Definitions of the basic concepts of the IPK (Information,
Preferences, Knowledge)
interrelations
according
to the TOGA
standard ( see also socio-cognitive
engineering paradigms) are the essential part of assumptions of the TOGA
meta-ontology and epistemology:
Data:
everything what is/can be processed/transformed in computational and
mental processes.
Concept data is included in the
ontology of "elaborators", such as developers
of methods,
programmers and other computation service people.
In this sense, data is a relative term and exists only in the couple (data, processing)
or
(data, calculations).
Information,
I: data which represent a specific property of the domain of human or artificial
agent's
activity (such as: addresses , tel. numbers, encyclopedic data, various
lists of names and
results of measurements).
Every information has always a source domain. It is a relative concept.
Information is a concept from the ontology of modeler/(problem solver)/decision-maker.
Knowledge,
K: every abstract property of human/artificial agent which has ability
to process/transform
a (quantitatively / qualitatively) information into other information or
in another knowledge.
It can be: instructions, emergency procedures,
exploitation/user manuals, scientific materials,
models
and theories.
Every knowledge has its reference domain where it is applicable.
It has to include the source
domain of the processed information. It is a relative concept.
For more.
Preference,
P: an ordered relation among two properties of the domain of activity of a
cognitive agent,
it indicates a property with higher utility. Preference relations serve
to establish an intervention
goal of an agent.
Cognitive preferences are relative .
An agent ( preferences agent) which manages preferences of an intelligent
agent can be external or
his/its internal part.
Goal,
G: a hypothetical state of the domain of activity which has maximal utility in a current situation.
Goal serves to the choice and activates proper knowledge
which process new information.
Document:
a passive carrier of Knowledge, Information and/or Preferences
(with different
structures), comprehensive for humans, and it has to be recognized as valid
and useful by
one or more human organizations, it can be physical or electronic.
Computer
Program:
- from the modelers and decision-makers perspective: an active carrier
of different structures
of knowledge expressed in computer languages and usually focused
on the realization of predefined
objectives (its design-goal). It may include build-in preferences
and information and/or request
specific IPK as data.
- from the software engineers perspective: a data-processing tool ( more
precise technical def. you
may find on the Web).
Of course, the above presented concepts consist of a computational entity
discussed more in deep in
the white paper: Personoids Paradigms;
http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/wwwerg26701/per-para.html
First Remarks
 Remarks
I: Information and knowledge are relative concepts and what is
called knowledge can be considered
as information on a higher, more abstract meta-activity
level (meta-reasoning level).
Remarks
II: The IPK ontology requires a generic assumption on the
existence of an
abstract intelligent agent
(AIA1
, Abstract
Intelligent Agent, 2,
Abstract
Intelligent Agents newsgroup) and its/his/her domain of activity
. (see
also here)
Remarks
III: From the TOGA's intelligent agent centered perspective, information,
preferences and knowledge
are only comprehensive if they are related to the agent's
domain-of-activity before pre-selected.
The IPK ontology framework
consists of the
paradigm
of personoids architecture.
Context Remarks
- In less formal than TOGA theories (recently under continuous development),
such as: "Information, Knowledge,
Wisdom" and "Data, Knowledge, Wisdom" (see Web)
the concepts of information and knowledge are not
sufficiently computationally defined, and wisdom is also
used in a metaforic sense.
In TOGA,
wisdom is a specific property of preferences rules
system
of an intelligent agent.
Wisdom (TOGA definition):
a property of a preferences system (it is a meta-attribute of the
set of
preferences)
enabling high efficacy in the achiving of preselected goals in the preselected class of domains-of-activity
of
an intelligent agent.
Wisdom
(as an indicator)
has a qualitative value domain, its study are included in such domains as
Axiology,
Ethics and
Business.
In the case of artificial intelligent tools, it
is investigated by
quality and
knowledge engineers.
- We may expect that intuitive conceptualization frameworks as: (Intelligence,
Knowledge, Information),
(Knowledge, Intelligence, Wisdom) and ( DIKW
), see also: http://honors.org/AH_Zine/June2000/fundamental.html),
will be slowly transformed to the form of the TOGA's
IPK architecture/ontology (maybe with other names but with
the same definitions - unfortunately, people
do it). By the way, the same evolutive process is seen
in the
numerous variants of the BDI (Believe, Desire, Intention) models
of various cognitive agents (see Web).
Another similar approach, developed independently, in parallel to TOGA,
is SOAR (proposed by Allan Newell as a base
for his General Intelligence). It is now an advanced AI development environment
but the concepts of
information
and
knowledge
are not clearly distinguished.
- It is yet usefull to notice that for software system developers which
start from before developed models,quasi all
problem specification information are considered as data, therefore the
IPK conceptualization is not well visible from
such technical perspective.
More about meta-ontological
and epistemological TOGA assumptions:
Google
search
( Nov. 16, 2004): Information,
Preferences, Knowledge 2.250.000 docs. 1st & 2nd
from
MKEM
(
Sept. 30, 2005): Information,
Preferences , Knowledge 17.100.000 docs. 1st & 2nd
from
MKEM
( Sept. 30, 2005): Information,
Preferences 103.000.000 docs. 1st is this page.
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