Dracula, one of the most famous characters in the world, is always linked to
Romania. More precisely, with Transylvania (a Romanian province), which is
believed to be a foggy mysterious land, with lots of vampires and castles.
The legend of this famous Dracula has its starting point in a historical
character, who played a very important role in the 15th century in this part of
the world. Several reasons were put together in order to transform the ruler of
Wallachia (another Romanian province) in the bloody vampire of today.
The real history tells us that Vlad the Impaler (in Romanian: Vlad Tepes)
ruled in Wallachia for three times (1448; 1456-1462; 1476), the last reign being
finished with his death. Let`s not forget that in those times the rulers came to
the throne and left it, according to the interests and the support of the boyars
and of the Turks, too.
Vlad Tepes was born in November or December 1431, in the fortress of Sighisoara,
Romania. His father, Vlad Dracul, at that time appointed military governor of
Transylvania by the emperor Sigismund, had been inducted into the Order of the
Dragon about one year before. The order - which could be compared to the
Teutonic Order of Knights - was a semimilitary and religious society, originally
created in 1387 by the Holy Roman Emperor and his second wife, Barbara Cilli.
The main goals of such a secret fraternal order of knights was mainly to protect
the interests of Catholicism, and to crusade against the Turks. There are
different reasons why this society is so important to us. First, it provides an
explanation for the name "Dracula;" "Dracul" in Romanian language, means
"Dragon", and the boyars of Romania, who knew of Vlad Tepes' father induction
into the Order of the Dragon, decided to call him "Dracul." "Dracula," a
diminutive which means "the son of Dracul," was a surname to be used ultimately
by Vlad Tepes. A second major role of this Order as a source of inspiration for
Stoker's evil character is the Order's official dress - a black cape over a red
garment - to be worn only on Fridays or during the commemoration of Christ's
Passion.
In the childhood, for about 6 years, from 1442 to 1448, Vlad and his brother
Radu were hostages of the Turks. But in 1447 their father, Vlad Dracul was
murdered at the order of Iancu of Hunedoara, ruler of Transylvania, who imposed
another ruler for Wallachia, called Vladislav the 2nd. The year 1448 is the year
of Vlad the Impaler`s first reign. Returned in the country, he took the throne
of Wallachia, but only for a short period of time (2 months), as Vladislav the
2nd came back with an army in order to take back the throne. An exile period
came next for Vlad, who wandered in Moldavia and Transylvania from 1448 to 1456.
The years spent at the Turks, the years of exile, but the death of his father
and elder brother (Mircea, buried alive) also, influenced his personality for
ever.
In 1456, with help from Transylvania, it seems, Vlad the Impaler returned to
rule Wallachia. His home policy was based on an idea which can be found in a
letter written to the merchants from the city of Brasov: “When a man or a ruler
is powerful and respected (inside the country), he can do the peace however he
wants it, but when he has no power, a more powerful one will come over him and
he`ll do whatever he`ll want with him”. In order to impose the honesty and the
justice as values, Vlad used the impaling punishment. He didn`t only impale
thieves, but he also impaled the unfaithful and dishonest boyars and obviously,
the Turks. This punishment who brought this nickname for Vlad wasn`t though
invented by the Romanians. It was very typical for those mediaeval times,
characterized by cruelty and torture. The victims were tied with the hands and
feet spread and a pale was sticked through their rectum. They were then lifted
and let to die in agony. If Vlad had applied this punishment only to the Turks,
so to the pagans, maybe it wouldn`t have seemed so unusual. Anyway, the fact
that he used to impale not only the Turks, but the Christians also, was a real
shock for those times.
The moment when Vlad
revenged the death of his brother and father became famous. In the first Easter
day of the year 1459 he impaled some of the boyars and he forced the rest of
them to work at the building of the Poienari fortress. Another story tells how
Vlad killed in the same way about 500 boyars, who have lived during more than 7
reigns, punishing them for their infidelity and treason proved like this. The
beggars weren`t spared either. They were called at a feast in the city of
Targoviste (the capital of Wallachia in those times) and asked if they want to
be released from the difficulties of life. As the answer was affirmative, Vlad
burnt them all, so none of them won`t suffer anymore.
There are many anecdotes about the philosophy of Vlad Tepes Dracula. He was for
instance particularly known throughout his land for his fierce insistence on
honesty and order. Almost any crime, from lying and stealing to killing, could
be punished by impalement. Being so confident in the effectiveness of his law,
Dracula placed a golden cup on display in the central square of Tirgoviste. The
cup could be used by thirsty travelers, but had to remain on the square.
According to the available historic sources, it was never stolen and remained
entirely unmolested throughout Vlad's reign.
In these conditions, the
thefts weren`t so common in Wallachia. A legend said that a merchant who was
passing through Wallachia asked Vlad for protection. The ruler assured him that
nothing bad would happen. As 160 golden coins had disappeared after the first
night, the merchant complained to Vlad. The ruler caught the thief and impaled
him, returning the money to the trader. He didn`t return 160, but 161 coins. The
merchant saw that and said that he received one more golden coin. Then Vlad said
to him that if he hadn`t told the truth, he also would have been impaled for
fraud.
Very special relations were between Vlad the Impaler and the Saxon merchants
from the cities of Sibiu and Brasov. The Saxons were brought to the south of
Transylvania in the 12th and 13th centuries, in order to defend the borders with
Wallachia, but also for colonizing the lands. Famous merchants, they had always
benefited of commercial privileges. But in the year 1459 Vlad began a policy of
protecting the merchants from Wallachia, which caused the conflict with the
Saxons. This conflict was stressed by the fact that the Saxons always supported
other claimants to the throne of Wallachia. One of these claimants, Dan the 3rd,
was forced by Vlad to dig his own grave and then was beheaded and thrown into
it. In his campaign against the merchants from Brasov, Vlad burnt the city and
impaled them on the hills around.
The battle against the Turks began in 1459 with Vlad`s refusal to pay the
requested tribute. More than this, the Impaler fixed by nails the Turkish
messengers` turbans on their head, as they didn`t want to uncover themselves,
saying that it was forbidden by their religion. The alliance with Mattia Corvin,
king of Hungary, played a very important role for Vlad. In the winter of
1461-1462, he organized a surprise campaign in the south of Danube, during which
more than 20.000 Turks were killed. In his letter to Mattia Corvin, the Impaler
enumerated with a macabre accuracy the burnt places, but the number of victims
also: 23.884 exactly, without counting the ones burnt alive in their houses or
the ones whose heads weren`t presented to my officers. The reply came quickly.
In the spring of 1462, the sultan Mehmed the 2nd crossed the Danube with a
60.000 soldiers army (almost the double of the army which Vlad had at his
disposal) and went directly to Targoviste. The famous night attack of the
Impaler`s army happened in June, this attack causing panic in the Turkish camp,
making them retire. But this doesn’t prevent the Turkish army from going
forward.
Finding
himself without allies, Vlad, forced to retreat towards Tirgoviste, burned his
own villages and poisoned the wells along the way, so that the Turkish army
would find nothing to eat or drink. Moreover, when the Sultan, exhausted,
finally reached the capital city, he was confronted by a most gruesome sight:
thousands of stakes held the remaining carcasses of some 20,000 Turkish
captives, a horror scene which was ultimately nicknamed the "Forest of the
Impaled." This terror tactic deliberately stage-managed by Dracula was
definitely successful; the scene had a strong effect on Mehmed's most
stout-hearted officers, and the Sultan, tired and hungry, admitted defeat.
Nevertheless, following his retreat from Wallachian territory, Mehmed left the
next phase of the battle to Vlad's younger brother Radu, the Turkish favorite
for the Wallachian throne. At the head of a Turkish army and joined by Vlad's
detractors, Radu pursued his brother to Poenari castle on the Arges river.
According to
the legend, this is when Dracula's wife, in order to escape Turkish capture,
committed suicide by hurling herself from the upper battlements, her body
falling down the precipice into the river below - a scene exploited by Francis
Ford Coppola's production. Vlad, who was definitely not the kind of man to kill
himself, managed to escape the siege of his fortress by using a secret passage
into the mountain. Helped by some peasants of the Arefu village, he was able to
reach Transylvania where he met the new king of Hungary, Matthias Corvinus.
However, instead of providing some help, Matthias arrested Dracula and
imprisoned him at the Hungarian capital of Visegrad.
Vlad`s decline was due to
a fake letter, written most probably by the Saxon merchants, letter which proved
the ties between the Impaler and the Turks. Thus Vlad was accused of treason and
arrested at the order of Mattia Corvin. There was also another reason for which
the Hungarian king acted like this. In the winter of 1462, Vlad had asked for
help from Mattia Corvin, who had received money from the Pope in that purpose.
So, the accusing and arresting of the Wallachian ruler hid also the fact that
Mattia Corvin didn`t help Vlad, but didn`t return the money received for the
Crusade either. Between 1462 and 1474 Vlad the Impaler was prisoner at Visegrad
and Pesta. Moreover, his defamation began. The German stories, spread by Mattia
Corvin and the Saxon merchants would create a bloody and cruel image of Vlad in
all the Western Europe.
In 1475, after the intervention of Stephan the Great (the Moldavian ruler), Vlad
was released and he returned in 1476 on the throne of Wallachia. It would only
last one month, as he was killed in December, after a conspiracy of the boyars.
The legend goes that Vlad was buried at the Snagov monastery (only the body, as
the head had been taken to the Turks, at Constantinople), but the archaeological
research from 1930s only discovered some horse bones. His body lies in front of
the altar. In 1935, a richly dressed but beheaded corpse was exhumed at Snagov,
a fate known to have overtaken Dracula, whose head was supposedly wrapped,
perfumed and dispatched as a gift to the Turkish sultan.
The legend of Dracula
The name of the already well-known Wallachian prince became even more famous
after Bram Stoker from Dublin (1847-1912) has published his novel "Dracula" in
1897.
The author was a stage director, member in the Golden Down parapsychology
association in London and a passionate researcher of Irish and Hindu vampirism.
His novel, published in millions of copies, has as its main hero a vampire,
Szekler count, named Dracula.
The action develops against a Transylvanian background about which the author
himself says: " I read that every known superstition in the world is gathered
into the horseshoe of the Carpathians, as if were the centre of some sort of
imaginative whirlpool."
In the first pages of this book we meet a young attorney (Jonathan Harker) who
has been asked to journey out to Dracula's castle to arrange certain real estate
transactions. Harker's carriage, driven by a man whose hands are claws, hurtles
at the edges of precipices until he is finally discharged in the darkness to be
met and taken to Dracula's castle. There, everything is more or less as we
expect it, only much more so. His staying there becomes full of terror as he
finds out part of Count's secrets. He writes a diary for his fiancee, Mina
Murray, who is waiting for him in England. Think of the monstrous ego of the
vampire. He thinks himself so important that he is willing to live forever, even
under the dreary conditions imposed by his condition. Avoiding the sun, sleeping
in coffins, feared by all, he nurses his resentments.
The Count leaves to London. One of his victims, Lucy Westenra, is a free spirit
who has three suitors and is Mina's best friend. Lucy becomes an Un-Dead after
her death. Her soul is saved by Lord Arthur and his friends: Dr. Seward,
Professor Van Helsing and Quincey Morris. Mina becomes the next target.
Professor Van Helsing is the brain behind all the actions against The Count.
Using his magical powers, Dracula is cooling off his thirst with Mina's blood.
Will she become an "undead" too? Her friends are decided to not let this happen.
Without a safe place to rest Dracula is forced to go back home, in Transylvania.
The story has a happy end. After following for days the group in charge with
delivering the chest containing Dracula's body, Dr. Steward, Quincey Morris,
Jonathan and Van Helsing managed to do their job right in the last minute of the
sunset. On the instant, came the sweep and flash of Jonathan's great knife
through his throat whilst at the same moment Mr. Morris's bowie knife plunged
into the heart.
Beside the negative fame
brought by the name of Dracula and by the stories of the Transylvanian Saxon
merchants, at the end of the 19th century another decisive element was added at
the future renown of the Romanian ruler. The Bram Stoke’s book. Bram Stoker had
never traveled to Romania. His information came from the London libraries, as
Jonathan Harker himself, one of the main characters of the novel, stated:
“Having had some time at my disposal when in London, I had visited the British
Museum, and made search among the books and maps in the library regarding
Transylvania; it had struck me that some foreknowledge of the country could
hardly fail to have some importance in dealing with a nobleman of that country.
I find that the district he named is in the extreme east of the country, just on
the borders of three states, Transylvania, Moldavia, and Bukovina, in the midst
of the Carpathian mountains; one of the wildest and least known portions of
Europe. The region that Harker describes is the Bargau region, near Bistrita. He
tells that just in the pass which links Transylvania with Moldavia, in the ruins
of a castle, Dracula, a Transylvanian (!!) count lives and every night he turns
into a vampire.
The place where the castle is isn`t identified: “I was not able to light on any
map or work giving the exact locality of the Castle Dracula, as there are no
maps of this country as yet to compare with our own Ordance Survey Maps”. So,
the famous Dracula`s castle is not located at Bran (wrongly linked to the
legend)), but at Bargau, where, in order to exploit the legend, a mediaeval
looking hotel, called “Dracula Castle” was built in the 1980s.