Image:KingswayUnderpass.jpg Image:TramEntering.jpg The '''Kingsway Tramway Subway''' is a cut-and-cover Tunnel in central London that was built by the London_County_Council. The decision in 1898 to clear slum districts in the Holborn area provided an opportunity to use the new streets for a tramway connecting the systems in the north and south and, following the pattern of tramway systems in New_York and Boston, it was decided to build this as an underground connection. ==Planning== The '''London County Council''' '''(LCC)''' had for many years wanted to connect its so-called "North Side" and "South Side" tramway systems in order to be able to send the "North Side" vehicles for overhaul to the Central Repair Depot at Charlton in South East London. In 1902 it decided to build a "subway" from Theobalds Road in the north to the Embankment underneath Waterloo_Bridge to the south, from where a surface line would continue over the bridge. Legal problems however delayed permission to build the subway and tram route and it was not until 1906 that permission to build was granted, and then not to cross the bridge. Because of a sewer at the northern end and the District Railway to the south it was decided to build the tunnel for single-deck vehicles only. After leaving the Kingsway tramway subway, trams turned right to continue along the Embankment to Westminster_Bridge or left on a service from Bloomsbury to the Hop_Exchange, although this latter service was short-lived and the tracks were removed entirely in 1930. The approach from the north, near Southampton Row and providing access to services from the north-east only, was a 170 ft (52 m) open cutting with a 1 in 10 (10%) gradient. The tracks then passed through Cast_iron tubes underneath the Fleet sewer before rising slightly to enter Holborn_tramway_station. South from here the subway was built with a steel roof to Aldwych_tramway_station and, because it was not initially planned to run a public service south of this, the tracks leading towards the Strand were used as a depot with appropriate equipment and inspection pits being provided. ==Initial Opening== Initial services opened to the public on 24_February 1906 from The_Angel,_Islington to the Aldwych terminus, with a ceremonial opening by the chairman of the Highways Committee. The first journey took 12 minutes northbound and 10 minutes to return, even allowing for the horse-drawn vehicles also using the roads on the overground part of the route. On 16 November that year the routes were extended north from The Angel to Highbury station. Special trams were constructed from non-flammable materials for the route, and wooden trams, common on other routes, were not permitted through the subway. In the parliamentary session of 1905 plans were submitted for an additional station at the south end of the tunnel, under Wellington Street. In the event, the opening of the new tramway built along the Embankment meant it was decided to link up with this route instead and the station was never built. A new sharp curve was built under Lancaster Place to enable an exit through the western side wall of Waterloo_Bridge and a triangular junction with the through line was constructed. The eastern side of this junction, leading to Blackfriars, was later removed as part of the 1930s upgrade. ==Through services== Through services commenced on 10_April 1908 from Highbury station to Tower_Bridge and to Kennington Gate with a procession of six cars going south from the Holborn stop through to Kennington then diverting to Elephant_and_Castle in order to return through the subway to Angel. The Kennington service was not commercially viable however and services were diverted to operate to Queens Road in Battersea which, due to a low bridge, could be operated with single-deck vehicles only. Drivers of the trams recorded difficulty in climbing the ramp north from Holborn tramway station and would sometimes roll all the way back to the station! Drivers on routes through the tunnel had to have at least two years' experience on other services to be considered for these routes. Service patterns continued to change, especially with the opening of tram lines over Blackfriars Bridge on 14_September 1909, and during the 1920s it was realised that to remain profitable the subway needed to be able to take double-deck vehicles. In 1929 it was decided to increase the headroom to 16.5 ft (5.0 m) by raising the roof or deepening the tunnel as appropriate. Work started on 11_September of that year, resulting in the replacement of the cast iron tubes by a new steel girder-supported roof and the diversion of the sewer. In places the trackbed was lowered by 5 ft (1.5 m), requiring the Underpinning of the walls with concrete. After the last services went through on the night of 2_February 1930 the tunnel was closed to trams until the formal re-opening on 14_January 1931 using suitably numbered '''''E/3 Type Tram'' No. 1931''' on new route '''31''', with public services starting the following day. In the process the two tramway stations were also completely rebuilt. Service routes were now Hackney to Wandsworth or Tooting, Leyton to Westminster, Highbury to Waterloo or Norbury and Archway to Kennington. A weekend service, which ran until 1932, was introduced between Highgate and Downham via Brockley. With a total route distance of 16 miles (26 km), this was the longest tram route operated entirely within the County_of_London. ==Waterloo Bridge rebuilding== Image:Kingsway-tramway-london-s-800.jpg In 1937 the rebuilding of Waterloo Bridge required the diversion of the side entrance to the tramway to a new position centrally underneath the bridge, which opened on 21_November of that year. The metal doors now covering that entrance are still visible today. == Tram abandonment programme == The London Passenger Transport Board was formed in 1933, taking over the LCC trams. It was decided soon after to replace all Trams_in_London by "more modern vehicles." The abandonment programme began in 1935 with trams in South-West, West, North-West, North and East London mostly being replaced by Trolleybuses. The replacement programme proceeded swiftly until 1940 when the last "pre-war" conversion occurred, leaving only the "South London" trams and the "Kingsway Routes" '''31''',''' 33''' and '''35''', the only tram routes left operating into North London to survive the war. Prototype "Kingsway Trolleybus" No. 1379, with exits on both sides of the vehicle, was constructed for feasibility tests through the Subway, but these were unsuccessful as trolleybuses would have had to run on battery power through the subway, headroom restrictions making it impossible to use overhead current collection. In 1946 it was decided to replace all London's remaining trams "as soon as possible", this time by diesel buses. The first Kingsway subway route to be withdrawn was Route 31 on 1_October 1950 with the remaining two routes, 33 & 35, being withdrawn after service on Saturday 5_April 1952, the last public services being 'specials' shortly after midnight on the Sunday. During the early hours of the next morning the remaining vehicles still north of the subway were run through to the depots south of the Thames. ==Closure and a new use== Trams_in_London were finally abandoned in London on 5_July 1952, after which street tracks were lifted, but those in the subway mostly remain in place even today. In 1953 London_Transport used the tramway to store 120 unused buses and coaches in case they were needed for the Coronation but proposals to convert the tramway subway to a car park or a film studio failed and it was leased out as a storage facility from October 1957. In June 1958 the London County Council proposed making use of the tunnel for light traffic coming from Waterloo Bridge in order to reduce traffic congestion at its junction with Strand, but it was not until April 1962 that the go-ahead was given for part of the southern end of the subway to be used in this way. Construction began that September and it opened to road traffic as the ''Strand_Underpass'' on 21_January 1964. ==The subway in humour== After closure, a number of Cartoons appeared in London newspapers based on the closed tramway, with ghostly trams or 'lost' tube trains. On 23_November 1954 an edition of The_Goon_Show entitled ''The Last Tram'' featured a driver and conductress who hid in the subway for 2.5 years in order to ensure they were London's last tram. The Daily_Mail cartoon ''Flook'' once stole a tram having found a 'secret spur' leading onto the Central_Line and was chased by a tube train. ==Other uses== The remaining northern part of the tunnel is sometimes used in films, for example as itself in the Stephen_Poliakoff film ''Hidden_City,'' the secret entrance to the base in the film version of ''The Avengers'' and a railway tunnel in the film ''Bhowani_Junction''. A ''Portakabin'' near the north of the tunnel was used as a flood control headquarters for the Greater_London_Council until the opening of the Thames_Barrier in 1984. ==External links== *Subterranea Britannica page on Kingsway Tram Subway *History, old photos, and illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003 *The London Underground in Films & Television Category:Transport_architecture_in_London Category:Trams_in_London Category:Camden