however plain the style, or inexpensive the material. The dress should always be
adapted to the occasion. Nothing is more proper for the morning than a loosly made dress, high in the neck, with sleeves
fastened at the wrist with a band, and a belt. It looks well, and is convenient. For a walking dress, the skirt should be allowed
only just to touch the ground, for while a train looks well in the drawing-room, and is inconspicuous in a carriage or
opera-box, it serves a very ignoble purpose in sweeping the street. Deep and bright-colored gloves are always in bad taste,
very few persons are careful enough in selecting gloves. Light boots and dark dresses, dark boots and light dresses, are
indicative of bad taste. Avoid violent contrasts of color. Black is of great service in toning down and harmonizing brilliant hues.
Gentlemen's Dress
In his library or his breakfast-room, a gentleman may wear a loose robe, in his garden, or if engaged in his studio, a blouse; to
appear in public thus attired would be improper. The dress worn in making morning calls should be less constrained than that
adopted at dinner or an evening party. In the morning light pants may be worn, colored gloves, and a frock coat; in the evening
the suit should be black dress-coat, lined with silk, black pants, white or black vest, and ornamental tie, with white gloves.
Black patent leather botts should also be worn in the evening. The greatest attention should always be paid to the linen; let it be
fine, clean, and well-fitted, whatever be the outer garb.
The Wearing of Rings
If a ring is worn on the first finger of the left hand... of a gentleman he wants a wife.
If a ring is worn on the first finger of the left hand... of a lady she is not engaged.
If a ring is worn on the second finger of the left hand...the lady or gentleman is engaged.
If a ring is worn on the third finger of the left hand...the lady or gentleman is married.
If a ring is worn on the fourth finger of the left hand...the lady or gentleman never intends to marry.
Mitigating the Heat
We are all aware that the re-enacting season is during the hottest months of the year. Because of this, we are always looking
for ways to mitigate the heat. Here are a few suggestions...
Wear fewer petticoats
Wear lighter weight fabrics, such as cotton (natural fibers)
Wear lighter colors. They reflect the light.
Men may try wearing a vest in place of their coat.
DRINK LOTS OF WATER!!!!
Gloves
Gloves were a fashion accessory.
According to Juanita Leisch's "Who Wore What? - Women's Wear, 1861-1865," "Gloves and mitts were not universally
worn by women during the civil war period..."
Mitts were generally worn by older women (66 and over).
Most gloves worn during this time were made out of leather and dyed in a variety of colors.
Is white the only permissible color for gloves worn in the ballroom? No, pale yellow or ecru are acceptable colors also.
Did you know...?
If a dinner was served during a ball, a lady would remove her gloves before eating. It was considered vulgar to eat with them
on.
Gentlemen usually carried two pairs of gloves when attending a ball. If one pair was soiled, he had an extra pair in reserve.
Wearing an apron to town.
Work aprons - nearly covered the entire skirt and were seldom white.
Fancy aprons - for decoration only. Smaller than the work apron and were light or white in color. The fancy ones were
probably the type that would have been seen on ladies as they shopped in town, although, it would depend on the scenario
being portrayed.
Veils - when to wear or not to wear
Veils were worn on hats as "... a fashion accessory of dress for much of the mid-nineteenth century" according to Juanita
Leisch. Even though there were a variety of colors available, black was the most popular.
Veils during mourning.
According to a Harper's Bazar article from the 1800's, women wore a heavy veil for 12 months while in mourning for a
husband. After the 12 month period the heavy veil is exchanged for a lighter one.
A Lady's Hair
May a lady wear her hair down? It may be worn down but should be confined.
The most popular "do" of the day was to part the hair down the center and arrange it so the widest part of the style is at the
ears and the remainder extends down the back of the head to about the hairline. A variation of this style that was popular with
younger women (15 - 40) is to confine the hair at the nap of the neck.
Other popular "Dos"
Ringlets - ages 15 - 40
Short blunt haircuts were popular with 15 - 25 year olds
REMEMBER: All styles had two things in common, (1) the hair was parted down the middle and (2) no bangs.
May a lady wear a bonnet in church?
Yes, ladies have worn hats/bonnets in church for many years.
Wearing a Net or a Snood
Most women during the civil war period did not wear nets.
They were most popular with younger women. Most nets were made of a fine, fish netting with the coloring as close as
possible to the wearer's hair color. The light colored, heavy yarned snoods were not common place.
Did you know...?
According to Juanita Leich, most women during the civil war era did not wear anything on their heads.
Going corsetless? (GASP!!!)
There is photographic proof that not all women wore corsets. Again, this would depend on the scenario being portrayed.
Is it okay for your chemise to show, just a little, while wearing your ballgown?
The chemise, like the other underpinnings, was/is not for public display.
A familiar problem -- THE HOOP
Sitting in a hoop.
Lift hoop and skirts slightly (an inch or two) before sitting down. This will allow the boning of the hoop to lay on top of the
chair without causing that unsightly frontal raise we all dread.
A lady should never draw attention to herself by her manner of "swishing" her skirt.
Remember this rule: "Swishing" is farby.
Learning to walk, sit and maneuver in a hoop skirt in such a way as to look as if you have been doing it all your life. Avoid
"handling" your skirts.
Helpful Hint: It's amazing how shortening the front hem of a skirt an inch or even a ½ inch makes all the difference in the world.
While sitting, ladies did not cross their legs, although, they did cross their ankles on occasion.
III. Social Activities
Victorian Teas
1860's teas were informal social affairs that gave the hostess an opportunity to display her beautiful china. Refreshments were
simple, and were served by the members of the family, not by their servants. At re-enactments, for practical reasons, ladies
bring their own cups and saucers.
What things would ladies typically do to entertain one another during long hours of sitting and sewing together at quilting or
sewing bees?
Things probably have not changed that much in this area. They probably gossiped, exchanged recipes, talked about raising
their families. Another possibility, they read to each other from the bible or other reading material.
What sports or physical activities may a lady engage in without danger to her health or modesty?
Lawn tennis
Horseback riding (side saddle of course)
Skating
Croquet
Dancing
A lady would never want to get a sun tan!
Attending church
It was not proper for a man to let his wife and children attend church without him. He always escorted his family.
Ladies would usually wear bonnets and gloves.
Church Etiquette
One should preserve the utmost silence and decorum in church. There should be no haste in passing up or down the aisle. A
gentleman should remove his hat as soon as he enters. There should be no whispering, laughing or staring. It is perfectly proper
to offer to share the prayer or hymn book with a stranger if there is no separate book for his use. If books or fans are fassed in
church, let them ve offered and accepted or refused with a silent gesture of acceptance or refusa. When the services are
condluded, there should be no haste in crowding up the aisle, but the departue should be conducted quietly and in order.
IV. Relationships between the Genders
Ascending and descending staircases.
Ascending - A gentleman will follow a lady.
Decending - A gentleman will go before a lady.
When on the street, how should a lady respond to a strange man who tips his hat or greets her? Should she speak? Merely
nod? Avoid eye contact, or make it? If verbal replies are appropriate, what should be said?
Street Etiquette
While walking the street no one should ve so absent-minded as to neglect to recognize his friends. If you do not stop, you
should bow, touch your hat, or bid your friend good day. Lift your hat from your head with the hand farthest from him. If you
ar on such terms that it is necessary to shake hands, lift your hat with your left hand and then give a hearty shake with your
right. If your friend has a stranger with him and you have anything to say, you should apologize to the stranger. Never leave
your friend abruptly to see another person without asking min to excuse your departure. If you meet a gentleman of your
acquaintance walking with a lady whom you do not know, lift your hat as you salute them. If you know the lady you should
salute her first. Never fail to raise your hat politely to a lady acquaintance, nor to a male friend who may be walking with a lady
-- it is a courtesy to the lady. When you meet a lady with whom you are slightly acquainted, wait until she gives you some
mark of recognition; if she fails to do so, pass on. Should she bow, lift your hat and slightly bend. If you are smoking, remove
your cigar with your disengaged hand. If you meet a lady friend with whom you wish to converse, you must not stop, but turn
and walk along with her and should she be walking with a gentleman, first assure yourself that you are not intruding before you
attempt to join the two in their walk. She too, decides when the conversation is toend. If, while speaking, she moves onward,
you should turn and accompany her. If she makes a slight inclination, as of dismissal, raise your hat, bow and go your own
way. In walking with a lady, never permit her to encumber herself with a book, parcel or anything of that kind, but always offer
to carry it.
Young Ladies' Conduct on the Street
After twilight, a young lady wouldnot be conducting herself in a becoming manner by walking alone. If she passes the evening
with any one, she ought, beforehand, to provide some one to come for her at a stated hour; but if this is not practicable, she
should politely ask of ther person whom she is visiting, to permit a servant to accompany her. But, however much this may be
considered proper, and consequently an olbigation, a married lady, well educated, will disregard it if circumstances prevent her
being able, without trouble, to find a conductor.
Accompanying Visitors
If the host wishes to accompany you himself, you must excuse yourself politely fro giving hum so much trouble but finish,
however, by accepting. On arriving at your house, you should offer him your thanks. In order to avoid these two
inconveniences, it will be well to request your husband, or some one of your relatives, to come and wait upon you; you will, int
his way, avoid all inconveniences, and be entirely free from that harsh criticism which is sometimes indulged in, especially in
small towns, concerning even the most innocent of acts.
Fulfilling an Engagement
If, when on your way to fulfill an engagement, a friend stops yo on the stree, you may, withou committing any breach of
etiquette, tell him of your appointment, and release yourself from a long talk, but do so in a courteous manner, expressing
regret for the necessity.
Conduct while Shopping
If inquiring for goods at a store, do not say, I want so and so, but say to the clerk -- show me such or such article, if you
please -- or use some other polite form of address. If you are olbiged to examine a number of articles before your are suited,
apologize to him for the trouble you give him. If you make only small purchases, say to him -- I am sorry for having troubled
you for so trifling a thing.
Asking for Information
If a lady addresses an inquiry to a gentleman on the street, he will lift his hat, or at least touch it respectfully, as he replies. If he
cannot give the information required, he will express his regrets.
Crossing a Muddy Street
When tripping over the pavement, a lady should gracefully raise her dress a little about her ankle. With her right hand she
should hold together the folds of her gown and draw them toward the right side. To raise the dress on both sides, and with
both hands, is vulgar. This ungraceful practice can be tolerated only for a moment when the mud is very deep.
Forming Acquaintances in Public
A lady, be she young or old, never forms an acquaintance upon the streets or seeks to attract the attention or admiration of
persons of the other sex. To do so would render false her lclaims to ladyhood, if it did not make her liable to far graver
charges.
Demanding Attention
A lady never demands attentions and favors form a gentleman, but always accepts them gratefully and graciously and with
expressed thanks.
Meeting a Lady Acquaintance
A gentleman meeting a lady acquaintance on the street, should not presume to joun her in her walk without ascertaining that his
company would be entirely agreeable. It might be otherwise, and she should frankly say so. A married lady usually leans upon
the arm of her husband; but single ladies do not, in the day, take the arm of a gentleyman, unless they are willing to
acknowledge an engagement. However, you should offer your arm to a lady with whom you are walking whenever her safety,
comfort, or convenience may seem to require such attention on your part. At night your arm should always be tendered, and
also when ascending the steps of a public building. If a lady with whom you are walking receives the salute of a person who is
a stranger to you, you should return it, not for yourself, but for her.
Gentlemen Walking with a Lady
When two gentlemen are walking with a lady int he stree, they should not be both upon the same side of her, but one of them
should walk upon the outside and one upon the inside. A lady should never take the arms of two men, one being on either
side, nor should a man carry a woman upon ech arm. There are, to be sure, some cases in which it is necessary for the
protection of women; that they should both take hsi are, as in coming home from a concert, or in passing, on any occasion,
through a crowd. If when passing through a crowd you are compelled to proceed singly, the gentleman should always precede
his lady companion.
Saluting a Lady
When you salute a lady or a gentleman to whom you wish to show particular respect, in the street, you should take your hat
entirely off and cause it to describe a circle of a lease ninety degrees from its original resting place.
During the 1800's , a proper lady would return a bow from a gentleman.
"...the really well-bred man always politely and respectfully bows to every lady he knows, and, if she is a well-bred woman,
she acknowledges the respect paid her."
A gentleman may pass by and tip his hat, bow and say "good morning, good afternoon..."
Should a lady ever go alone to visit a soldier in the military camp, or be seen walking through the men's quarters unescorted?
A lady of the 1860's would not have walked into a military camp or through men's quarters without a proper escort. Today,
emergency situations may arise when a lady may have no choice but to go into the military camp unescorted. The Rule: use
common sense.
May an unmarried young woman be alone with a man privately (say, in her tent?) and still maintain her good reputation? Not in
the 1860's.
Greetings or addressing male friends and/or acquaintances in public.
"When ladies are introduced to one another , or to gentlemen, it is not customary for them to shake hands but merely bow
slowly and gracefully. Courtesying is now obsolete." page 47," Etiquette and the Usages of Society."
Old friends would shake hands or kiss on the check.
Introductions
A man to a woman - introduce the lady first - Mrs.____ or Miss ____ , permit me to present you to Mr. ____.
When one lady is married, and the other single, present the single lady to the matron Miss _____, allow me to introduce you to
Mrs. _______
"It is customary in introducing people, to present the youngest person to the oldest, or the humblest to the highest in position, if
there is any distinction." page 57, "Civil War Era Etiquette."
Always introduce a person with their title if they have one.
"When introducing any of the members of your own family, mention the name in an audible tone. It is not considered sufficient
to say ‘My father,' ‘My mother,' ‘My sister,' or ‘My brother.' But say, ‘My father, Mr. Stanley,' .... It is best to be explicit in
all these things, for there may be more than one surname in the family. The eldest daughter should be introduced by her
surname only, as ‘Miss Sherwood,' her younger sisters, as ‘Miss Maud Sherwood,' ‘Miss Mary Sherwood.", page 58, "Civil
War Era Etiquette."
Introductions
It is neiher necessary nor desirable to introduce all your acquaintances to one another. If a gentleman is walking with a fried
and mmets another -- the same rule applies to ladies -- it is not necessary to indroduce them to each other. Two gentlemen
calling upon another on a metter of business introduce each other. Introductions do not involve the necessity of shaking hands.
No gentleman should offer to shake hands with a lady; if she desires to do so, she can readily express it.
Shaking Hands
It is most respectful to offer an ungloved hand; but if two gentlemen or two ladies, or a lady and a gentlemanmeet, and are
both gloved, it is very foolish to keep each other waiting while gloves are removed. You should not, however, offer a gloved
hand to a lady or a superior who is ungloved. At a ball or evening party, the gloves should not be taken off, but gloves should
always be removed during dinner.
Conversation
A loud voice is both disagreeable and vulgar. Remember that all "slang" is vulgar. In conversation study to be quiet and
composed. Do not talk too much, and do not inflict upon your hearers interminably long stories, in which, at the best they cna
have but a little interest. Taboo words or phrases include, "Goodness gracious!" and "My!"
Bowing
The bow is the proper mode of salutation to exchange between acquaintances in public, and in certain circumstances, in
private. The bow should never be a mere nod. A gentleman should raise his hat completely from his head and slightly incline
the whole body. Ladies should recongnize their gentlemen friend with a bow or graceful inclination. It is their place to bow first,
although among intimate acquaintances the recognition may be simultanous. A well bred man always removes his cigar from his
lips whenever he bows to a lady. A young lady should show the same deference to an elderly lady, or one occupying a higher
social position, that a gentleman does to a lady. A respectful bow should always accompany the words of salutation.
Gentlemen did not smoke etc... in front of ladies and ladies returned the favor.
No gentleman will stand in the doors of hotels, nor on the corners of the street, gazing impertinently at the ladies that pass. That
is such an unmistakable sign of a loafer, that one can hardly imagine a well-bred man doing such a thing.
Pulling out your watch in company unasked is a mark of ill-breeding.
Do not smoke in the presence of ladies, and never stand with your back to the fire, nor put your feet on the rungs of a chair,
nor loll back on sofas, nor yawn, nor read aloud without being asked to do so, nor put your elbows on a table, nor drum tunes
with your fingers, nor indulge in any of those minor vulgarities which may render you disagreeable to others.
In walking with a lady, it is customary to give her the right arm; but when circumstances render it more convenient to give her
the left, it may be properly done (i.e. The gentleman always walks on the street side of the sidewalk).
Picnics
Great latitude in dress is allowed on these occasions. The ladies all come in morningdresses and hats; the gentlemen in light
coats, wide-awake hats, caps or straw hats. After ninner it is usual to pass the time in the singing or games of all kinds,
croquet, etc... Gentlemen may play a musical instrument.
Gentlemen offer your arm for her safety, comfort or convenience.
Morning Calls
Ladies should not withdraw their gloves during a morning call. In making a morning call, a genlteman should take his hat with
him into the room and keep it in his hand during the whole for the interview. A lady receiving visitors must give over any
employmetn in which she may be engaged except for needlework. She should rise on the departure of her visitors, but not
accompany them to the door. (One source defined "morning calls" as visits paid between the hours of 2:000 pm and 5:00 pm,
but did not say why they were called "morning calls" when they are actually made in the afternoon.)
V. Ballroom Etiquette
Ought a lady to dance only with her escort or with other men as well?
A lady would dance the first dance with her escort. The rest of the evening with other partners.
Is it proper for a lady to attend a dance or ball unescorted by a man?
Married ladies are accompanied by their husbands, unmarried ones, by their mother , or by an escort.
Gentlemen who do not dance should not accept an invitation to a ball; every gentleman at a ball is expected to dance.
The following items on ballroom etiquette are from "Manners Culture and Dress of the Best American Society" , by Richard A.
Wells, A.M.
Giving a reason for not dancing
When a young lady declines dancing with a gentleman, it is her duty to give him a reason why, although some thoughtless ones
do not. No matter how frivolous it may be, it is simply an act of courtesy to offer him an excuse; while, one the other hand, no
gentleman ought so far to compromise his self-respect as to take the slightest offense at seeing a lady whom he has just been
refused, dance immediately after with some one else.
How to ask a lady to dance
In inviting a lady to dance with you, the words, "will you honor me with your hand for a quadrille?" or, "Shall I have the honor
of dancing this set with you?" are more used now than "Shall I have the pleasure?' or, "Will you give me the pleasure of
dancing with you?"
Leaving a ball room
Married or young ladies, cannot leave a ball-room or any other party, alone. The former should be accompanied by one or
two other married ladies, and the latter by their mother, or by a lady to represent her.
Talking too much
Ladies should avoid talking too much; it will occasion remarks. It has also a bad appearance to whisper continually in the ear
of your partner.
Duties of gentlemen
Gentlemen whom the master of the house requests to dance with these ladies, should be ready to accede to his wish, and even
appear pleased at dancing with a person thus recommended to their notice.
Duties of ladies
Ladies who dance much, should be very careful not to boast before those who dance but little or not at all, of the great number
of dances for which they are engaged in advance. They should also, without being perceived, recommend to these less
fortunate ladies, gentlemen of their acquaintance.
While dancing
In giving the hand for ladies chain or any other figures, those dancing should wear a smile, and accompany it with a polite
inclination of the head, in the manner of a salutation. At the end of the dance, the gentlemen reconducts the lady to her place,
bows and thanks her for the honor which she has conferred. She also bows in silence, smiling with a gracious air.
Deportment in public places
The proprieties in deportment, which concerts require, are little different from those which are recognized in every other
assembly, or in public exihbitions, for concerts partake of the one and the other, according as they are public or private. In
private concerts, the ladies occupy the front seats, and the genlemen are generally in groups behind, or at the side of them. We
should observe the most profound silence, and refrain from beating time, humming the airs, applauding, or making ridiculous
gestures of admiration. It often happens that a dancing soiree succeeds a concert, and billets of invitation, distributed two or
three days before hand should give notice of it to the persons invited.
A lady will not cross a ball-room unattended.
A gentleman will not take a vacant seat next to a lady who is a stranger to him. If she is an acquaintance, he may do so with
her permission.
Any presentation to a lady in a public ball-room, for the mere purpose of dancing, does not entitle you to claim her
acquaintance afterwards; therefore, should you meet her, at most you may lift your hat; but even that is better avoided - unless,
indeed, she first bows - as neither she nor her friends can know who or what you are.
Dance Cards
(Information from the Dance Card Museum of Antiques)
1. Size: generally dance cards are between 1" and 3" in size, so as not to get in the way of the lady.
2. Materials: either paper, metal (brass, nickel, white metal), wood, organic materials (shell, ivory, mother of pearl, etc.), glass
3. Dance cards served two purposes: To be used at the dance to list in order the dances of the evening and to be kept as a
memento of the Ball.
VI. Trivia, Inventions, Etc...
Inventions/Discoveries
1804 Canning process - Francios Appert
1829 Typewriter - W.A. Burt
1837 Steel plow - John Deere
1837 Telegraph - Samual Morse
1838 Morse Code - Samual Morse
1839 Daguerreotype photography - Louis Daguerre, JN Niepce
1845/6 Sewing machine - Elias Howe
1853 Condensed Milk was patented by Gail Bordon
1858 First hand held can opener was patented
1858 Mason jar was patented by Landis Mason
1861 Telegraph links coast to coast (New York City to San Francisco)
Karen Rae Mehaffey writes in her article "A Little Trivia for the Palate..." -
* Oranges were perishable and not commonly available in the North until the 1870's when refrigeration cars became openly
available on trains
* High status foods to mid-Victorians were celery (raw, braised or fried). Canned sardines, oysters, and imported fruit
(bananas, figs, etc.).
* Common beverages for the Victorians were tea, coffee, water, wine, whiskey, beer, cider, mineral water (because of the
popularity of spas), lemonade, punch and cocoa.
* A kickshaw was a common term used for any side dish (usually one served cold) or a relish served with a meal (i.e. chutney,
celery,etc.).
Recipes
Union Pudding
One cup of white sugar
3 tablespoons flour
2 eggs
1 grated nutmeg
1 good-sized coconut grated fine
2 teacups of new milk
1 teaspoon good fresh butter
Bake like tarts, without an upper crust.
Potato Scones
Mash boiled potatoes till they are quite smooth, adding a little salt; then knead out with four, to thickness required; toast
pricking with a fork to prevent blistering. When eaten with fresh butter, they are very nutritious. (Can be made in an iron skillet
or griddle.)
Household and Medicinal Recipes
Spirits of turpentine is good to take grease spots out of woolen clothes.
Cream of tartar, rubbed upon soiled, white kid gloves, cleanses them very much.
Bee or wasp stings - wet some tobacco and lay it on the sting. In five minutes it will be cured.
Fine Lavender Water - Mix together, in a clean bottle, a pint of inodorous spirits of wine; an ounce of oil of lavender; a
teaspoon of oil bergamot; and a tablespoon of the oit of ambergris.
(The items above are from Godey's Lady's Book)
VII. Suggested Resources List
The following list contains resources used in compiling this handbook and are suggested to the reader for further research on
all the topics covered in this text.
Byrde, P. Nineteenth Century Fashion. London: B.T. Batsford Limited, 1992
Dalrymle, P.H. American Victorian Costume in Early Photographs. New York: Dover Publications, 1991
Godey's Lady's Book. Philadelphia: L.A. Godey, 1855-1865
Leisch, J. Who Wore What: Women's Wear, 1861-1865. Gettysburg, Pa.: Thomas Publications, Inc., 1995
Shep, R.L. Civil War Era Etiquette. Mendocino, Ca.: The Author, 1988
Shep, R.L. Civil War Ladies: Fashions and Needle-Arts of the Early 1860's. Mendocina, Ca.: The Author, 1987
Willis, Henry P. Etiquette, and the Usages of Society, New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, 1860
The American Book of Genteel Behavior, a Complete Hand Book of Modern Etiquette, New York: Hurst & Co.
Decorum, A Practical Treatise on Etiquette and Dress of the Best Americn Society, J.A. Ruth & Co.
The Reseach Center, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village.
Comments and Feedback welcome at: gallen9075@aol.com
