ABRREVIATIONS

ABC: ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary. Ed. John de Francis. (2003). University of Hawai’i Press.

ACE: Atlas of the Chinese Empire. 1908. Prepared by Edward Stanton for the China Inland Mission. Morgan & Scott, Ltd., London.

AME: Atlas of the Middle East. (2003). The National Geographic Society. Washington, D.C.

AT: Ancient Tibet: Research Materials from The Yeshe De Project. (1986) Berkeley, California: Dharma Publishing.

ARAI: Ancient Rome and India: Commercial and cultural contacts between the Roman world and India. Edited by Rosa Maria Cimino. New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1994.

ATR: Asian Trade Routes. Edited by Karl Reinhold Haellquist. Studies on Asian Topics No. 13. 1991. London: Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies. Curzon Press.

BAI: Bulletin of the Asia Institute: The Archaeology and Art of Central Asia. Studies From the Former Soviet Union. New Series. Edited by B. A. Litvinskii and Carol Altman Bromberg. Translation directed by Mary Fleming Zirin.

BAR: Bulletin of the Asia Institute.

BEFEO: Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient.

CAHA: The Coins and History of Asia. Oriental Numismatic Society. From: http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/coins.html, accessed 22/8/99.

CHC: The Cambridge History of China. Volume I. The Ch’in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. 1986. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge University Press.

CHEIA: The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, 1990, Edited by Denis Sinor, Cambridge University Press.

CHI: The Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 3 (1) and (2). The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods. 1983. Edited by Ehsan Yarshater. Cambridge University Press.

CAOC: The Contemporary Atlas of China. 1988. London: Marshall Editions Ltd. Reprint 1989. Sydney: Collins Publishers Australia.

CICA: China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC - AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty. Hulsewé, A. F. P. and Loewe, M. A. N., 1979. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

DEABT: Dictionary of East Asian Buddhist Terms. Chief Editor, Charles Muller. Downloaded from http://www.human.toyogakuen-u.ac.jp/-acmuller/dicts/dealt /data/ on 4th Jan 2000.

DEALT: Dictionary of East Asian Literary Terms. Chief Editor, Charles Muller. Downloaded from http://www.human.toyogakuen-u.ac.jp/-acmuller/dicts/dealt /data/ on 4th Jan 2000.

DFLC: Dictionnaire Français de la Langue Chinois. 1976. Taipei: Institut Ricci – Kuangchi Press.

EB: Encylcopaedia Britannica 1911 Edition. Accessed on various dates from: http://1911encyclopedia.org/index.htm

EI: Encyclopaedia Iranica through the Internet. Volume VII, Fascicles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. © Ehsan Yarshater, Ed. From: http://www.iranica.com/articles/ index.html, accessed: 22/August/99.

GR: Grand dictionnaire Ricci de la langue chinoise. 7 volumes. Instituts Ricci (Paris – Taipei). Desclée de Brouwer. 2001. Entries translated into English by the author.

HCCA, II: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250. Harmatta, János, ed., 1994. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.

HCCA, III: History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume III. The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Litvinsky, B. A., ed., 1996. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 

HDC: Hanyu da cidian. 12 vols. + index, Shanghai Cishu Chubanshe, 1986-1994; on CD-ROM

HJAS: The Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies

Hucker: A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Charles O. Hucker. 1985. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.

HYDCD: Hanyu da cidian CD-ROM, Version 1.0, based on the 1993 12-volume compilation (Lyu Shuxiang, Chief Academic Advisor).

ITLOTG: In The Land of the Gryphons: Papers on Central Asian archaeology in antiquity. Edited by Antonio Invernizzi. Le Lettere. Firenze, Italy. 1995.

JA: Journal Asiatique

JAOS: Journal of the American Oriental Society

K.: Karlgren, Bernhard, 1940. Grammata Serica. Stockholm: Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. Reprint: Taipei: Ch’eng-wen Publishing Company. 1966.

KSU: Kushan Studies in U.S.S.R. Papers presented by Soviet Scholars at the UNESCO Conference on History, Archaeology and Culture of Central Asia in the Kushan Period. Dushanbe, 1968. Calcutta: Soviet Indology Series No. 3. Indian Studies Past & Present. 1970.

LYT: Lin Yutang’s Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage. Lin Yutang. 1972. Reprint 1980. The Chinese University Press. Hong Kong.

MTB: Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko.

NEB: New Encyclopædia Britannica. 1977. 15^th ed. 32 vols. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

PDK: Papers on the Date of Kanişka. Basham, A. L., ed., 1968. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

RAI: Rome and India: The Ancient Sea Trade. 1991. V. Begley and R. D. De Puma, eds. University of Wisconsin Press.

TCAW: The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World. Tenth Edition. 1999. Reprinted 2001. Times Books. London.

TWR: The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu. Second Edition. An annotated translation by John E. Hill, July, 2003. Available on the Silk Road Seattle Website at: http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/texts/texts.html

Williams: Williams, S. Wells, 1909. A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language. Arranged according to the Wu-fang Yüan Yin. Tung Chou, near Peking: North China Union College.

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