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Alternative and complementary modalities for managing stress and anxiety - Protocols for Practice

Lynn Keegan

Stress is endemic in our society. More than two thirds of office visits to physicians are for stress-related illnesses, such as heart disease, anxiety disorders, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, cancer, respiratory disorders, accidental injuries, cirrhosis of the liver, and attempted suicide, all of which are leading causes of death in the United States. In addition to causing illness, stress can aggravate other conditions such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, herpes, mental illness, alcoholism, drug abuse, and family discord and violence. Stress is not always adverse, however; managed correctly, the problems caused by stress can be minimized. Realistically, stress is a normal aspect of life that must be endured at some level. Additionally, a stress response can be helpful in many ways, motivating persons to work or study or increasing their alertness while taking a test or giving a talk. The problem occurs when stress exceeds a productive level and interferes with the ability to think, remember, and focus on tasks. Stress that is ineffectively managed and remains too high for too long can contribute to multiple illnesses.

Americans are using alternative and complementary therapies, often for stress-related complaints. The results of a nationwide survey of 1539 adults published in the New England Journal of Medicine indicated that 1 in 3 Americans uses therapies considered unconventional. (1) This study was the landmark investigation that opened the floodgates to exploring and understanding these new therapies and how they work. The most frequently used therapies mentioned in the survey were relaxation techniques, chiropractic, massage therapy, imagery, spiritual healing, lifestyle diets, herbal medicine, megavitamin therapy, self-help groups, energy healing, biofeedback, hypnosis, homeopathy, acupuncture, folk remedies, exercise, and prayer. A 1997 follow-up national survey (2) by the same team found that use of at least 1 of 16 alternative therapies during the preceding year increased from 33.8% in 1990 to 42.1% in 1997. Overall, use of alternative therapies increased by 25%, total visits to alternative medicine practitioners increased by 47%, and expenditures for alternative goods and services increased by 45% (exclusive of inflation). Results from the follow-up study also indicated that ailing persons most often seek nonmainstream treatments for chronic conditions, such as back problems, anxiety, depression, and headaches. In 1990, an estimated 3 in 10 Americans used at least one alternative therapy; in 1997, the rate was 4 in 10 Americans. Of additional interest, the increased use does not appear to be linked to any particular sociodemographic group. (2) Another researcher (3) found that compared with nonusers, the majority of users of alternative medicine were more educated and reported poorer health status. They used the alternative therapies not so much as a result of being dissatisfied with conventional medicine, but largely because they found that these healthcare alternatives were more congruent with their own values, beliefs, and philosophical orientations toward health and life. (3) Indeed, many acute care nurses are b ecoming aware of ways to incorporate complementary modalities to combat the effects of stress.

Q: What exactly is stress and what causes it?

The term stress refers to a heightened physical or mental state produced by a change in the internal or external environment. In humans, physical stress is caused by injuries or illnesses and psychological stress by real, perceived, or anticipated threats. Whether stress arises from a cause perceived by sense organs that relay the danger to the brain or from mental actions such as worry or fear, the course of events can be the same.

Q: What is the relationship between stress and the body's hormonal system?

When an event such as hospitalization for a patient or environmental work conditions for a staff member is perceived as threatening by the higher cortical centers, signals are sent to the motor cortex and hypothalamus. Several hormones are released from the pituitary and adrenal glands, resulting in a number of physiological manifestations that can produce further harm to already compromised systems.

Q: What are some of the symptoms or manifestations of stress?

Stress shows itself in 3 general areas: physical, social, and psychological. Physical signs of stress include

* fatigue and exhaustion,

* headaches or migraines,

* neck and back pains or stiffness,

* gastrointestinal problems (nausea, diarrhea, constipation, or colitis),

* chest pains or palpitations,

* vulnerability to colds and flu (weakened immune system), and

* sleep disturbances.

Social manifestations of stress include family conflicts, job tensions, and change in sexual energy. Psychological signs of stress are 3-fold (Table 1). Any patient or staff member with subjective or objective signs of stress is a candidate for one or more stress-reduction therapies.

Q: How do you define alternative and complementary therapies?

An alternative therapy is one that is used instead of a conventional or mainstream therapy. For example, acupuncture is an alternative therapy. A complementary therapy may be an alternative therapy, but becomes complementary when used in conjunction with conventional therapy. It helps to potentiate the effect of the conventional therapy. For example, massage, which can stand alone as an alternative therapy, can also be used in conjunction with conventional regimens for a variety of problems.

Q: What are some of the specific alternative and complementary therapies that you find helpful to counteract stress?

Many different therapies that everyone can enjoy are available. See Table 2 for a brief description of the most widely used, evidence-based therapies; for more information, see Holistic Nursing: A Handbook for Practice. (4)

Q: What is the research that validates use of these therapies?

All of these modalities have research results to back them up. That is why the therapies in Table 2 are so popular. Let's take a look at a couple of them individually.

Aquatherapy

Low back pain is one of the most common chronic conditions. In a study (5) with a random sample of 50 patients with low-back pain who received spa therapy and 52 who received standard ambulatory care, the findings for the 2 groups were significantly different. Compared with the patients who did not have spa therapy, patients who had the therapy had a significant improvement in spin mobility and in functional scores and a reduction in the daily duration of pain. Assessment of the long-term effects 9 months after therapy showed continued reduction in pain and drug consumption and improvement in spine mobility among the patients who had spa therapy. (5)

Another study (6) consisted of 25 randomly selected patients in a hospital setting who had pain from fibromyalgia. Twelve patients had hydrogalvanic baths, and 13 had Jacobson relaxation training. Different dimensions of pain were measured at the beginning and the end of therapy. Patients receiving bath therapy had a significantly greater decrease in pain intensity from breakfast to lunch than did patients who received the Jacobson relaxation therapy. (6) Numerous other studies are detailed in the book Healing Waters. (7)

Aromatherapy

In a study (8) of 122 patients in an intensive care unit, 3 therapies were compared for their effects on increasing the quality of sensory input that patients receive and reducing patients' levels of stress and anxiety. The key findings were that patients who had aromatherapy reported significantly greater improvement in their mood and perceived levels of anxiety. They also felt less anxious and more positive immediately after the therapy, although this effect was not sustained or cumulative. (8) When pilot studies on aromatherapy that combined use of essential oils of rose and lavender with touching were done at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, the heart variation monitor showed parasympathetic peaks as a subject's feet were stroked with diluted essential oil. Sometimes just thinking about an aroma or an odor can be as powerful as smelling the actual aroma or odor itself. (9)

Aromas have measurable effects on persons' feelings. Toni et al (10) report on the psychologically stimulating effect of jasmine. Manley (11) reports on both the psychologically stimulating effect of lemon, lemongrass, peppermint, and basil and the relaxing effects of bergamot, chamomile, and sandalwood. Other aromas found to be relaxing are rose and lavender. (12) Sweet orange essential oil was effective in both induction of anesthesia and recovery time from anesthesia in children. (13)

These 2 therapies, along with several others, are explored fully in the AACN Protocols for Practice. If you are unfamiliar with these and other complementary therapies, take the opportunity to explore them personally. When you are comfortable with using them yourself, it is easier to introduce them to others.

Critical care nursing is more than just meeting the physiological needs of patients. Helping patients and staff members alike to cope with the multiple stressors in the acute care environment is an integral part of nursing. Learning to recognize the manifestations of stress is the first step; the next is adding knowledge and skills about the emerging alternative and complementary therapies in order to cope and prevent the adverse effects of stress.

This article is based on the protocol Alternative and Complementary Modalities for Managing Stress and Anxiety in Acute and Critical Care by Lynn Keegan (product #1 70715: $11, AACN members; $14, nonmembers). It was taken from the Creating a Healing Environment series (set of 5, product #170710; $52, AACN members; $64, nonmembers) of AACN's Protocols for Practice. Protocols can be obtained from AACN, 101 Columbia, Aliso Vie]o, CA 92656-1491, (800) 899AACN, (949) 362-2000.

note: This article was first published in Critical Care Nurse June 2000.

Table 1

Psychological manifestations of stress

Emotional symptoms            Intellectual symptoms

Depression                    Forgetfulness
Anxiety or frustration        Slower thinking
Decreased job satisfaction    Day dreaming
Apathy or boredom             Decreased concentration

Emotional symptoms            Behavioral symptoms

Depression                    Mood swings
Anxiety or frustration        Absenteeism
Decreased job satisfaction    Difficulty completing tasks
Apathy or boredom             Possible substance abuse

Table 2

Brief description of stress-buster complementary therapies

Therapy           Description

Aquatherapy       Use of some form of water to augment healing.
                  Water may be used internally or externally in
                  the form of ice, liquid, or vapor. You can
                  partake of waters at a spa during
                  rehabilitation and for general health
                  maintenance and prevention. Warm baths or
                  hot-tub therapy can reduce stress.

Aromatherapy      Use of essential oils to stimulate bodily
                  responses via the sense of smell. These
                  essential oils are commonly used in
                  aromatherapy: citrus, lavender, peppermint,
                  and rosemary.

Energy therapies  Practitioners and recipients adhere to the
                  belief that the human body is surrounded by
                  an energy field. Through the noninvasive
                  manipulation of this field, energy is shifted
                  and altered to produce a positive change.

Humor             Humor has been recognized since antiquity for
                  its healing power. It is important to note
                  that different people respond in different
                  ways to humor so it is important to
                  personalize this therapy.

Imagery           Imagery is a nonverbal, noninvasive
                  intervention that can be implemented by
                  patients alone or with guidance. Imagery
                  uses the internal experiences of memories,
                  dreams, fantasies, and visions to serve as
                  the bridge for connecting body, mind, and
                  spirit. Guided imagery plus relaxation is
                  being used with increasing frequency to help
                  people improve their performance and control
                  their responses to stressful situations.

Massage           Massage is one of numerous physical touch
                  interventions designed to reduce stress,
                  alleviate anxiety, promote circulation, and
                  generally stimulate a state of well-being.

Music             Music is nonverbal communication and has been
                  used in rituals of celebration, funerals, and
                  ordinary transitions of daily life. It
                  involves passive relaxation combined with
                  listening to soothing, relaxing music for the
                  purpose of changing behavior. Pshysiological
                  responses, and emotions; it affects
                  physiological responses through mind
                  modulation.

Relaxation        Relaxation is a generic term for a variety of
                  techniques designed specifically to reduce
                  both physiological and psychological stress.
                  Progressive muscle relaxation involves a
                  series of clenching and relaxing steps
                  designed to relax both the body and mind.

References

(1.) Eisenberg DM, Kessler RC, Foster C, Nortack FE, Calkins DR, Delbanco TL. Unconventional medicine in the United States: prevalence, Costs, and patterns of use. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(suppl 4): S246-S252.

(2.) Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, et al. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA. 1998; 280:1569-1575.

(3.) Astin JA. Why patients use alternative medicine: results of a national study. JAMA. 1998;279:1548-1553.

(4.) Dossey B, Keegan L, Guzzetta C. Holistic Nursing: A Handhook for Practice. 3rd ed. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers; 2000.

(5.) Guillemin F, Constant F, Collin JF, Boulange M. Short- and long-term effect of spa therapy in chronic low back pain. Br J Rheumatol. 1994;33:148-151.

(6.) Gunther V, Mur E. Kinigadner U, Miller C. Fibromyalgia: the effects of relaxation and hydcogalvanic bath therapy on the subjective pain experience. Clin Rheumatol 1994; 13:573-578.

(7.) Keegan L, Keegan G. Healing Waters: The Miraculous Health Benefits of Earth's Mast Essential Resource. New York, NY: Berkeley/Putnam Publishers; 1998.

(8.) Dunn C, Sleep J, Collett D. Sensing an improvement: an experimental study to evaluate the use of aromatherapy, massage and periods of rest in an intensive care unit. J Adv Nurs. 1995;21:34-40.

(9.) Betts T. The fragrant breeze: the role of aromatherapy in treating epilepsy. Aromather Q. Winter 1996;51:25-27.

(10.) Torii, Fukuda H, Kanemoto H, et al. Contingent negative variation and the psychological effects of odor. In: Van Toller S, Dodd GH, eds Perfumery. The Psychology and Biology of Fragrance. London: Chapman & Hall, London; 1988: 107-120.

(11.) Manley CH. Psychophysiological effect of odor. Crit Rev Food Sri Nutr. 1993;33:57-62.

(12.) Yamaguchi H. Effect of odor on heart rate. In: Koryo M, ed. The Psychophysiological Effect of Odor. Tokyo: Indo; 1990:168.

(13.) Mehta S, Stone DN, Whitehead HF. Use of essential oils to promote induction of anaesthesia in children. Anaesthesia. 1998;53:720-721.

Author

Lynn Keegan is director of Holistic Nursing Consultants in Temple, Tex, and Port Angeles, Wash, and editor of Holistic Nursing Update. She has written 9 books and numerous journal publications and serves on the boards of several nursing organizations.

COPYRIGHT 2003 American Association of Critical-Care Nurses
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