DCAS
Managed Public Buildings
Tweed
Courthouse
52 Chambers Street
New York, NY 10007
Date Built: 1861-1881
Architect: John Kellum
"Tweed
Courthouse" is located on the north side of City
Hall Park, behind City Hall, on Chambers Street.
This
building was designed and built for use as the New York
County Courthouse. According to the Guide to New York
City Landmarks, it was New York City's second permanent
government building, following the 1811 City Hall. At
the time, the north end of City Hall Park was crowded
with buildings, and a large almshouse was demolished
to make room for this courthouse.
It
took 20 years to build, from 1861 to 1881, with the
Civil War and political corruption contributing to delays,
and is estimated to have cost between $11 million and
$12 million. Political boss William Marcy Tweed and
his "Tweed Ring" used the construction of
the courthouse to embezzle large sums of money. The
longer construction went on, the more money they took.
After the Tweed Ring was broken up, work stopped on
the building from 1872 to 1876. Tweed was tried in 1873
in an unfinished courtroom in his own County Courthouse;
he died in jail in 1878.
The
three and one half story marble courthouse sits on a
low granite curb with a rusticated marble basement.
The building is composed of a central section with two
projecting wings, with an addition in the center on
the south facade. The entrance is marked by a pedimented
portico supported by four Corinthian columns. The windows
have arched and flat stone pediments. There is a massive
stone cornice and an octagonal skylight at the roof,
replacing a planned dome.
John
Kellum was the building's primary architect. After he
died in 1871, Leopold Eidlitz was hired to finish the
building. Thomas Little, a member of the New York City
Board of Supervisors, was given credit along with Kellum
on a small box placed beneath the cornerstone, but it
is believed that the major design credit belongs to
Kellum.
John
Kellum began his career as a house carpenter, studying
architecture on his own. He formed the firm King &
Kellum in 1846 with Gamaliel King, architect of Brooklyn
Borough Hall. The firm designed commercial buildings,
including the landmarked Cary Building at 105-107 Chambers
Street, one of the earliest cast-iron-fronted buildings
in New York City. Kellum started his own practice in
1860, and designed several buildings for Alexander T.
Stewart, including his department store at Broadway
and 10th Street, which burned down in 1956, and the
plan for Garden City on Long Island.
Leopold
Eidlitz, best known for his work on the New York State
Capitol, was hired in 1876 to finish the courthouse.
Eidlitz supervised its completion and was responsible
for the south wing, which contains the spectacular medieval
style stone second floor courtroom, and for part of
the rotunda.
The
architectural style of the Tweed Courthouse is "Anglo-Italianate,"
a major feature of which is its interior octagonal rotunda,
which the skylight tops. The rotunda extends from the
first floor to the roof. On the east and west sides
of the rotunda are sets of cast iron stairs that run
from the first to the third floors. The "marble"
pillars on these floors are really plaster and the "wood"
railings are actually cast iron. The Guide to New York
City Landmarks characterizes the building as containing
"some of the finest mid-19th century interiors
in New York." The building has served as a background
in "The Verdict," "Dressed to Kill,"
and "Kramer versus Kramer."
A recent two-year restoration of the Tweed
Courthouse has replaced or restored splendid interior
and exterior detail. Outside, marble cornices were replaced
and leaf detail on the Corinthian columns was rebuilt.
A new roof was designed to replicate the original, which
was discovered to have been made of metal, and skylights
were restored. The grand entrance stairway on the north
side was rebuilt, with the addition of 17 new Vermont
granite steps. The stairway had been removed during
World War II in 1944, for the widening of Chambers Street.
Within the building, successful efforts were made to
use original ventilation shafts in the building's walls,
so that modern heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
systems would intrude as little as possible. As many
as 18 layers of old paint were removed from walls and
cast iron, revealing both the detail in the cast iron,
and the multi-colored pattern of painting on the brick
walls. This and other historic painting schemes were
replicated, and marble and glass-tile floors were reconstructed.
In 2002, Tweed became the new home of the Department
of Education. In addition to offices, the building houses
an educational and demonstration center called City
Hall Academy. The Academy hosts short-term "residencies"
for elementary and middle school classes, and leadership
and scholarship programs for high school students. It
will also serve as a center for professional development
for teachers, facilitating the transfer of best practices,
and an educational center for family and public programs.
The
building was designated as a New York City Landmark
in 1984. It is also listed on the New York State and
National Registers of Historic Places.
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