Illinois Family History Research: Timeline for Genealogy

Christopher Columbus (re)discovered a New World and things happened...

last updated 31May2004

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1400-1500 Most of Finland's medieval stone churches <uskoeng.html> are built. Finland

1415 Henry V defeats French at Agincourt. Jan Hus, Bohemian preacher and follower of Wycliffe, burned at stake in Constance as heretic. =Kid Info

1418-1460 Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator </cgi-bin/id/CE023599> sponsors exploration of Africa's coast. =Kid Info

1420 Brunelleschi begins work on the Duomo in Florence.=Kid Info

1428 Joan of Arc </cgi-bin/id/CE027007> leads French against English, captured by Burgundians (1430) and turned over to the English, burned at the stake as a witch after ecclesiastical trial (1431). =Kid Info

1438 Incas </cgi-bin/id/CE025422> rule in Peru.=Kid Info

1450 Florence becomes center of Renaissance arts and learning under the Medici </cgi-bin/id/CE033609>s.=Kid Info

1453 Turks conquer Constantinople, end of the Byzantine empire </cgi-bin/id/CE008324>, beginning of the Ottoman empire </cgi-bin/id/CE038897>.=Kid Info

1455 The Wars of the Roses, civil wars between rival noble factions, begin in England (to 1485). Having invented printing with movable type at Mainz, Germany, Johann Gutenberg completes first Bible.=Kid Info

1462 Ivan the Great rules Russia until 1505 as first czar; ends payment of tribute to Mongols.=Kid Info

1478 Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV = Christianity

1483-1546 Martin Luther, leader of Protestant reformation, preached that only faith leads to salvation without mediation of clergy or good works, attacked authority of the Pope, rejected priestly celibacy, recommended individual study of the Bible (see 1517, 1522) = Christianity

1484-1492 Pope Innocent VIII = Christianity

1488-1569 Miles Coverdale, Augustinian friar who left the Order, repudiated Catholicism, 1st Protestant Bishop of Exeter = Christianity

1490-1775 Bukovina an integral part of the Principality of Moldavia; under local rulers but a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire. = Bukovina

1491-1556 Ignatius of Loyola, founded the Jesuit order (see 1534) = Christianity

1492 Moors conquered in Spain by troops of Ferdinand and Isabella. Columbus </cgi-bin/id/CE011993> becomes first European to encounter Caribbean islands, returns to Spain (1493). Second voyage to Dominica, Jamaica, Puerto Rico (1493-1496). Third voyage to Orinoco (1498). Fourth voyage to Honduras and Panama (1502-1504). =Kid Info

1492 Christopher Columbus's first voyage, discovers San Salvador - begins Spanish colonization of the New World = Christianity

1492 Columbus left Spain, sailing west to search for new routes and sources for importing spices from the East. He returned with corn (Zea mays) and other crop plants. = PlantTrivia

1492-1503 Pope Alexander VI = Christianity

1493 Finland is mentioned for the first time on a printed map of Europe <map3.html> in the book "Liber Chronicarum" authored by Hartmann Schedel in Germany. = Finland

1493 During Columbus’ second voyage he apparently introduced sugar cane to Santo Domingo; a settler named Aguilón was reported to have harvested cane juice by 1505 (Thomas, 1999). By 1516 the first processed sugar was shipped from Santo Domingo to Spain. Soon afterward, Portugal began importing sugar from Brasil. (Sugar cane would become a driving force for the slave trade.) Columbus also carried seed of lemon, lime, and the sweet orange to Hispaniola. He returned to Europe with pineapple. (Viola & Margolis, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1493-94 Peter Martyr wrote that Columbus brought “pepper more pungent than that from the Caucasus.” These capsicum peppers were introduced into Spain in 1493, known in England by 1548, and grown in Central Europe as early as 1585. = PlantTrivia

1494 Columbus introduced cucumbers and other vegetables from Europe to Haiti. = PlantTrivia

1497 Vasco da Gama sails around Africa and discovers sea route to India (1498). Establishes Portuguese colony in India (1502). John Cabot, employed by England, reaches and explores Canadian coast. Michelangelo </cgi-bin/id/CE034242>'s Bacchus sculpture.=Kid Info

1500 The Indian population of Brasil numbered about 2.5 million before European settlement. That population today is less than 200,000. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1501 First black slaves in America brought to Spanish colony of Santo Domingo.=Kid Info

c.1503 Leonardo da Vinci </cgi-bin/id/CE030275> paints the Mona Lisa. Michelangelo sculpts the David (1504).=Kid Info

1503 Pope Pius III = Christianity

1503-1513 Pope Julius II = Christianity

1505-1572 John Knox, Protestant reformer in Scotland (see 1560) = Christianity

1505 Enslaved Africans were first brought to the New World. Trade in slaves would steadily rise, driven at first by gold mining, the harvest of natural resources, and increasing agricultural demand. In the end, at least 9.5 million African slaves were brought to the New World, fully 2.5 million of whom were deployed in the Caribbean where they worked substantially in the sugar industry. For 360 years slavery was the key labor source for New World sugar production. (Mintz in Viola & Margolis, 1991) By another breakdown, approximately 13,000,000 slaves were exported from Africa between 1440 and 1870. Of those people, about 6,000,000 were deployed initially to work in sugar plantations, 2,000,000 to coffee, 1,000,000 to mining, 1,000,000 for domestic labor, 500,000 for cotton fields, 250,000 for cacao walks, and 250,000 for construction. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1505 The Portuguese settled Ceylon. Their exploitation of the cinnamon forests led to a system of slavery and a monopoly on trade in this spice. (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolition completed in 1606 = Christianity

1506 St. Peter's Church started in Rome; designed and decorated by such artists and architects as Bramante, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, and Bernini before its completion in 1626.=Kid Info

1508-1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling = Christianity

1509-1547 Henry VIII ruler of England = Christianity

1509 Henry VIII </cgi-bin/id/CE023563> ascends English throne. Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. =Kid Info

1509-1564 John Calvin, preached predetermination, good conduct and success were signs of election = Christianity

1511 Having won battles over Muslim forces, the Portuguese advanced their control over spice producing areas of India, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra - and by 1514, the Spice Islands. For nearly 100 years great Portuguese wealth would flow from control of the spice trade. [See 1605] (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1513-1522 Pope Leo X = Christianity

1513 Balboa becomes the first European to encounter the Pacific Ocean. Machiavelli's The Prince.=Kid Info

1514 Alvarez was the first European to reach China by sea. In the region of Canton the Portuguese encountered oranges superior in sweetness and fragrance even to those brought from India and Ceylon. (Tolkowsky, 1938) = PlantTrivia

1516 The banana was introduced to the New World from Africa. (Heiser, 1981)[See 1804] = PlantTrivia

1517 Turks conquer Egypt, control Arabia. Martin Luther </cgi-bin/id/CE031634> posts his 95 theses denouncing church abuses on church door in Wittenberg-start of the Reformation </cgi-bin/id/CE043575> in Germany. =Kid Info

1517-1994 Modern Era of Christianity - Luther, Calvin lay the seeds of modern Protestantism, England breaks away from the Catholic Church = Christianity

1517 95 Theses (Martin Luther) = Christianity

1518-1532 St Terese of Avila = Christianity

1519 Ulrich Zwingli begins Reformation in Switzerland. Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain. Charles I of Spain is chosen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe.=Kid Info

1520 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Suleiman I </cgi-bin/id/CE050046> (“the Magnificent”) becomes Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary (1521), Rhodes (1522), attacks Austria (1529), annexes Hungary (1541), Tripoli (1551), makes peace with Persia (1553), destroys Spanish fleet (1560), dies (1566). Magellan reaches the Pacific, is killed by Philippine natives (1521). One of his ships under Juan Sebastián del Cano continues around the world, reaches Spain (1522).=Kid Info

1520 Luther excommunicated = Christianity

1521 Hernando Cortés conquered Mexico. While on reconnaissance in southeastern Mexico, his soldiers were the first Europeans to discover the delights of the Aztecan spice, vanilla. (Rosengarten, 1969) Among the people in Cortés’ party was a free, black African, Juan Garrido. At his farm in Coyoacán, Garrido later would become the first European to plant wheat in Mexico. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1522-1523 Pope Adrian VI = Christianity

1522 Luther's German NT translation = Christianity

1523-1534 Pope Clement VII = Christianity

1523 The Kalmar Union is disbanded when Gustavus Vasa becomes king of Sweden. = Finland

1524 Verrazano, sailing under the French flag, explores the New England coast and New York Bay.=Kid Info

1524 South German peasant uprising, repressed with Luther's support, begins 1.5 century long religious wars = Christianity

1525-1534 Tyndale's translation of the NT from Greek text of Erasmus (1466) compared against the Vulgate and the Pentateuch from the Hebrew (1525) compared to Vulgate and Luther's German version (1530), first printed edition, used as a vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on the Church, reflects influence of Luther's NT of 1522 in rejecting "priest" for "elder", "church" for "congregation" = Christianity

1527 Troops of the Holy Roman Empire attack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII-the end of the Italian Renaissance. Castiglione writes The Courtier. The Medici family expelled from Florence.=Kid Info

1527The Diet of Västerås approves the Lutheran Reformation and the confiscation of ecclesiastical property.= Finland

1530 Augsburg Confession, Martin Luther founds the Lutheran Church = Christianity

1531 Reported apparition of Mary at Guadalupe, Mexico, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1531 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 30,000 = Christianity

1531 A decree issued in Castile under the Spanish Crown allowed good terms for loans to allow purchase of slaves by settlers for establishment of sugar mills. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1532 Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru. = PlantTrivia

1532 Pizarro marches from Panama to Peru, kills the Inca chieftain, Atahualpa, of Peru (1533). Machiavelli's The Prince published posthumously.=Kid Info

1534 Henry VIII breaks England away from the Catholic church, confiscates monastic property, beginning of Episcopal Church = Christianity

1534-1550 Pope Paul III = Christianity

1534 Jesuit order founded by Lyola (1491-1556), helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China = Christianity

1535-1537 Coverdale's Bible (see 1488), used Tyndale's (1525) translation along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal license, but banned in 1546 = Christianity

1535 Reformation begins as Henry VIII makes himself head of English Church after being excommunicated by Pope. Sir Thomas More </cgi-bin/id/CE035368> executed as traitor for refusal to acknowledge king's religious authority. Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence River, basis of French claims to Canada.=Kid Info

1536 Henry VIII executes second wife, Anne Boleyn. John Calvin establishes Reformed and Presbyterian form of Protestantism in Switzerland, writes Institutes of the Christian Religion. Danish and Norwegian Reformations. Michelangelo's Last Judgment.=Kid Info

1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiaastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform = Christianity

1536-1541 Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement = Christianity

1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (1500-1555), based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale) = Christianity

1539-1552 Richard Taverner's (1505-1577) revisions of Matthew Bible, mostly NT revisions since he didn't know Hebrew, 1st edition most reliable = Christianity

1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England = Christianity

1541 John Knox leads Reformation in Scotland, establishes Presbyterian church there (1560).=Kid Info

1542 Conocation makes an unsuccessful attempt to correct the Great Bible against the Vulgate = Christianity

1543 Parliament bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue transalation", although 80% of the words were in the RV = Christianity

1543 Publication of On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies by Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus-giving his theory that the earth revolves around the sun.=Kid Info

1543 Bishop Mikael Agricola <http://haku.kansallisbiografia.fi/FMPro?-db=umkbnet.fp5&-format=%2fkb%2fum%2frecord%5fdetail.htm&-lay=www&-sortfield=LAJITTELUKENTT%c4&-op=eq&cSukunimihaku2=Agricola,%20Mikael&-max=40&-find=> produces the first Finnish-language book, a volume of Finnish grammar. = Finland

1545 Council of Trent to meet intermittently until 1563 to define Catholic dogma and doctrine, reiterate papal authority.=Kid Info

1545-1563 Council of Trent, Catholic Reformation, or counter-reformation, met Protestant challenge, clearly defining an official theology = Christianity

1546 King Henry VIII forbids anyone to have a copy of Tyndale's or Coverdale's NT = Christianity

1547-1553 Edward VI Ruler of England = Christianity

1547 Ivan IV </cgi-bin/id/CE026277> (“the Terrible”) crowned as czar of Russia, begins conquest of Astrakhan and Kazan (1552), battles nobles (boyars) for power (1564), kills his son (1580), dies, and is succeeded by his weak and feeble-minded son, Fyodor I.=Kid Info

1549 Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church) = Christianity

1550-1555 Pope Julius III = Christianity

1550? St. Thomas More, Cranmer, and Foxe affirm the existence of English versions of portions of the Bible, including the Gospels (11th century), Mark, Luke, Epistles of Paul (14th century), Apocalypse (11th century) = Christianity

1553-1558 Mary I ruler of England, publications of English Scriptures cease (except for Geneva NT of 1557), many clerics leave England = Christianity

1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City = Christianity

1553 Roman Catholicism restored in England by Queen Mary I.=Kid Info

1555 Pope Marcellus II = Christianity

1555-1559 Pope Paul IV = Christianity

1556 Beza's Latin NT = Christianity

1556 Akbar the Great becomes Mogul </cgi-bin/id/CE035771> emperor of India, conquers Afghanistan (1581), continues wars of conquest (until 1605).=Kid Info

1558 Queen Elizabeth I </cgi-bin/id/CE016665> ascends the throne (rules to 1603). Restores Protestantism, establishes state Church of England (Anglicanism). Renaissance will reach height in England-Shakespeare </cgi-bin/id/CE047236>, Marlowe, Spenser.=Kid Info

1558-1603 Elizabeth I ruler of England = Christianity

1559-1566 Pope Pius IV = Christianity

1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions = Christianity

1560 Scotch Presbyterian Church founded by John Knox (1505-1572), due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government = Christianity

1561 Persecution of Huguenots </cgi-bin/id/CE024741> in France stopped by Edict of Orleans. French religious wars begin again with massacre of Huguenots at Vassy. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre-thousands of Huguenots murdered (1572). Amnesty granted (1573). Persecution continues periodically until Edict of Nantes (1598) gives Huguenots religious freedom (until 1685).=Kid Info

1563 39 Articles (Episcopal Church) = Christianity

1565 27th state admitted into the union, Florida Mar. 3, 1845; having been settled by 1565 =infoplease

1566-1572 Pope Pius V = Christianity

1568 Protestant Netherlands revolts against Catholic Spain; independence will be acknowledged by Spain in 1648. High point of Dutch Renaissance-painters Rubens, Van Dyck, Hals, and Rembrandt </cgi-bin/id/CE043704>. = Kid Info

1570 Japan permits visits of foreign ships. Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope. Turks attack Cyprus and war on Venice. Turkish fleet defeated at Battle of Lepanto by Spanish and Italian fleets (1571). Peace of Constantinople (1572) ends Turkish attacks on Europe.= Kid Info

1571 Superior force of Turks intent upon conquering Christian Europe is beaten decisively by Christian sailors reportedly calling upon the name
of Our Lady of the Rosary = Christianity

1572-1585 Pope Gregory XIII = Christianity

1572-1606 Bishop's Bible, an inadequate and unsatisfactory revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority = Christianity

1580 Francis Drake returns to England after circumnavigating the globe; knighted by Queen Elizabeth I (1581). Montaigne's Essays published.= Kid Info

1582 Rheims NT, based on Coverdale, Bishops', Geneva, follows Wycliffe = Christianity

1582 Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian calendar </cgi-bin/id/A0002061>.= Kid Info

1583 William of Orange rules the Netherlands; assassinated on orders of Philip II of Spain (1584).= Kid Info

1585-1590 Pope Sixtus V = Christianity

1586 Francis Drake, on landing at Roanoke, Virginia, heard tales of colonists who had survived on soup made from sassafras. He returned to England with what may have been the first shipment of this plant. As early as 1602 Bartholomew Gosnold (who named Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard) had shipped material of the plant to England. By 1607 Sassafras was in great demand, sold in English coffeehouses and even on the street. The tea was said to cure a wide range of diseases; the wood, thought to repel insect attack. Today we know that oil of sassafras (out of use since the early 1960s) is substantially the chemical safrole, once used to flavor root beer, but now considered carcinogenic. The most significant commercial use for sassafras today is the manufacture of filé, which is a powder made from young, dried leaves. (Rupp, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1587 Mary, Queen of Scots </cgi-bin/id/CE033167>, executed for treason by order of Queen Elizabeth I. Monteverdi's First Book of Madrigals.= Kid Info

1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada by English. Henry, King of Navarre and Protestant leader, recognized as Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France. Converts to Roman Catholicism in 1593 in attempt to end religious wars.= Kid Info

1590 Henry IV enters Paris, wars on Spain (1595), marries Marie de Medici (1600), assassinated (1610). Spenser's The Faerie Queen. El Greco's St. Jerome. Galileo's experiments with falling objects.= Kid Info

1590-1591 Pope Urban VII = Christianity

1590 Sistine edition of the Vulgate = Christianity

1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed = Christianity

1591-1592 Pope Innocent IX = Christianity

1592-1605 Pope Clement VIII = Christianity

1594 Through 1597 a great famine struck Europe, caused by four bad harvests. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1595 Bakers in Montpellier, France were forced to use bushes to fire their ovens because there remained no forest in the area to supply firewood. Europe would continue to face energy shortages based on dwindling forest reserves. Eventually reliance would move to coal, then to petroleum (remember, even these fossil fuels are based on plant life), which would mark a major shift in the history of civilization, from renewable to non-renewable energy sources. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1596 Ukranian Catholic Church forms when Ukranian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church = Christianity

1598 Boris Godunov becomes Russian czar. Tycho Brahe describes his astronomical experiments.= Kid Info

1600 Giordano Bruno burned as a heretic. English East India Company established.= Kid Info

1600 Britain’s East India Company was founded. (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1600 Kepler, Johannes becomes the assistant of ~Tycho Brahe <http://www.nada.kth.se/fred/tycho.html>, the imperial mathematician and court astronomer of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. = Christy's

1601~Kepler <http://www2.andrews.edu/zaher/kepler.html> (age 30) assumed his position as imperial ~mathematician and court astronomer <http://www.astro.virginia.edu/eww6n/bios/Kepler.html> to Rudolf II, Holy Roman emperor. Essex rebellion against Elizabeth I fails. = Christy's

1602 Shareholders formed The United (Dutch) East India Company, with bad consequences for Portuguese traders. [See 1799] (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1603 Ieyasu rules Japan, moves capital to Edo (Tokyo). Shakespeare's Hamlet.= Kid Info

1603 (1597-1603 Hugh O'Neill <http://www.worldbook.com/fun/bth/html/conq.htm> led the Irish chieftains in an unsuccessful attack against the English.) James I (King James VI of Scotland) inherits the throne of England. Iyeyasu, a warrior and the chief deputy of the previous Japanese <http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2126.html> Emperor names himself shogun. = Christy's

1603-1625 James I Ruler of England, 1st to call himself King of Great Britain, became official with Act of Union in 1707 = Christianity

1604 James I of England restores Recussancy Acts, with more persecution and the expulsion of priests. Pope Clement VIII requests that English Catholics refrain from rebellion. A peace treaty with Catholic Spain is signed. = Christy's

1605 Cervantes </cgi-bin/id/CE009923>'s Don Quixote de la Mancha, the first modern novel.= Kid Info

1605 The ~Gunpowder plot <http://www.bcpl.lib.md.us/cbladey/guy/html/main.html> in England is uncovered. = Christy's

1605 Pope Leo XI = Christianity

1605-1621 Pope Paul V = Christianity

1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross = Christianity

1606 King James I of England charters the London and Plymouth companies. Rembrant <http://metalab.unc.edu/cjackson/rembrand/>, a Dutch baroque artist is born. = Christy's

1606 A million black mulberry trees were imported to England, another step in an effort to start a silk industry. Production of silk in England was never successful. (Lewington, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1607 Jamestown, Virginia, established-first permanent English colony on American mainland. Pocahontas </cgi-bin/id/CE041395>, daughter of Chief Powhatan, saves life of John Smith.= Kid Info

1607 Jamestown <http://www.apva.org/history/>, the first permanent English settlement in America is founded. Habana is officially named the capital of Cuba. = Christy's

1607 10th state admitted into the union, Virginia June 25, 1788; having been settled by 1607 =infoplease

1608 Several Germans were among the settlers at Jamestown. = GermansInAm

1608 Some Germans accompany Captain John Smith, founder of Jamestown, VA = German American

1608 Samuel de Champlain founds the village of Quebec. = Christy's

1609 Samuel de Champlain establishes French colony of Quebec. The Relation, the first newspaper, debuts in Germany.= Kid Info

1609 Galileo <http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/index.html> uses the newly invented telescope and discovers Jupiter's moons. First regularly published newspaper appears in Germany. = Christy's

1609 Jamestown colonists planted cucumbers and carrots in their gardens. = PlantTrivia

1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism and demands for church-state separation = Christianity

1609-1610 Rheims-Douay Bible, 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate (1590), NT is Rheims text of 1582 = Christianity

1610 A Dutch East India Company ship brings lacquer furniture to Holland, thus introducing a demand for it. = Christy's

1610 The practice of drinking tea was first introduced to Europe, and to England in 1644. = PlantTrivia

1610 By this year, huge sugar plantations in the province of Bahia, Brasil were run by 2,000 white settlers, 4,000 black slaves, and 7,000 Indian slaves. = PlantTrivia

1610 Tea was imported to Europe (apparently the first time) through the Dutch East India Company. It was not until September 1658 that an advertisement appeared in England for this commodity. (Coe & Coe, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1610 47th state admitted into the union, New Mexico Jan. 6, 1912; having been settled by 1610 =infoplease

1610 Galileo </cgi-bin/id/CE019961> sees the moons of Jupiter through his telescope.= Kid Info

1611 Galileo goes to Rome to show the Jesuits his discoveries. The King James Version of the bible, which had been commissioned by the British King in 1604 is completed. = Christy's

1611 Gustavus Adolphus elected King of Sweden. King James Version of the Bible published in England. Rubens paints his Descent from the Cross.= Kid Info

1611 John Tradescant, gardener at Hatfield House, submitted a bill for various plants purchased in Holland, including 80 shillings paid for 800 tulip bulbs. At that price, the bulbs represented a gardener’s salary for about six months. (Pavord, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1611-1800 King James (Authorized) Version, based on Bishop's Bible of 1572 with use of Rheims NT of 1582 - included Apocropha, alterations found in many editions through 1800, revisors accused of being "damnable corrupters of God's word" = Christianity

1612 Matthias becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Kepler becomes the mathematician to the states of upper Austria. = Christy's

1612 The 225 square mile, 13 foot deep Lake Beemster in Holland was drained to create 17,000 acres of fertile land. The draining required 43 windmills. In the hundred years from 1550 to 1650, nearly 400,000 acres of Dutch land were reclaimed for agriculture. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1612 John Rolfe is said to have introduced the Orinoco strain of tobacco from Venezuela, giving Virginia colonists their first commercially successful agricultural export crop. (The tobacco native to Virginia was not popular in Europe). The value of tobacco was so great that Virginia governor Thomas Dale was forced to require that each farmer plant 2 acres of corn also. About 500,000 pounds of tobacco were produced in 1627; and 35 million pounds by 1700. The eventual demands of tobacco as a crop resulted in institution of slave labor in about 1674. (Schlebecker, 1975) = PlantTrivia

1613-1645: Reign of Michael I Romanov. Beginning of the Romanov Dynasty <Michael1.html> = Imperial Russia

1613 Micheal Romanov, the first Russian tsar of the ~Romanov dynasty <http://home.icon.fi/timhaapa/index.htm> was elected. (The Romanaz dynasty <http://www.interknowledge.com/russia/rushis04.htm> ruled for more than 300 years.) Sir Thomas Dale, the governor of Virginia, hires mercenaries to try and drive the French out of Acadia. = Christy's

1614 ~Pocahontas <http://members.tripod.com/AlanCheshire/index-24.html> marries John Rolfe. Japanese shogun Iyeyasu orders that all Christian priests leave Japan, and that the Japanese give up Christianity. = Christy's

1614 John Napier discovers logarithms.= Kid Info

1614 11th state admitted into the union, New York July 26, 1788; having been settled by 1614 =infoplease

1615

1616 William Shakespeare dies. = Christy's

1617 Ferdinand II becomes King of Bohemia. = Christy's

1617 Under the Peace of Stolbova <border.html>, Sweden becomes supreme ruler of the Baltic Sea <map16.html> with control of the entire Gulf of Finland. = Finland

1618 Start of the Thirty Years' War </cgi-bin/id/CE051575>-Protestants revolt against Catholic oppression; Denmark, Sweden, and France will invade Germany in later phases of war. Kepler proposes last of three laws of planetary motion.= Kid Info

1618 Thirty Years' War devastates Germany; the country disintegrates into numerous independent principalities = German American

1619 The Virginia Company of London (having been founded through a land grant in Virginia in 1606) instituted the headright system, a means of granting land (in 50 acre parcels) to farmers. The original working arrangement had been a seven-year indenture period for settlers, with the expectation farmers would continue as share-cropping tenants. The headright system of land disposal established a precedent for other colonies in eastern North America. (Schlebecker, 1975) = PlantTrivia

1619 First representative assembly in America held in Jamestown. Also, first African slaves <http://www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit3/racial.htm> brought to Jamestown. Ferdinand of Bohemia is rejected by the Bohemian nobles and replaced with Fredrick V. Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor, and together with Bavaria and the Holy League goes to war with Bohemia. Start of the ~Thirty Years War <http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/30yearswar.html>. By this time the Dutch had set up a whaling industry on Amsterdam Island. = Christy's

1619 A Dutch ship brings the first African slaves to British North America.= Kid Info

1620 Fredrick V of Bohemia is defeated and sent into exile. Fredinand II wages war against the Hungarian Protestants. The Mayflower, a small merchant vessel, sails from England to New England with 102 dissenters seeking religious liberty to found the first permanent colony settled by families. Before landing, some signed the Mayflower Compact <http://wiretap.spies.com/Gopher/Gov/US-History/mayflow.cp> and laid the foundation for democracy in America. = Christy's

1620 Pilgrims </cgi-bin/id/CE040965>, after three-month voyage in Mayflower, land at Plymouth Rock. Francis Bacon's Novum Organum. = Kid Info

1620 6th state admitted into the union, Massachusetts Feb. 6, 1788; having been settled by 1620 =infoplease

1621-1623 Pope Gregory XV = Christianity

1621 Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire becomes King of Hungary <http://www.fsz.bme.hu/hungary/history.html>. = Christy's

1621 A thanksgiving feast was held in mid-October by Plymouth Colony Pilgrims in appreciation of assistance from members of the Massasoit tribe and celebration of the first harvest. (Milestones, Pen, 1974) = PlantTrivia

1622 Native Americans killed a third of the Virginia population of European settlers in apparent retaliation for the encroachment of these immigrants on Indian cornfields. (Root, 1980) = PlantTrivia

1622 ~Moliere <http://www.honors.unr.edu/nicolec/> (Jean Baptiste Poquelin) is born (dies in 1673) = Christy's

1623-1644 Pope Urban VIII = Christianity

1623 New Netherland founded by Dutch West India Company.= Kid Info

1623 Carrying through with the barbarous cruelty of Dutch Governor General Jan Pieterszoon Coen in establishing control over spice producing islands, Dutch representatives committed a brutal massacre of the British and Japanese working on Amboyna. (Milton, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1623 9th state admitted into the union, New Hampshire June 21, 1788; having been settled by 1623 =infoplease

1624 23rd state admitted into the union, Maine Mar. 15, 1820; having been settled by 1624 =infoplease

1624 London Company (a company colonizing America) is dissolved due to trouble in Jamestown. = Christy's

1625-1649 Charles I Ruler of England = Christianity

1625 Ferdinand II of the Holy Roman Empire is victorious in wars against the Protestants in Germany. Charles I becomes king of Britian. =
Christy's

1626 Peter Minuit, a German, came to New Amsterdam to serve as the governor of the Dutch colony, New Netherlands. Later he governed the Swedish colony in Delaware. = GermansInAm

1626 The Rhinelander Peter Minuit (Minnewit) -- director of the Dutch colony-purchases Manhattan from the Indians and builds Ft. New Amsterdam = German American

1627 France introduced registered mail. Ferdinand II (of the Holy Roman Empire) outlaws all religions but Roman Catholicism in Bohemia. = Christy's

1628 Charles I of England signs the Petition of Right promising not to collect forced loans or levy taxes without parliament's consent. (However, he ignores most of the Petition of Right.) = Christy's

1629 Edict of Restitution allows the Roman Catholic church to recover property seized by Protestants. = Christy's

1630 Kepler <http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/kepler.html> dies. = Christy's

1630 Massachusetts Bay Colony.= Kid Info

1630-1643 The Finnish cavalrymen, famous for their wild charges, earn the nickname "Hakkapelites" in the Thirty Years War. Their commander, general Torsten Stålhhandske became one of the most famous Finnish soldiers of Sweden's great power era. = Finland

1631

1632 Locke, John <thinker.htm> (1632-1704), ~English philosopher <http://www2.msstate.edu/src5/educator.html>, who founded the school of ~empiricism <http://pratt.edu/arch543p/help/empiricism.html> is born. Galileo published his book in defiance of Rome, who had asked him not to. He is put under house arrest. Baruch Spinoza <thinker.htm> is born in to a Jewish family in Amsterdam, on November 24. = Christy's

1632 Maryland founded by Lord Baltimore.= Kid Info

1633 AV published in Scotland = Christianity

1633 Inquisition forces Galileo to recant his belief in Copernican theory.= Kid Info

1633 First publication in Germany encouraging emigration to America = German American

1634 Ferdinand II (of the Holy Roman Empire) wins the Battle of Nordlingen. = Christy's

1634 Until 1637 the zeal of collectors inflated values of tulip cultivars. This Tulipomania eventually fell victim to a market collapse that affected the entire Dutch economy. = PlantTrivia

1634 5th state admitted into the union, Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788; having been settled by 1634 =infoplease
1634 7th state admitted into the union, Maryland Apr. 28, 1788; having been settled by 1634 =infoplease

04Jul1634 Lake Michigan discovered by Jean Nicolet. StofIL1902

1635

1636 Saint Isaac Jogues <http://www.catholicism.org/pages/cjjangri.htm>, a French Jesuit missionary goes to Canada as missionary to the Huron people. = Christy's

1636 The Dutch occupied Ceylon, forcing villagers to supply quotas of cinnamon, as had the Portuguese previously. (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1636 Harvard College founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. = Social Security

1636 13th state admitted into the union, Rhode Island May 29, 1790; having been settled by 1636 =infoplease

1637 Rene' Decartes publishes drawings of specimens he observed under a microscope. The Japanese government has several thousand Japanese Christians massacred, and all foreign traders except the Dutch are forced out of Japan. = Christy's

1638 Peter Minuit founds the New Sweden colony = German American

1638 1st state admitted into the union, Delaware Dec. 7, 1787; having been settled by 1638 =infoplease

1639

1640 Charles I of England calls the Parliament again after years of not having it. So begins the "Long Parliament" Kirchner, a German Jesuit, builds a magic lantern. = Christy's

1640Queen Christina of Sweden establishes Finland's first university, the Swedish-language Åbo Akademi in Turku.= Finland

1641 Civil War brings the collapse of the government in Kongo. = Christy's

1642 English Civil war begins. Montreal founded. Galileo <http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/galileo_timeline.html> dies. = Christy's

1642 English Civil War </cgi-bin/id/CE016960>. Cavaliers, supporters of Charles I, against Roundheads, parliamentary forces. Oliver Cromwell
defeats Royalists (1646). Parliament demands reforms. Charles I offers concessions, brought to trial (1648), beheaded (1649). Cromwell becomes Lord Protector (1653). Rembrandt paints his Night Watch.= Kid Info

1642 Samedo Alvaro recounted stories to Europeans about the Chinese healing root called jin-chen, or ginseng. (Emboden, 1974) = PlantTrivia

1642 The first complete Finnish translation <kirjaeng.html> of the Bible appears. = Finland

1643 Evangelista Torricelli <http://mech.postech.ac.kr/fluidmech/history/Torricelli.html> accidentally invents the mercury barometer. = Christy's

1643 Taj Mahal completed.= Kid Info

1644 Long Parliament directed that only Hebrew canon only be read in the Church of England (effectively removed the Apocropha) = Christianity

1644-1655 Pope Innocent X = Christianity

1644 End of Ming Dynasty in China-Manchus come to power. Descartes </cgi-bin/id/CE014597>'s Principles of Philosophy.= Kid Info

1645 ~Oliver Cromwell <http://rvl4.ecn.purdue.edu/cromwell/oliver.html> reorganizes Parliaments armies and (eventually) captures Charles I. Alexis I second Russian czar of the house of Romanov succeeds his father Michael. = Christy's

1646

1647 Rice was introduced into cultivation in the Carolinas. Today California, Arkansas, Louisiana, & Texas are the main rice producing states. (Heiser, 1981) = PlantTrivia

1647 Massachusetts Bay Colony required an elementary school in towns of 50 families. = Social Security

1648 End of the Thirty Years' War. German population about half of what it was in 1618 because of war and pestilence.= Kid Info

1648 Jean Baptiste van Helmont reported one of the earliest and most spectacular experiments in plant physiology and nutrition. A five pound willow tree was planted in 200 pounds of dry soil. It was watered and allowed to grow for five years. At the end of this period, the total gain in weight was one hundred and sixty-nine pounds and three ounces, while the soil had lost only two ounces. Van Helmont guessed that water is a complex substance which is changed into plant material. = PlantTrivia

1648 Sweet potatoes were in cultivation in Virginia. = PlantTrivia

1649 Charles I is executed. England is proclaimed a republic. Oliver Cromwell tried to force the Irish off their land. = Christy's

1650 French philosopher, scientist and mathematics, Rene' Descartes dies. By around this time the kingdom of Angola was finally conquered by the Portuguese. = Christy's

1650 By this year coffee had arrived in England. In 1675 one could take the beverage in over 3,000 coffee houses in that country. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

1650 From this time until the 20th Century the Caribbean was the world center for growing sugar cane. = PlantTrivia

1651 Britain’s Navigation Act required that all imports from the colonies be received on British ships. = PlantTrivia

1652 Pasqua Rosée, a Greek who settled in England, opened his London coffeehouse with a printing of “The Vertue of the COFFEE Drink” summarized as: “a simple innocent thing; composed into a Drink, by being dryed in an Oven, and ground to Powder, and boiled up with Spring water, and about half a pint of it to be drunk, lasting an hour before, and not Eating an hour after, and to be taken as hot as possibly can be endured.” (Pendergrast, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1652 The first New England pine trees were felled for British ship masts. Before the end of the century, British warships were built in North America. By 1775 easy sources of wood for masts had been stripped from Eastern North America. (Ponting, 1991) The pine tree was used as one of the symbols on the first American-made coins, issued in Boston. [See 1652; 1761] = PlantTrivia

1652 John Hull of Boston, Massachusetts was selected to establish a New England mint. His first coins bore inscription only, but his second set was ornamented with a willow, his third with an oak, and his fourth (the largest issue) with a pine. These Boston shillings are sometimes called the tree coins. John Hull grew wealthy through this process and became the subject of an apocryphal tale, which claims that the marriage of his daughter to Mr. Samuel Sewell was settled with a dowry of 30,000 shillings, the amount determined as equivalent to her weight. (Connor, 1994) = PlantTrivia

1653-1658 Oliver Cromwell ruler of England = Christianity

1653 Cromwell dissolves parliament and takes the title of "Lord Protector" to rule as a dictator = Christy's

1654 Blaise Pascal <thinker.htm> and Pierre de Fermat develop the theory of probability. English chemist Robert Boyle helps found the Philosophical College (which later became the Royal Society of London <http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/> for Improving Natural Knowledge). = Christy's

1655-1667 Pope Alexander VII = Christianity

1655 Christian Huggens discovered the rings of Saturn. = Christy's

1656 Baruch Spinoza is ex-communicated by the rabbis and banished from Amsterdam. For the next five years he lives on the outskirts of the city working grinding optical lenses. = Christy's

1657 Boston Measles = Epidemic

1658 Cromwell dies; son Richard resigns and Puritan government collapses.= Kid Info

1658-1712 Richard Cromwell Ruler of England = Christianity

1658 Oliver Cromwell died of malaria, refusing to take the only known treatment (quinine from cinchona), because it was introduced by Jesuits. As a result, Amsterdam “was lighted up as for a great deliverance and children ran along the canals, shouting for joy that the Devil was dead.” (Durant) By 1681 cinchona was universally accepted as antimalarial. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

1659

1660-1685 Charles II King of England, restoration of monarchy in England beginning under Charles II, continuing through James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists = Christianity

1660 3rd state admitted into the union, New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787; having been settled by 1660 =infoplease

1660 12th state admitted into the union, North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789; having been settled by 1660 =infoplease

1660 The Monarchy is restored in England, Charles II agrees to respect the Magna Carta <http://www.nara.gov/exhall/charters/magnacarta/> and Petition of Rights = Christy's

1660 English Parliament calls for the restoration of the monarchy; invites Charles II to return from France.= Kid Info

1661 Charles II is crowned King of England. Louis XIV begins personal rule as absolute monarch; starts to build Versailles.= Kid Info

1661 Georg Hack from Cologne settles in Maryland = German American

1662 Moliere's troupe performs "le ecole des femmes" = Christy's

1663

1664 British take New Amsterdam from the Dutch. English limit “Nonconformity” with reestablished Anglican Church. Isaac Newton's experiments with gravity.= Kid Info

1665 ~Robert Hooke <http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Hooke.html> identifies cells = Christy's

1665 Great Plague in London kills 75,000.= Kid Info

1666 Approval of the Canal du Midi is given to improve transportation and provide ships with a route to and from the Mediterranean. = Christy's

1666 Great Fire of London. Molière's Misanthrope.= Kid Info

1667-1670 Pope Clement IX = Christianity

1667 Earthquake in Shemaka, Caucasia kills 80,000 = Christianity

1667 "Little Russia", an area around Kiev, is conceeded by the Polish government to the Russian government. = Christy's

1667 Milton </cgi-bin/id/CE034505>'s Paradise Lost, widely considered the greatest epic poem in English.= Kid Info

1668 Francesco Redi attempts to prove that rotting meat cannot spontaneously turn into flies. = Christy's

1668 Researcher and explorer Johann Lederer from Hamburg arrives = German American

1668 26th state admitted into the union, Michigan Jan. 26, 1837; having been settled by 1668 =infoplease

1669

1670-1676 Pope Clement X = Christianity

1670 Hudson Bay Co. founded with Prince Ruprecht as governor = German American

1670 8th state admitted into the union, South Carolina May 23, 1788; having been settled by 1670 =infoplease

1671

1672

1673 In England the Test Act is passed, allowing only members of the Anglican Church to hold public office. Moliere dies at age 51. Leeuwenhoeck publishes his first article in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London = Christy's

17Jun1673 Jacques Marquette discovered Mississippi. StofIL1902

1673 Marquette and Jolliet descend the Mississippi, return to Wisconsin via Illinois River and Lake Michigan. = ILGenWeb

Sep1673 Kaskaskia or La Vantum Indian village of 7-8000 inhabitants discovered in present day Randolph county. StofIL1902

Sep1673 Jacques Marquette visited present site of Chicago, in present day Cook County. StofIL1902

1674

1675 Marquette founds mission near Starved Rock <ilphotos4.html>. = ILGenWeb

1675 King Philip's War = Christy's

c1675 Slave traders brought cowpeas to Jamaica. A native of India, this pea has many varieties important in the southeastern US, particularly the black-eye and the crowders. = PlantTrivia

18May1675 Death of Jacques Marquette at mouth of Marquette River, Michigan. StofIL1902

1676-1689 Pope Innocent XI = Christianity

1676 Danish astronomer ~Ole Christensen Roemer <http://www.du.edu/ahicks/> observes that light moves at a finite speed by studying Jupiter's moons. = Christy's

1676 Nikolaus de Meyer from Hamburg becomes Mayor of New York = German American

1676 Jimsonweed gained its common name (originally Jamestown weed) when British soldiers in Virginia mistook Datura for an edible plant and “turn’d fool” with hallucinations that endured for eleven days. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1677 On February 21st Baruch Spinoza dies. = Christy's

1678

1679 England passes the Habeas Corpuss act guaranteeing people protection from arbitrary arrest. = Christy's

1680 La Salle builds fort Crevecoeur near Peoria. = ILGenWeb

Jan1680 Robert De LaSalle first visits Illinois. StofIL1902

01Jan-15Jan1680 Robert De LaSalle builds the Fort of the Broken Heart, the first thing done on the soil of Illinois with a view to permanent occupation, in present day Randolph County. StofIL1902

1681 The Canal du Midi is finished after eight years of work. = Christy's

1682 La Salle erects Fort St. Louis at Starved Rock <ilphotos4.html>. = ILGenWeb

1682 Ivan V and Peter of Russia are co-rulers, with Peter's sister Sophia as the regent. = Christy's

1682-1725: Peter I, The Great <PeterGreat.html> = Imperial Russia

1682 Pennsylvania founded by William Penn </cgi-bin/id/CE040099>.= Kid Info

1682 2nd state admitted into the union, Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787; having been settled by 1682 =infoplease
1682 28th state admitted into the union, Texas Dec. 29, 1845; having been settled by 1682 =infoplease

07Apr1682 Robert De LaSalle's third visit and discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi. StofIL1902

09Apr1682 Mississippi Valley taken possession of for France by Robert De LaSalle. StofIL1902

Dec1682 Henry de Tonti made Governor of Illinois by France. StofIL1902

Dec1682 Fort called Fort St Louis, built on Starved Rock, near Utica in present day LaSalle County. StofIL1902

1683 Thirteen families of German Mennonites seeking religious freedom <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html> arrived in Pennsylvania; led by Franz Pastorius, they purchased 43,000 acres of land and founded Germantown, six miles north of Philadelphia. = GermansInAm

1683 Mennonites and Quakers arrive on the "Concord"and found Germantown, PA with Francis Daniel Pastorius as their leader / Vienna defended against Turkish invasion = German American

1683 War of European powers against the Turks (to 1699). Vienna withstands three-month Turkish siege; high point of Turkish advance in Europe.= Kid Info

1684 French fleet bomb Genoa = Tour Italy

1684 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's calculus published.= Kid Info

1685-1688 James II King of England, deposed = Christianity

1685 James II succeeds Charles II in England, calls for freedom of conscience (1687). Protestants fear restoration of Catholicism and demand “Glorious Revolution.” William of Orange invited to England and James II escapes to France (1688). William III and his wife, Mary, crowned. In France, Edict of Nantes of 1598, granting freedom of worship to Huguenots, is revoked by Louis XIV; thousands of Protestants flee.= Kid Info

1685 James II inherits the throne of England, and passes laws to grant rights to Catholics and dissolves many anti-Irish laws. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Germany. = Christy's

1686 25th state admitted into the union, Arkansas June 15, 1836; having been settled by 1686 =infoplease

1687 ~Sir Isaac Newton <http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Newton.html> publishes "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" = Christy's

1687 Boston Measles = Epidemic

19Mar1687 Robert De LaSalle murdered in Texas. StofIL1902

1688 England's "Glorious Revolution <http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/history/Glorious_Revolution.html>". James II flees to Ireland. William and Mary become joint rulers of England = Christy's

1688 Germantown's Pastorius pens first protest against slavery = German American

1689-1702 William III King of England, with Mary II as Queen until 1694 = Christianity

1689-1691 Pope Alexander VIII = Christianity

1689 The Bill of Rights is passed in England. James II leads and fails a rebellion in Ireland. Sophia is forced off the Russian throne. Peter's mother rules as regent instead. King William's War between the British and the French in North America begins. = Christy's

1689 French armies push toward Rhine and burn Heidelberg castle = German American

1689 Peter the Great </cgi-bin/id/CE040432> becomes Czar of Russia-attempts to westernize nation and build Russia as a military power. Defeats Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava (1709). Beginning of the French and Indian Wars </cgi-bin/id/CE019490> (to 1763), campaigns in America linked to a series of wars between France and England for domination of Europe. = Kid Info

1690 In August a fleet of thirty-four ships leave Boston city to attack Quebec. = Christy's

1690 New York Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1690 Proprietorship of Fort St Louis granted Tonti for fur-trading purposes. StofIL1902

1690 William III of England defeats former king James II and Irish rebels at Battle of the Boyne in Ireland. John Locke </cgi-bin/id/CE031038>'s Human Understanding. = Kid Info

1691-1700 Pope Innocent XII = Christianity

1691 British execute Frankfurt-born Jacob Leisler, first elected governor of New York and champion of American independence = German American

1691-92 Henri de Tonti, La Salle's lieutenant, constructs new Fort St. Louis on Lake Peoria. = ILGenWeb

1692 Salem witch trials <http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/USA/colonial/witch.html>. = Christy's

1693 Earthquake in Catania, Italy kills 60,000 = Christianity

1693 The first record of the grapefruit in the West Indies was made by Hans Sloane in a catalog of Jamaican plants. It is assumed the grapefruit originated there from chance hybrids between other cultivated citrus. This plant was not introduced to Florida until nearly 1850. = PlantTrivia

1693 Famine struck northern Europe. By 1694 fully 10% of the population of northern France had perished as a result. = PlantTrivia

1694 Ivan V and Peter of Russia become the real rulers of Russia after their mother's death. Voltaire is born. = Christy's

1695

1696 Ivan V of Russia dies. Augustus II is elected leader of Poland. = Christy's

1697 King William's War ends. = Christy's

1697 Father Francisco Cupani published the first scientific description of Lathyrus odoratus, a plant from Sicily and the parent stock of today’s sweet pea. Seed that he sent in 1699 to Robert Uvedale, headmaster of Enfield Grammar School near London, resulted in cultivated forms, and by 1731, a famous selection called ‘Painted Lady’, the exact origins of which are not known. (Grimshaw, 1998) = PlantTrivia

1698

1699 French found Holy Family Mission at Cahokia. = ILGenWeb

1699 18th state admitted into the union, Louisiana Apr. 30, 1812; having been settled by 1699 =infoplease
1699 20th state admitted into the union, Mississippi Dec. 10, 1817; having been settled by 1699 =infoplease

1700-1721 Pope Clement XI = Christianity

1700s The settling of the British colonies by small German-speaking religious groups continued. The groups included Swiss Mennonites, Baptist Dunkers, Schwenkfelders, Moravians, Amish <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/amish.html>, and Waldensians; most German immigrants belonged to the main Lutheran and Reformed churches. The central colonies received the greatest part of this immigration, especially Pennsylvania <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html>. As many as half of these immigrants came as redemptioners, that is, they agreed to work in America for four to seven years in exchange for free passage across the Atlantic. German settlers designed and built the Conestoga wagon <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/conestog.html>, which was used in the opening of the American Frontier. = GermansInAm

1700-1721 -The Great Northern War, paralleled the War of the Spanish Succession. = Digital

1700-21 The Great Northern War. Russia assumes the position of a great power. = Finland

1700-13 Wars of Spanish succession = Tour Italy

1700 Cahokia founded in present day St Clair County. StofIL1902

1701 English Parliament passes the ~Act of Settlement <http://sites.internetcorp.net/mcferran/essruvigny.htm> stating that only an Anglican can inherit the throne. = Christy's

1701 -The Settlement Act of 1701 establishing the supremacy of Parliament in England. - William III of England heads the second Grand Alliance, which became involved in the War of the Spanish Succession. - Britain obtains an Iroquois "deed" to western lands purportedly conquered by the Iroquois though later abandoned by them under pressure from enemies. = Digital

1701 War of the Spanish Succession </cgi-bin/id/CE048989> begins-the last of Louis XIV's wars for domination of the continent. The Peace of Utrecht (1714) will end the conflict and mark the rise of the British Empire. Called Queen Anne's War in America, it ends with the British taking New Foundland, Acadia, and Hudson's Bay Territory from France, and Gibraltar and Minorca from Spain. = Kid Info

1702-1714 Anne Queen of England = Christianity

1702 Queen Anne's War between the British and the French in North America begins. England's first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant is founded. = Christy's

1702 Fort St Louis discontinued. StofIL1902

1702 22nd state admitted into the union, Alabama Dec. 14, 1819; having been settled by 1702 =infoplease

1702-1713 Queen Anne's War (Europeans referred to it as "The Spanish Succession") British & Colonials vs French. WorldAlman

19Mar1702 - William III (William of Orange), died from complications after being thrown from his horse - Queen Anne succeeds to throne of England - Start of the War of the Spanish Succession in Europe - Beginning of Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), second of the four North American wars waged by the British and French. = Digital

1703: St. Petersburg is founded. = Imperial Russia

1703, Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg at the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland. Sweden's position weakens.= Finland

1704 Deerfield (Mass.) Massacre of English colonists by French and Indians. Bach </cgi-bin/id/CE004006>'s first cantata. Jonathan Swift </cgi-bin/id/CE050363>'s Tale of a Tub. Boston News Letter-first newspaper in America. = Kid Info

24Jul-12Aug1704 Capture of Gibraltar by British forces, Battle of Blenheim, Bavaria. = Digital

1705

1706 Coffee trees were sent to the botanical garden in Amsterdam from Sri Lanka (where the Dutch had only recently managed to establish plantations, breaking an ancient Arab monopoly). A single tree survived, which was the parent of a tree at the conservatory in Paris. In 1723, de Cliey carried a single offspring from the Paris tree to Martinique, which yielded thousands of trees there by 1777. The Martinique plantations became the source of the first plants to be taken to the various coffee-growing regions of South America. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

23May1706 French are defeated at the Battle of Ramillies near the Belgian village of Ramillies-Offus, forcing them to withdraw from the Netherlands. = Digital

1707 The Act of Union joins Scotland <http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/usr/hfien/scots.dir/scotpage.html> and England into the United Kingdom of Great Britain. = Christy's

1707 United Kingdom of Great Britain formed-England, Wales, and Scotland joined by parliamentary Act of Union. = Kid Info

25Apr1707 British defeat at Almanza in Spain - Act of Union, which created Great Britain by finally fully uniting England and Scotland. = Digital

11Jul1708 British victory over French at Battle of Oudenarde - September, British capture of Minorca = Digital

1709 Peter the Great of Russia defeats the Swedes at Poltava. = Christy's

1709 First mass emigration from the Palatinate (Pfalz) = German American

1709 Famine struck Europe, affecting Prussia on a great scale. (Ponting,1991) = PlantTrivia

11Sep1709 Battle of Malplaquet, French defeated in the bloodiest battle of the war at the French village of Malplaquet = Digital

1710 Sheikh Sabah bin Jaber leads his clan into the area now called Kuwait <history/kuwait.htm> and within the next twenty years establishes an unofficial rule. = Christy's

1710 650 Palatines and Swiss settle at New Bern, NC = German American

1711 British forces, together with the American colonies, attempt to attack Quebec, but are discouraged when a storm in the St. Lawrence sinks nine of their ships. = Christy's

05Aug1711 Marlborough forces the "Non Plus Lines." = Digital

1712 New York Slave Rebellion, in which Native and African slaves united. = Digital

1712 Captain Frezier introduced the Chilean strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, to France. It arrived in Britain a few years later. This plant, along with the North American species taken to France by Jean Robin in 1624, is in the ancestry of today’s commercial strawberries. = PlantTrivia

1713 John Needham, an English biologist who would "prove" abiogenesis works is born. Queen Anne's War ends. = Christy's

1713 Boston Measles = Epidemic

11Apr1713 Peace of Utrecht, treaty of which recognizes Iroquois as British subjects. = Digital

1714-1727 George I King of England = Christianity

1714 AV published in Ireland = Christianity

1714 George, the German Elector of Hanover becomes King George I, of Britain = Christy's

1714 King George I arrives in England as the reigning monarch. = Digital

1714-18 Venice at war with Turkey = Tour Italy

1715 Jacobite nobles lead uprisings in Scotland to try to put James Stuart (son of James II) on the throne. Five year old Louis XV <http://mistral.culture.fr/lumiere/documents/files/regence.html> of France succeeds his great grandfather, with the Duke of Orleans as regent. = Christy's

13Nov1715 Jacobite Rebellion in Scotland, defeat of the Jacobites at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. = Digital

1716 The first certain account of plant hybridization was provided in a letter written by Cotton Mather, discussing the “infection” of Indian corn planted alongside yellow corn. The following year a British hybrid dianthus was described. In 1721 a hybrid cabbage was reported. By 1750 the controversy of sex in plants was in the news. By 1760 plant hybridization was a professional occupation. The study, hybridization, and selection of corn continued. By 1969 scientists understood more about corn genetics than the genetics of any other flowering plant. (Zirkle in Ewan, 1969) [See 1761] = PlantTrivia

1717 Region made a district of the French province of Louisiana. = ILGenWeb

1718 Blackbeard <http://ils.unc.edu/nc/Blackbeard.html> the pirate dies. In November the only son of Peter the Great of Russia dies. = Christy's

1718 Catholic English version of NT by Dr. Nary, much less bulky than Reims- Douay = Christianity

1718 Pierre, Duque de Boisbriant appointed first commandant of Illinois by the French. StofIL1902

1718 The initial shipment of American ginseng (sent from Canada) arrived in China (Canton). In 1773 shipment began from Boston, with a load of 55 tons on the Hingham. That shipment is said to have earned nearly three dollars a pound, which would have made for substantially profitable cargo. The potential of monetary gain created a strong supply network of North American “seng diggers.” Philadelphia records from 1788 indicate that Daniel Boone sold 15 tons of ginseng root to merchants there. Given such levels of harvesting, the American ginseng (Panax quinqefolium) became rare in nature. By 1885 George Stanton had founded his 150-acre Ginseng Farm in New York. (Emboden, 1974) = PlantTrivia

1719

1720 Fort de Chartres built by French north of Kaskaskia. = ILGenWeb

1720 Peter the Great of Russia signs treaty with the Chinese permitting trade. Japanese shogun Yoshimune repeals the laws against European books and study. = Christy's

1720 Augsburg and Marienthal founded in Louisiana = German American

1720 21st state admitted into the union, Illinois Dec. 3, 1818; having been settled by 1720 =infoplease

1721-1724 Pope Innocent XIII = Christianity

1721 Under the Treaty of Uusikaupunki (Nystad) Sweden cedes south-eastern Finland <map17.html> and the Baltic provinces of Livonia, Estonia and Ingria to Russia. = Finland

1722 Peter the Great of Russia issues an edict saying that the ruler of Russia shall choose his own successor. = Christy's

1722: The Table of Ranks is established. = Imperial Russia

1722 First church and first stone residence erected at Kaskaskia, in present day Randolph County. StofIL1902

1722 British Privy Council memorandum sets out doctrines of discovery & conquest = Canada

1723

1724-1730 Pope Benedict XIII = Christianity

1724 Most Tulpehocken Delawares migrate to Ohio Valley. - Thomas Pelham-Holles, duke of Newcastle is appointed secretary of state for the British ministry’s southern department, with responsibility to supervise the American colonies. His policy is known as "solitary neglect." = Digital

1724 14th state admitted into the union, Vermont Mar. 4, 1791; having been settled by 1724 =infoplease

1725 Catherine I of Russia takes the throne at her husbands death. Louis XV of France marries Marie Leszczynska, daughter of the King of Poland. = Christy's

1725: The Academy of Sciences is founded. = Imperial Russia

1725 Chief Chicagou sent to France by French settlers of Illinois. StofIL1902

1726 Johnathan Swift <http://www.jaffebros.com/lee/gulliver/sources/> publishes "Guliver's Travels" = Christy's

1727-1760 George II King of England = Christianity

1727 George II of Great Britain crowned. Catherine I of Russia dies, and the grandson of her husband is put on the throne. = Christy's

1727 34th state admitted into the union, Kansas Jan. 29, 1861; having been settled by 1727 =infoplease

1727 35th state admitted into the union, West Virginia June 20, 1863; having been settled by 1727 =infoplease

11Jun1727 George II succeeds his father George I - Death of Sir Issac Newton. - A Shawnee band migrates from the upper Delaware Valley to the Ohio country. = Digital

1728 Seventh-Day Adventists under Conrad Beissel build Ephrata Cloisters in Pennsylvania = German American

1729 Bach's St. Matthew Passion. Isaac Newton </cgi-bin/id/CE037094>'s Principia translated from Latin into English. = Kid Info

1729 Boston Measles = Epidemic

1729 ~Lazzaro Spallanzani <http://www.astro.virginia.edu/eww6n/bios/Spallanzani.html>, who would attempt to prove that abiogenesis doesn't work is born. = Christy's

1729 China banned opium. That ban on importation would be seriously compromised by the British East India Company until 1839. = PlantTrivia

1730-1740 Pope Clement XII = Christianity

1730 Catholic English version of NT, revision of Reims NT by Dr. Robert Witham = Christianity

1730 Peter II of Russia dies of smallpox. Anna, the niece of Peter the Great, becomes Empress of Russia. = Christy's

1730 French instigate a massacre of the Fox nation which reduced them as an independent force. = Digital

1731 Protestants were expelled from Salzburg, Austria <http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01.html>, in this year. They subsequently founded Ebenezer, Georgia <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/ebenezer.html>. = GermansInAm

1732 Benjamin Franklin </cgi-bin/id/CE019307> begins publishing Poor Richard's Almanack. James Oglethorpe and others found Georgia. = Kid Info

1732 The first German-language newspaper, Philadelphische Zeitung <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/zeitung.html>, was published in the United States. German publishing flourished in Philadelphia and in smaller communities such as Ephrata, Pennsylvania <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/ephrata.html>. = GermansInAm

1732 By 1732 the black slave population of South Carolina numbered about 32,000 as compared to approximately 14,000 whites. Slavery at this time in South Carolina was driven by rice cultivation. Rice seed imported from Madagascar was grown and harvested by black slaves from rice growing zones of Africa. Thus the early success in rice production in North America was possible due to a skilled, slave labor force. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1732 J. S. Bach completed his Coffee Cantata. He stages a daughter making the humorous request: “Dear father, do not be so strict! If I can’t have my little demi-tasse of coffee three times a day, I’m just like a dried up piece of roast goat! Ah! How sweet coffee tastes! Lovelier than a thousand kisses, sweeter far than muscatel wine! I must have my coffee, and if anyone wishes to please me, let him present me with - coffee!” By this time coffee had been available in Germany for six decades, showing increasing popularity. By 1777 Frederick the Great began a campaign to control the beverage. (Pendergrast, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1732 Don Carlos of Bourbon becomes duke of Parma = Tour Italy

1732 Colony of Georgia founded by Royal Charter. = Digital

1732-3 Worldwide Influenza = Epidemic

1733 John Kay invents flying shuttle loom. After Augustus II dies, his son (Augustus III) is elected ruler of Poland. = Christy's

1733 John Peter Zenger, who came to America as an indentured servant from the Palatinate region of Germany, founded a newspaper, The New-York Weekly Journal; two years later he was acquitted in a landmark trial involving freedom of the press. = GermansInAm

1733-1735: The War of the Polish Succession = Imperial Russia

1733 Schwenkfelders from Silesia arrive in Pennsylvania = German American

1733 John Kay patented the fly-shuttle, which quickened the weaving of cloth, thus mechanizing weaving - while the generation of thread through spinning remained a cottage industry. In 1764, James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny made the thread generating process more efficient. Further improvements in bleaching and dyeing as well as the steam-powering of looms would change the British textile industry - with production soaring from 2.5 million pounds in 1760 to 22 million pounds in the 1780s. (Milestones, Twilight, 1974) = PlantTrivia

1733 John Bartram of Philadelphia began correspondence with Collinson, Miller, and others. Their exchange is the likely source of pawpaw, sourwood, and other American plants introduced to cultivation in Europe. (Spongberg, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1733 19th state admitted into the union, Indiana Dec. 11, 1816; having been settled by 1733 =infoplease
1733 4th state admitted into the union, Georgia Jan. 2, 1788; having been settled by 1733 =infoplease

1734 Salzburg Protestants come to Georgia = German American

1735 24th state admitted into the union, Missouri Aug. 10, 1821; having been settled by 1735 =infoplease

1735 French scientist, La Codamine, is sent to Peru to measure one degree on the surface of the Earth. = Christy's

1735 Printer John Peter Zenger's acquittal -- landmark victory for freedom of the press / Moravians (Herrnhuters) under Count Zinzendorf settle in Georgia = German American

1735 John Peter Zenger, New York editor, acquitted of libel in New York, establishing press freedom </cgi-bin/id/CE042126>. = Kid Info

1736 Russo-Turkey war. Nadir Shah, the last great Persian conqueror drove the Afghans from Iran and became king. = Christy's

1736 Alliance between colony of Pennsylvania and the Iroquois grand council. = Digital

1736 Moravians found Bethlehem, Nazareth, and Lititz, PA = German American

1737 William Penn’s sons dispossess the Delawares of the “forks of Delaware” by the Walking Purchase. = Digital

1738 Methodist Church founded by Rev John Wesley = Christianity

1738-1816 New Catholic English versions of NT by Dr. Richard Challoner and Francis Blyth O.D.C., Bernard MacMahon, Dr Troy =
Christianity

1738 La Codamine returns to France. = Christy's

1738 William Johnson arrives in New York from Ireland in order to take charge of uncle Sir Peter Warren’s New York estates. = Digital

1738 South Carolina Smallpox = Epidemic

1739 Russo-Turkish war ends (temporarily). War of Jenkin's Ear commences between Great Britain and Spain. David Hume <thinker.htm> writes his most important work "A Treatise of Human Nature" = Christy's

1739 "Germantauner Zeitung" publ. by Christopher Saur / Conrad Beissel at Ephrata publ. first hymnal in America = German American

1739-40 Boston Measles = Epidemic

1739 The "War of Jenkins’s Ear," a trade war between Great Britain and Spain, developing due to British attempts to circumvent the Peace of Utrecht. = Digital

1739 About 500,000 people died in Ireland due, by one account, to widespread crop failure of potatoes. (Ponting, 1991) A more thorough account contends that the 1740-41 famine resulted from failure of the oat crop, accompanied by extremely cold weather in which stored potatoes were frozen in there outdoor pits, and therefore lost. Ten years previously, the 1729 oat famine had engendered Jonathan Swift’s famous pamphlet entitled “A Modest Proposal.” The potato dry rot, cause of great famine a century later, did not appear in Ireland until after 1830. (Zuckerman, 1998) [See 1845] = PlantTrivia

1740-1758 Pope Benedict XIV = Christianity

1740 Frederick (later Frederick the Great) becomes ruler of Prussia. War of Austrian Succession commences after the death of Emperor Charles VI. Anna of Russia dies, naming Ivan VI, the grandchild of her sister, as successor. Ivan VI's mother (also named Anna) is the regent for the baby emperor. = Christy's

1740 Capt. Vitus Bering, Dane employed by Russia, discovers Alaska. Frederick II “the Great” crowned king of Prussia. = Kid Info

1740's Many Senecas and Cayugas migrate from New England to the southern shores of Lake Erie and become known as Mingos. = Digital

1740s Russians begin trading on BC coast = Canada

1741Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great takes the Russian throne. Vitus Bering <http://www.horsensmuseum.dk/flenke/fvber_en.htm> (a Russian) discovers Alaska. = Christy's

1741 The President of the First Continental Congress, Henry Middleton, began creating his gardens at Middleton Place, South Carolina. (McGuire in Punch 1992) = PlantTrivia

1741 President Eisenhower's ancestor-Hans N. Eisenhauer-arrives = German American

1741 Moravians founded Bethlehem <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/bethlehe.html> and Nazareth, Pennsylvania. = GermansInAm

1741 Danish explorer Vitus Bering explores the BC coast = Canada

1742 Around this time or maybe a year or so later Maria Theresa, daughter of Emperor Charles VI agrees to give Frederick the Great of Prussia the land he has captured from her during the past two years, in return for Frederick recognizing her claim to the Austrian throne. = Christy's

1742 Start of the War of Austrian Succession = Digital

1742 From Rio de Janeiro, the mango was introduced to the Barbados. (Sauer, 1993) = PlantTrivia

1742 From 1742-1745 Pehr Kalm explored North America, collecting plants for introduction to Sweden. His work resulted in a three volume publication, En Resa till Norra America, issued 1753-1761. (Stafleu, 1971) = PlantTrivia

1742 Christopher Saur, a German printer in Philadelphia, printed the first Bible in America. = GermansInAm

1743 First Bible printed in America by Christopher Saur-in German = German American

27Jun1743 Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria, the last engagement in which a British monarch ( King George II )participated in person. = Digital

1744 King George's War between the British and French in North America begins. In January fifteen year old Sophie Auguste Frederika (later known as Catherine the Great), daughter of a petty Germany prince, leaves her home in Stettin to travel to Russia on invitation of the Empress Elizabeth. = Christy's

1744 - 1748 King George’s War = Digital

1744-1748 King George's War (Europeans referred to it as "The Austrian Succession") British & Colonials vs French. WorldAlman

15Mar1744 third of four North American wars waged by the British and French - Iroquois give the British permission to build a blockhouse at the Forks of the Ohio. = Digital

16Jun-07July1744- Treaty at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, between Iroquois nations of Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca, on the one side, and British colonies of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania on the other. - George Crogan establishes trading post at Mingo town of Cuyahoga. His soon becomes a political power among the Ohio Indians. = Digital

11May1745 "Battle of Fontenoy" in Flanders, French defeat combined army of British, Dutch and Austrian troops - Prince Charles Edward Stuart raises the Highlanders in what is called the "Jacobite Rebellion" = Digital

1745 Second Jocobite rebellion tries to put "Bonnie Prince Charles" on the throne of Scotland and England. On August 25 the Grand-duke Peter of Russia marries Catherine (previously known as Sophie). = Christy's

30Sep1745 Royalist John Campbell, looses his army to Jacobite victory at the "Battle of Prestonpans" - George Montagu Dunk, second earl of Halifax, is appointed president of the lords commissioners for trade and plantations (board of trade) - Massachusetts governor William Shirley directs campaign that captures Louisbourg, but the fort is returned to the French by the peace treaty. = Digital

1746 British defeat Scots under Stuart Pretender Prince Charles at Culloden Moor. Last battle fought on British soil. = Kid Info

28Jan1746 Jacobite victory at the Battle of Falkirk - Earl Loudoun flees the “rout of Moy” to the safety of Skye, and sits out the rest of the Jacobite rising = Digital

27Apr1746 William Augustus, duke of Cumberland, defeats Scots rebels at the "Battle of Culloden", braking the Jacobite Rebellion - He is made captain general of the British army. = Digital

1747 Sweden begins construction of a fortress named Sveaborg <suomenlinna.html>, (lit. Castle of Sweden) on a group of islands off Helsinki. Later its name is changed to Suomenlinna (lit. Castle of Finland). = Finland

1747 Dr. James Lind experimented with 12 sailors who had scurvy and discovered that consuming lemons and oranges for 6 days effected great improvement. Nearly 50 years passed before the British admiralty required that sailors receive daily lemon or lime juice. Scurvy is understood now to be a nutritional disease caused by lack of adequate Vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Fresh fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of this vitamin. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) [See 1937] = PlantTrivia

1747 CT,NY,PA,SC Measles = Epidemic

02Jul1747 Battle of Lauffeld, British and Allied defeat = Digital

24Oct1747 Formation of the Ohio Company of Virginia = Digital

1748 War of the Austrian Succession ended by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. King George's War ends. = Christy's

1748 Shawnees and Iroquois grand council appoints Tanaghrisson as “Half King” over the Ohio Indians and gives Scarouady supervision over the Shawnees - Benjamin Franklin retires from management of his printing business - Louisbourg returns to France. = Digital

Jun1748 William Johnson instigates a Mohawk raid against Montreal in defiance of Iroquois grand council’s neutrality policy. The raiders are ambushed with great losses. Benjamin Franklin organizes a military association for Pennsylvania’s defense. = Digital

11Aug1748 Conrad Weiser journeys to the Ohio country to treat with region’s Indians = Digital

18Oct1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of Austrian Succession (known in British colonies as “King George’s War”)

11Jan1749 Ohio Company’s petitions King George for a grant of lands, and proposes to build a fort there = Digital

16Mar1749 King George II orders grant to the Ohio Company = Digital

01Jun1749 François Piquet founds La Présentation, a Sulpician mission Oswegatchie (Ogdensburg), N.Y.), it draws many Iroquois to the French = Digital

15Jun-09Nov1749 Captain Céleron de Blainville leads an expedition to the Ohio country to restore New France’s authority, but fails in efforts. - Halifax is established and constructed in Acadia [Nova Scotia] as a counter measure to Fortress Louisbourg. = Digital

1750-51 La Galissonière, governor-general of New France, repeatedly warns the French ministry of two necessities: (1) to preserve the loyalty of the Indian tribes; (2) to preserve the lifeline between Canada and Louisiana from British interception = Digital

1750 Slaves from Africa were traded for gold and rum. At the African source, one hundred gallons of rum would purchase a male slave, 85 gallons an adult woman, and 65 gallons a child. At the same time, the average selling price for a slave delivered to the West Indies was £20 sterling. (Schlebecker, 1975) = PlantTrivia

11Sep1750-29Mar1752 Christopher Gist arranges for a treaty at Logstown - William Johnson attempts to prevent Conrad Wiser from treating with the Iroquois - French raid against rebellious Shawnees fails to subdue them - Virginians treat with Ohio Indians at Logstown, get confirmation from Mingos of land at Lancaster in 1744 - Commissioners appointed to negotiate disputed by Britain and France - British build Fort Lawrence, French counter with Fort Beauséjour at disputed border between Nova Scotia and Acadia. = Digital

1751 Second Carnatic War, an unofficial war between the British East India Company and the French Compagnie des Indes. = Christy's

1751 Publication of the Encyclopédie begins in France, the “bible” of the Enlightenment </cgi-bin/id/CE017004>. = Kid Info

Jul1751 Johnson resigns post as New York’s agent in charge of Indian affairs, is later elected a member of Pennsylvania assembly. Thomas Penn and brother refuse the assembly’s unanimous request to contribute to expense of Indian affairs “or any other public expense.” = Digital

1752 AV published in New World colonies = Christianity

1752 Britain adopts the Georgian calendar. - William Law publishes, "The Way to Divine Knowledge." - Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening conductor. - Marquis Duquesne arrives at Quebec to be governor-general of New France. - Commissioner William Shirley recalled from futile negotiations in Paris = Digital

21Jun1752 A party of Chippewas, Potawatomies, and Ottawas, led by Charles Langlade, attack the Indian village of Picawillany, destroy Croghan's trading post, killing one British trader, and taking others prisoner. = Digital

01Feb1753 French troops dispatched from Canada take the Ohio Valley, and begin construction of three forts. - Virginia Governor Hamilton receives a letter stating that French and Mohawks attacked a trading post of John Findly at a place called 'Kentucky'. - George Washington is sent to the French commander in the Ohio country to protest their occupation of disputed lands. - In England land tax is instituted. - Halifax Revives Britain’s claim to the Ohio country through “right of conquest” by “subject” Iroquois. - Benjamin Franklin is awarded the Coply gold medal of the Royal Society for his experiments with electricity, he is appointed by the crown as deputy postmaster general of the British colonies in North America. The French sent Pierre Paul Marin to establish a chain of forts from Presque Isle ( Erie, Pennsylvania ) south toward the forks of the Ohio River. Fort Presque Isle and Fort Le Bouef were completed in 1753, Fort Machault at Venango( were French Creek inters the Allegheny River) in 1754. The supply road to French Creek, or Riviere aux Boeufs ( River of the Buffaloes) as it was known to the French, was the first true road ever constructed in the midwest. Twenty one feet wide, it ran thirteen miles to Fort Le Bouef. = Digital

10 Apr1753 William Trent sent a letter to Governor Hamilton stating that French and Mohawks had made an attack on 8 of George Croghan’s and Lowery's’s Traders "at a place called Kentucky" and of killing 3 of John Finley’s men and the disappearance of Finley. This attack took place on January 26. = Digital

1754 Grand-Duchess Catherine of Russia gives birth to a son. = Christy's

1754-1763 French & Indian War (Europeans referred to it as "The Seven Year War," by 1776 as, "The Old French War," British & Colonials vs French. WorldAlman

1754 St. Andrews Golf Club, is founded in Scotland. - In England, the Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufacturers is created. -Newcastle becomes head of the ministry as first lord of the Treasury - Britain and France are at war in North America; the issue is boundaries. - Captain Trent starts to build Virginia’s fort at the point where the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers join to make the Ohio. - Ensign Ward is left in charge. = Digital

Apr1754 Ensign Ward surrenders to Captain Contrecoeur, who completes building Fort Duquesne. = Digital

28 May1754 Lieutenant Colonel George Washington leads a party of Virginians and Mingos to attack a French party under Ensign Coulon de Jumonville, who is killed under circumstances called “assassination” by the French. = Digital

26Jun1754 Newcastle’s inner cabinet resolves to defend Britain’s northern colonies from French “invasion.” = Digital

04 Jul1754 Washington surrenders encampment called Fort Necessity at Great Meadows after Tanaghrisson’s Mingos desert in contempt of Washington’s leadership. Captain Robert Stobo is given as hostage. = Digital

28-29Jul1754 Captain Stobo smuggles plans of Fort Duquesne to Philadelphia through Delaware chiefs Shingas and Delaware George. = Digital

Sep1754 Board of trade and ministry discuss need for unified action by colonies. - Ministry decides upon a military commander in chief to be financed by colonies. Cumberland nominates Edward Braddock. = Digital

08Sep1754 News of Washington’s surrender reaches London and stimulates Newcastle to appeal for help from Cumberland. = Digital

Dec1754 British authorizes Massachusetts governor Shirley to raise troops. = Digital

1755 Earthquake in Northern Persia kills 40,000 = Christianity

1755 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 60,000 (estimated at 8.75 Richter) = Christianity

1755 Genoa sells Corsica to France = Tour Italy

1755 Samuel Johnson </cgi-bin/id/CE027172>'s Dictionary first published. Great earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal-over 60,000 die. U.S. postal service established. = Kid Info

1755 ~French and Indian war begins <http://web.syr.edu/laroux/history/hismenu.html>, with the British and Americans fighting the French, Canadians and Natives. Over the next six years 11,000 Arcadians are deported from Canada. Sir. Charles Hanbury-Williams arrives in Russia and negotiates an agreement between England and Russia, that Russia would keep 50,000 men at the Livonian frontier, ready to march into Prussia, in return for England paying £100,000 a year, and more if the soldiers are ever used. = Christy's

Jan1755 Britain sends two regiments of troops to Virginia. = Digital

Feb1755 France sends seventy-eight companies to Canada. - French ministry authorizes instigation of Indians against British colonies. - General Braddock arrives in Williamsburg, Virginia. - British troops defeated by the French near Fort Duquesne in the colonies. - English colonial troops capture French commander Dieskau. - French Fort Beauséjour is taken by the English forces. - British build their first navel vessel on Lake Ontario. - Lisbon, Spain, 30,000 people die in earthquake. - Samuel Johnson publishes "Dictionary of the English Language. "
The English create a four-part plan to prevent New France from expanding. First, capture Forts Duquesne, Niagara, and Beauséjour (Acadia). Second, begin construction of Forts Edward and William Henry. But, English general Edward Braddock leads his troops into ambush and defeat by the French and their Indian allies. Then, William Johnson's colonial troops capture French commander Dieskau and prevent French expansion in the Champlain Valley. = Digital

27Jun1755 the British built and launched their first navel vessel on Lake Ontario, a move suggested by Benjamin Franklin. After drilling his combined force at Fort Cumberland, Braddock marched into the Allegheny wilderness in June 1755. His advance was cautious and in good order, with the pioneers (engineers) hacking a road 12 feet wide through the virgin forest. Built on an old Indian trail, the road was widened and surfaced to accommodate both wagons and cannon. While the axe-men hacked the road, clearing as they went, often no more than four miles could be covered. = Digital

1756 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria. The governor of Pennsylvania offers a bounty of 130 Spanish dollars for "the scalp of every male Indian enemy above the age of twelve years produced as evidence of their being killed". In January the convention of Westminster is signed between Prussia and Hanover, that neither would allow the entry of a foreign army onto German soil. In May the treaty of Versailles was signed between Austria and France. On August 27, Frederick the Great led the armies of Prussia into Saxony, thus beginning the Seven Years War. = Christy's

1756-1763: The Seven Years War = Imperial Russia

1756 Seven Years' War </cgi-bin/id/CE047131> (French and Indian Wars in America) (to 1763), in which Britain and Prussia defeat France, Spain, Austria, and Russia. France loses North American colonies; Spain cedes Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba. In India, over 100 British prisoners die in “Black Hole of Calcutta.” = Kid Info

1756 The British government purchased the right to export 600,000 Russian trees each year to supply the Royal Navy. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

28May1756 French capture Minorca. - Britain declares war on France, fighting on two fronts in India and North America. = Digital

29Aug1756 "The Seven Years' War" (1756-63) officially began on August 29, when Frederick of Prussia invades the German State of Saxony. - This war, which was a widening of the conflict between Britain and France in North America, became a world conflict. The combatants included Prussia and Hanover on the British side against Austria, Russia, Saxony, Spain and Sweden with France. = Digital

1757 The British East India Company gained control of Bengal after Robert Clive won the Battle of Plassey. Russia signs onto the treaty of Versailles, which Austria and France had signed the year before and in August a Russian army attacks East Prussia. = Christy's

1757 Beginning of British Empire </cgi-bin/id/CE007535> in India as Robert Clive, British commander, defeats Nawab of Bengal at Plassey. = Kid Info

1757 Fort William Henry captured and destroyed by French August 9, 1757.The Marquis de Montcalm captures and destroys Fort William Henry on Lake George. William Pitt becomes Prim Minister in t he summer of 1757. Pitt’s rise to power came too late to change the tide of English losses in 1757. During the winter of 1757 - 58, he pushed the preparations for the final defeat of the French in North America. Soon he his fleets and armies were striking everywhere- in Europe, India, Africa and hardest hit, the French in North America. His grand plan to defeat France included the capture of Louisbourg, and Forts Ticonderoga and Duquesne. All English forces are then to converge on the last target, Quebec. = Digital

1758-1769 Pope Clement XIII = Christianity

1758 The French fortress of Louisbourg falls to the American and British attackers after a seven week siege.Augustus III, king of Poland, requests from the Russian Empress Elizabeth that his son Charles, be given the Dukedom of Courland. Elizabeth agrees to the request. = Christy's

1758 Appearance of Halley's comet. = Digital

Jul1758 the first British troops dispatched to Germany under Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. = Digital

27Jul1758 British capture French fortress of Louisbourg in Canada - Fort Duquesne is abandoned and burned by the French, the English begin construction of Fort Pitt near the site. - The Easton treaty is signed between the Pennsylvania colonial government and the Delawares, thus settling boundary questions = Digital

Aug1758 Battle of Minden in Germany - In America = Digital

1759 The Duke of Bridgewater builds a seven and a half miles long canal between his mines and Manchester (thus lowering the cost of his coal and demonstrating to the rest of Britian of the importance of canals). = Christy's

1759 North America [areas inhabited by white people] Measles = Epidemic

1759 British capture Quebec from French. Voltaire </cgi-bin/id/CE054552>'s Candide. Haydn </cgi-bin/id/CE023205>'s Symphony No. 1. = Kid Info

1759 William Johnson's troops capture Fort Niagara. General Amherst attacks the forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, the French abandon and blow up both forts. Quebec is captured by the English. = Digital

1760-1820 George III King of England = Christianity

1760 George III of Great Britain crowned. Francis Nixon, an Irishman, comes up with a way to print chintz (brightly colored cloth) using copperplates. = Christy's

1760 In the following decade, 20,000 Irish workers emigrated from seaports at Ulster. Most of these people moved to North America, voyaging on the same ships that brought flax from the new world to linen mills in Ulster. Many of the emigrants were skilled linen weavers. A sharp decline in the linen market in 1770 exacerbated the situation, and over 30,000 additional people emigrated in the first half of that decade. (Zuckerman, 1998) = PlantTrivia

31Jul-08Sep1760 Battle of Warburg in Germany, Amherst captures Montreal and ends French resistance in Canada. = Digital

08Sep1760 Northwestern Territory (including Illinois) ceded to England by France. StofIL1902

Sep1760 Mid September, Fort Detroit surrenders to Colonel Robert Rogers. The British flag is raised over Detroit, signaling the end of the French and Indian War. = Digital

25Oct1760 death of King George II , he is succeeded by his grandson, George III. = Digital

1761 Agricultural machines are displayed in London in an exhibition by the Society of Arts. - A Russian poet scientist, Mikhail Lomonosov, discovers the atmosphere of Venus. - General Amherst forbids presents of food and arms to Indians. - Senecas present a war belt to Detroit Indians, but it is rejected and disclosed to the fort commander. = Digital

1761 John Hill established an association between tobacco snuff and malignant (and fatal) nose polyps. (Lewis & Elvin-Lewis, 1977) = PlantTrivia

1761 Kölreuter reported his work on the role of insects in pollination. His detailed descriptions of insect activity and floral structure instructed botanists on the mechanisms and significance of insect pollination, and led directly to the work of Sprengel. (Morton, 1981) (HNT)[See 1716, & 1877] = PlantTrivia

1761 By this year British land grants in New England required that pine trees, most notably white pine, that were suitable as ship masts be conserved - to be cut only under license by the crown. Appointed surveyors marked trees to be protected with the “king’s broad arrow,” a triangular scar. This decree, among many others, greatly perturbed American colonists. The first flag used by Revolutionaries bore the image of a single white pine - representing the state of Massachusetts. [See 1652] (Rupp, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1761 North America and West Indies Influenza = Epidemic

1762 Catherine II </cgi-bin/id/CE009610> (“the Great”) becomes czarina of Russia. Jean Jacques Rousseau </cgi-bin/id/CE044879>'s Social Contract. Mozart </cgi-bin/id/CE035736> tours Europe as six-year-old prodigy. = Kid Info

1762-1796: Catherine II, The Great <CathyGreat.html> = Imperial Russia

1762 When Empress Elizabeth dies Peter III <http://www.sptimes.com/Treasures/TC.2.3.12.html> of Russia becomes ruler. He signs a document restoring to Prussia all the land Russia had taken from it in the past while.... within a few months he is overthrown by wife, Catherine the Great and her supporters. The French government sets up a special section of the Gobelins tapestry factory to produce Chinese and Japanese fakes, since the demand for Chinese and Japanese goods were draining the country of gold. = Christy's

1762 Battle of Wilhelmstahl in Germany - War with Spain breaks out. Sweden and Prussia sign a Treaty of Hamburg, Prussia and Austria sign alliance - Martinique, Grenada, Havana and Manila captured by the British - British expedition captures Buenos Aries from Spain - The Sorbonne Library first opens in Paris - In Scotland, cast iron is converted into malleable iron for the first time at the ironworks in Stirlingshire = Digital

Jun1762 with the allied forces surrounding Prussia's army, the Russian empress Elizabeth dies.- Peter III takes over Russia and immediately pulls out of the war.- This turn of fate saved Britain and Prussia and allowed them to sign a peace treaty. - War belts are circulated among western Indians, encouraged by Senecas and Frenchmen. = Digital

23Aug1762 Major Henry Gladwin takes command of Detroit. = Digital

1763 Illinois is in area ceded by French to British after French and Indian War. = ILGenWeb

1763 French and Indian War ends. The Royal Proclamation renames the colony of Canada as the province of Quebec. Catherine the Great of Russia takes the Dukedom of Courland away from Charles (son of Augustus III, king of Poland) and gives it instead to Biran. Augustus III of Poland dies. = Christy's

1763 Royal Proclamation of King George III recognizes aboriginal title and rights to land = Canada

10Feb1763 The Treaty of Paris is signed, officially ending the war between France and England, giving England title to virtually all territory east of the Mississippi River. The Ottawa Chief Pontiac, unites and leads the Indian nations of the Northwest Territory (Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio) against the English. Ending the Seven years War in Europe with the Peace of Paris - In the American theatre, the French and Indian War ends. The Proclamation Act of 1763 is announced by the English government to keep colonial settlers from moving into Indian territory west of the Appalachian Mountains. = Digital

03Apr1763 Treaty with Senecas = Digital

09May1763 Pontiac lays siege to Fort Detroit with a force composed of Ottawas, Chippawa, Potawatomi, Huron, Shawnee, and Delaware warriors. Indians near Detroit move east in force Tribal allies destroy forts at Venango, LeBoeuf, and Presque Isle. Senecas wipe out a convoy near Niagara. - Forts at Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Niagara hold out against besiegers. = Digital

Jul1763 On their own initiative, but with sanction from Amherst and Bouquet, the garrison at Fort Pitt start an epidemic among the Indians by infecting besieging chiefs with blankets from the smallpox hospital. = Digital

01Aug1763 Indians withdraw from siege of Fort Pitt. = Digital

05Aug1763 Colonel Bouquet fights off an attack at Bushy Run and forces attackers to withdraw. - British government is provided for Quebec, Florida and Grenada by act of law -The "St. James Chronicles" are published in London - Voltaire publishes "Treatise on Tolerance."- New York and New Jersey Chambers of Commerce are formed. = Digital

06Aug1763 British forces destroy Delaware and Shawnee forces at Bushy Run = Digital

12Aug1763 Delawares, Hurons and Five Nations sue for peace = Digital

Sep1763 Forts Pitt, Detroit and Niagara are strengthened against Indian Attack = Digital

07Sep1763 Treaty with Ottawas and Chippawas = Digital

17Nov1763 Amherst embarks for England, he is succeeded as commander in chief by General Thomas Gage. = Digital

28Nov1763 Hostage repartition between Indians and British completed = Digital

1764 Catherine the Great of Russia and Frederick of Prussia sign an agreement to bring presure on the Polish diet to elect Stanislas Poniatowski as their new ruler. Stanislas is elected on September 7th. James Hargreaves creates the spinning jenny, a mechnical spinning wheel. = Christy's

1764: Church lands are secularized. = Imperial Russia

1764 German Society for the Protection of Immigrants in Philadelphia = German American

1764 The Sugar Act, taxing the colonies, is amended. - London houses are numbered for the first time. - The London Literary Club is founded. - James Watt invents the condenser. - St. Louis' first permanent settlement is established. - Czar Ivan VI is murdered in prison. Fort Niagara becomes the staging point for a spring expedition. British Regulars and Provincial troops gather there. = Digital

1764 The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves. [See 1733] = PlantTrivia

Aug1764 Early August, Bradstreet led expedition across Lake Erie, relieved Detroit and held councils with Indians. = Digital

Dec1764 By the end of 1764 British regain control of the Great Lakes. = Digital

1765 James Watt invents the steam engine. Britain imposes the Stamp Act on the American colonists. = Kid Info

1765 The Finnish-born clergyman and politician Anders Chydenius <http://haku.kansallisbiografia.fi/FMPro?-db=umkbnet.fp5&-format=%2fkb%2fum%2frecord%5fdetail.htm&-lay=www&-sortfield=LAJITTELUKENTT%c4&-op=eq&cSukunimihaku2=Chydenius,%20Anders&-max=40&-find=> publishes his book The National Gain in which he proposes free trade, eleven years before the publication of Adam Smith´s Wealth of Nations.= Finland

1765 The Stamp Act is passed, taxing the colonies. - Virginia Assembly questions the British governments right to tax. - Delegates from nine colonies meet in New York to draft a declaration of rights and liberties. = Digital

1765 The Pennsylvania Hospital (in Philadelphia) first institution in the U.S. exclusively for the care of the sick. Funded by voluntary subscriptions. = Social Security

10Oct1765 English take formal possession of Illinois. StofIL1902

1766 Governor Murray of Quebec is replaced by Guy Carleton. = Christy's

1766 30th state admitted into the union, Wisconsin May 29, 1848; having been settled by 1766 =infoplease

1766 Repeal of the Stamp Act. - Britain's right to tax the colonies is restated in the Declaratory Act. - Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, two English surveyors lay down Mason-Dixon Line. - Pontiac treats with William Johnson for peace. - Theatre Royal in Bristol opens. - Czarina Catherine the Great of Russia declares freedom of worship. - The first paved sidewalk is finished in Westminster, London. - Henry Cavendish discovers hydrogen is lighter than air. = Digital

1767

1768 Russo-Turkish war. Captain ~James Cook <http://members.tripod.com/cuculus/cook.html> leaves England for a three year exploration of the Pacific. = Christy's

1768-1774 Russo-Turkish War; Russians gain concessions from the Ottoman Empire by Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji, making it the chief power in the Near East.= Bukovina

1768 Barbara Heck, German-lrish, founds first Methodist church in New York = German American

09Dec1768 First English court estabished at Fort Charles. StofIL1902

1769-1775 Pope Clement XIV = Christianity

1769 Richard Arkwright invents a water frame to speed up the process of spinning threads. = Christy's

1769 Scottish inventor James Watt patents a practical steam engine. = Digital

1769 Sir William Arkwright patents a spinning machine-an early step in the Industrial Revolution </cgi-bin/id/CE025582>. = Kid Info

1769 Sweet oranges were established at San Diego mission. In 1804 the first sizeable citrus orchard in California was established at the San Gabriel mission. = PlantTrivia

1769 16th state admitted into the union, Tennessee June 1, 1796; having been settled by 1769 =infoplease

1769 31st state admitted into the union, California Sept. 9, 1850; having been settled by 1769 =infoplease

1770 Beethoven born. ~Boston massacre. <http://odur.let.rug.nl/usa/D/1751-1775/bostonmassacre/anon.htm> Poet William Wordsworth is born. = Christy's

1770 Australia was “discovered” by the British (though the Dutch had already named the area New Holland and had experienced at least 15 landings since 1606.) James Cook set out in the Endeavor on a scientific mission in 1768, with the young naturalists Joseph Banks and Daniel Charles Solander (a pupil of Linnaeus), as well as artists. On 29 April 1770, the ship stood into Botany Bay, which Cook originally called Sting Ray Harbor; but, the great collection of new plants by Banks and Solander provoked him to change the name. = PlantTrivia

1770 An entire year’s supply of nutmeg and cloves was destroyed in Amsterdam with the goal of maintaining high prices. Beginning in the 17th century Dutch traders had gained control of spice production in the Moluccas (at the expense of the Portuguese). Short supply kept prices high enough to create fortunes. (Root, 1980) [See 1602] = PlantTrivia

1770 Joseph Priestly coined the name “rubber” for the natural latex of the South American tree Hevea brasiliensis, noting it is “a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the marks of a black lead pencil.” Rubber was first introduced to Europe in 1744 by Charles Marie de la Condamine. (Lewington, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1770 The Boston Massacre. = Kid Info

1770s Captain Cook explores the West Coast = Canada

1771 First steam powered vehicle. = Digital

1772 Poland is partitioned for the first time, between Russia, Prussia and Austria. There is a coup d'etat in Sweden. = Christy's

1772 Joseph Priestley </cgi-bin/id/CE042172> and Daniel Rutherford independently discover nitrogen. Partition of Poland-in 1772, 1793, and
1795, Austria, Prussia, and Russia divide land and people of Poland, end its independence. = Kid Info

1772 An uprising against British authority in New England, the Pine Tree Riot, resulted from the levying of fines on a New Hampshire man for cutting what were determined to be the King’s pines. (Connor, 1994) = PlantTrivia

1772 First partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria in which Austria annexes Galicia.= Bukovina

1772 Pennsylvania Germans ("Dutchmen") form their own militias / Moravians found Schoenbrunn mission in Ohio = German American

1772 North America Measles = Epidemic

British Colonists paid their taxes without representation in Parliment...

1773 Clement XIV dissolves Jesuits = Tour Italy

1773 The Boston Tea Party. = Kid Info

1773-1775: Pugachev Revolt = Imperial Russia

1773 American colonists, disguised as Indians, dump shiploads of tea into the Boston harbour to protest taxation without representation, as the colonies had no elected representatives. = Christy's

1773 Americans were displeased by a 3% tax imposed by the English Parliament on tea and other products. That small tax added to a 100% import duty that all English subjects already paid on tea, and led to an increase in smuggling of tea from Holland. Loss of business for the London-based John Company resulted in the Tea Act of 1773, which eliminated the 100% tax - meaning the Dutch would be undersold. Even though this change represented a savings for American tea drinkers, the monopoly granted to the John Company continued to carry a 3% tax for colonists who had no representation in Parliament. The uniting of American colonists resulted in some ships being turned away at their ports, but for others (in Boston, Greenwich, Charleston, Philadelphia, New York, Annapolis, and Edenton), boarding parties threw consignments of tea into the sea. (Pratt, 1982) = PlantTrivia

1774 First Continental Congress </cgi-bin/id/CE012516> drafts “Declaration of Rights and Grievances.” = Kid Info

1774: Treaty of Kutchuk-Kainardji = Imperial Russia

1774 Warren Hastings, the first British governor-general of India took office. Russo-Turkey war ends. Louis XV of France dies and his grandson, Louis XVI is crowned. The Quebec Act <http://members.xoom.com/history_1/his951/readings/1774act.htm> is passed, allowing for Catholics to hold office, re-establishing old boundaries of Canada, and allowing French law. = Christy's

1774 Major General Gabriel Baron von Spleny crosses Galician-Polish frontier and carries out military occupation of "Austrian" Moldavia, later called Bukovina; serves as military governor until his replacement by General Karl von Enzenberg.= Bukovina

1774-9 Spanish explorer Juan Perez sights Queen Charlotte Islands & visits off Vancouver Island = Canada

1774 15th state admitted into the union, Kentucky June 1, 1792; having been settled by 1774 =infoplease

05Sep1774 First Contenintal Congress held in Philadelphia. WorldAlman

1775-1800 Pope Pius VI = Christianity

1775 N. Amer [especially hard in NE] epidemic Unknown = Epidemic

1775 Juan Francisco de Bodega y Quadra penetrates close to the Nass River = Canada

1775 By Treaty of Constantinople, Austria annexes Bukovina which serves as a land bridge connecting its provinces of Galicia and Transylvania.= Bukovina

1775 The American Revolution </cgi-bin/id/CE001826> begins with battle of Lexington and Concord. Second Continental Congress. Priestley discovers hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. = Kid Info

18Apr1775 Paul Revere/rode to alert patriots of British invasion. WorldAlman

Apr1775 affair at Lexington, and start of the American War of Independence - June 17, Battle of Bunker Hill = Digital

1775-6 Worldwide [one of the worst epidemics] Influenza = Epidemic

1775-1783 American Revolutionary War. WorldAlman

1776 British colonies in America declare independance from England, American Revolution = Christianity

1776 Declaration of Independence <http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/declare.htm>; Smith publishes "Wealth of Nations." San Franciso is founded. = Christy's

1776 Declaration of Independence </cgi-bin/id/A0101022>. Gen. George Washington </cgi-bin/id/A0760587> crosses the Delaware Christmas night. Adam Smith </cgi-bin/id/CE048266>'s Wealth of Nations. Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Thomas Paine </cgi-bin/id/CE039124>'s Common Sense. Fragonard's Washerwoman. Mozart's Haffner Serenade. = Kid Info

1776 The Great American Revolution / Braunschweiger and Hessian troops land in Quebec (and introduce the decorated Christmas tree to North America); more than 10,000 remained in America = German American

1776 Small pox epidemic = Canada

1776 San Francisco is founded by Spanish officer Juan Bautista de Anza. = Digital

1776 48th state admitted into the union, Arizona Feb. 14, 1912; having been settled by 1776 =infoplease

02May1776 France and Spain agreed to provide one million livres in arms to the Americans. WorldAlman

02Jul1776 Declaration of Independence signed and enacted, the 4th of July is when anouncement reached the public and is thus celebrated as Independence Day in the United States.

27Aug1776 Battle of Long Island. = Digital

1777 Clark's conquest of Illinois begins Revolutionary War. StofIL1902

1777 Gen. von Steuben trains American army / Molly Pitcher (Maria Ludwig) fights in several battles / Christopher Ludwig is the army's director of baking / Major F. von Heer commands Gen. Washington's German body-guards / Gen. Nicholas Herkimer and the Germans of the Mohawk Valley defeat the British at Oriskan = German American

11Sep1777 Battle of Brandywine - October 17, surrender f Burgoyne at Saratoga. = Digital

1778 Voltaire dies. = Christy's

1778 Captain Cook charts Nootka Sound on his third expedition to the Pacific = Canada

1778 Capt. James Cook </cgi-bin/id/CE012571> discovers Hawaii. Franz Mesmer uses hypnotism. = Kid Info

1778 General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a Prussian officer, became inspector general of the Continental Army. = GermansInAm

1778 First census of Bukovina shows a population of a little more than 100,000.= Bukovina

1778 George Rogers Clark captures Kaskaskia and Cahokia from British. Virginia claims Illinois; cedes land to United States in 1784. =ILGenWeb

04Jul1778 Kaskaskia taken by Americans (Revolutionary War). StofIL1902

1779 Jan Ingenhousz’s Experiments upon vegetables... (HNT) showed that plants produce oxygen in sunlight and carbon dioxide in darkness. This work added to studies by his friend Priestley, but unlike Priestley, who was interested primarily in the nature of gases, Ingenhousz was concerned with the physiology of plants. = PlantTrivia

1779 Opposing Austrian and Prussian armies came to a stalemate in Bohemia when both armies consumed the local potato stores to depletion. The resulting lack of food combined with cold weather forced a retreat of both sides. Today this War of Bavarian Succession is still sometimes called “The Potato War.” (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1779 Start of the siege of Gibraltar. = Digital

1779 Gen. von Steuben writes first handbook for U.S. Army = German American

1780 Death of Empress Maria Theresa after a reign of forty years; accession to the Austrian throne of Joseph II, an "enlightened monarch."= Bukovina

1780 John Hannon, financed by Dr. James Baker, started the first chocolate factory in the US in Dorchester, Mass. (Fussell, 1986) James Baker later founded Baker’s Chocolate. = PlantTrivia

1780 Englishman Philip Luckombe commented concerning Ireland that: “landlords first get all that is made of the land, and the tenants, for their labor, get poverty and potatoes.” (Zuckerman, 1998) = PlantTrivia

1780 Steel pen points begin to replace quill feathers. James Watt invents a paper copier, using a special ink that stays wet for 24 hours, thus allowing someone to press another paper over it and copy the ink. = Christy's

1780s Epidemics appear on the Pacific Northwest coast = Canada

16Aug1780 Battle of Camden. = Digital

1781 Patent of Toleration grants freedom of worship to Protestants and opens the way for Protestant Germans from outside the Austrian Empire to settle within its territories.= Bukovina

1781 Immanuel Kant <thinker.htm> writes his "Critique of Pure Reason". Los Angeles founded. = Christy's

1781 Immanuel Kant </cgi-bin/id/CE027747>'s Critique of Pure Reason. Herschel discovers Uranus. = Kid Info

1781 Articles of Confederation a loose union is created by the American states = Digital

1781 First permanent Anglo-American settlement. StofIL1902

15Mar1781 Battle of Guildford = Digital

19Oct1781 Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown = Digital

1782 Patent of Settlement offers land, farm implements, livestock, and frame houses to those inside and outside the realm who wish to settle in Bukovina.= Bukovina

1782 Oliver Evans contracted to build a flour mill on Red Clay Creek, north of Wilmington, Delaware. His “improvements” produced the first automated mill. One person could run an automated mill and produce 20 barrels of flour in a day. Ordinary mills required one person for ten barrels. (Storck & Teague, 1952) = PlantTrivia

1782 Governer Morris suggests the idea of decimalizing the American coinage, thereby making it the metric system, and Thomas Jefferson takes up the idea based off the Spanish (silver) dollar. = Christy's

1782-1787 German Protestants from the Palatinate, Rhineland, and Württemberg settle in already-existing communities of Arbora, Tereblestie, Illischestie, Fratautz, Milleschoutz-Badeutz, Satulmare, Molodia, Rosch, Zuczka, Mitoka-Dragomirna, and Czernowitz.= Bukovina

1783 Earthquake in Calabria, Italy kills 30,000 = Christianity

1783 Joseph Michel and Jacques Étienne Montgolfier became the first human beings to fly with their invention of the hot air balloon <http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Union/BUHABS/first.html>. The Treaty of Paris <http://www.csusm.edu/public/guests/history/docs/paris_treaty.html> formalizes the American independence and defines America's borders. = Christy's

1783 As many as 5,000 of the Hessian soldiers hired by Britain to fight in the Revolutionary War remained in America after the end of hostilities. = GermansInAm

1783 First German brass band founded in Philadelphia = German American

1783 End of the siege of Gibraltar - Peace of Versailles; end of the War of American Independence.- General George Washington resigned from the Continental Army = Digital

1783 Revolutionary War ends with Treaty of Paris. William Blake's poems. Beethoven </cgi-bin/id/CE005202>'s first printed works. = Kid Info

1783 Dover, DE ["extremely fatal"] Bilious Disorder = Epidemic

03Sep1783 Illinois is formally ceded to United Sates by England. StofIL1902

1784 Treaty of Paris ratified, ending the American Revolution = Digital

1784 Crimea annexed by Russia. John Wesley </cgi-bin/id/CE055371>'s Deed of Declaration, the basic work of Methodism. = Kid Info

1784-1809 Germans from the Zips (Spiss in today's Slovakia) brought to Bukovina by Anton Manz who had gained concessions to exploit mineral deposits after silver, lead, iron, and copper had been discovered; miners settled in Jakobeni (1784), Kirlibaba (1797), Luisental (1805), and Freudental (1807); others put down roots in Stulpikany, Frassin, and Paltinossa. Manz provides housing and garden plots for those in his employ.= Bukovina

1784 Johann Jacob Astor arrives and becomes richest American / German Society for the Protection of Immigrants founded in New York = German American

1784 John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/chair.html> left his village of Waldorf in Germany and arrived in the United States in 1784 with $25 and seven flutes. He amassed a fortune from real estate dealings and the fur trade, and at his death was by far the richest man in the country, worth an estimated $20 million. = GermansInAm

1784 49th state admitted into the union, Alaska Jan. 3, 1959; having been settled by 1784 =infoplease

1785 Maritime trading voyages begin along Pacific coast (to 1820s) = Canada

1785 Edmund Cartwright invents a power loom. = Christy's

1785: The Charter of the Cities and the Charter of the Nobility are issued = Imperial Russia

1785 Russians settle Aleutian Islands. = Kid Info

1785 First Federal grant made: land was allocated for establishing public schools in the Northwest Territory. = Social Security

1786 The British government announces it's plans to make Australia a penal colony. = Christy's

1786 Prussia's Frederick the Great recognizes the independent USA = German American

1786-1849 General Karl Baron von Enzenberg recalled by Vienna; military government withdrawn; Bukovina administratively linked with Galicia; Polish orthography adopted for the spelling of many place names in Bukovina.= Bukovina

1787 Russo-Turkish war. French physicist Jacques Charles discovers "~Charles Law <http://edie.cprost.sfu.ca/rhlogan/charles.html>" describing the relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas. = Christy's

1787 The Constitution of the United States </cgi-bin/id/A0101025> signed. Lavoisier's work on chemical nomenclature. Mozart's Don Giovanni. = Kid Info

1787-1792 Catherine II's second war against the Ottoman Empire; further encroachments by Russia at the expense of the Turks by the Treaty of Jassy.= Bukovina

1787 Captain George Dixon meets Haida and names the Queen Charlotte Islands = Canada

13Jul1787 Northwest Ordinance adopted by Continental Congress. Determined government of Northwest Territory north of Ohio River, west of New York; 60,000 inhabitants could get statehood. Guaranteed freedom of religion, support for schools, no slavery. WorldAlman

1787 The Northwest Ordnance endowed States and territorial universities with land grants. = Social Security

07Dec1787 1st state admitted into the union, Delaware Dec. 7, 1787; having been settled by 1638 =infoplease

12Dec1787 2nd state admitted into the union, Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787; having been settled by 1682 =infoplease

18Dec1787 3rd state admitted into the union, New Jersey Dec. 18, 1787; having been settled by 1660 =infoplease

1788 United States Constitution <http://members.aol.com/tcnbp/> ratified. The Qajar dynasty, rulers of Iran, make Tehran their capital. They would rule Iran until the 1920s. = Christy's

1788 French Parlement presents grievances to Louis XVI who agrees to convening of Estates-General in 1789-not called since 1613. Goethe </cgi-bin/id/CE021156>'s Egmont. Laplace's Laws of the Planetary System. = Kid Info

1788 Alaska is claimed as Russian territory = Canada

1788 Philadelphia and New York Measles = Epidemic

1788 17th state admitted into the union, Ohio Mar. 1, 1803; having been settled by 1788 =infoplease

1788 29th state admitted into the union, Iowa Dec. 28, 1846; having been settled by 1788 =infoplease

02Jan1788 4th state admitted into the union, Georgia Jan. 2, 1788; having been settled by 1733 =infoplease

09Jan1788 5th state admitted into the union, Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788; having been settled by 1634 =infoplease

06Feb1788 6th state admitted into the union, Massachusetts Feb. 6, 1788; having been settled by 1620 =infoplease

28Apr1788 7th state admitted into the union, Maryland Apr. 28, 1788; having been settled by 1634 =infoplease

23May1788 8th state admitted into the union, South Carolina May 23, 1788; having been settled by 1670 =infoplease

21Jun1788 9th state admitted into the union, New Hampshire June 21, 1788; having been settled by 1623 =infoplease

25Jun1788 10th state admitted into the union, Virginia June 25, 1788; having been settled by 1607 =infoplease

26Jul1788 11th state admitted into the union, New York July 26, 1788; having been settled by 1614 =infoplease

1789 Summoning of the Estates General by Louis XVI of France; outbreak of the French Revolution.= Bukovina

1789 French Revolution </cgi-bin/id/CE019544> begins with the storming of the Bastille. (For detailed chronology, see French Revolution (1789-1799) </cgi-bin/id/A0001236>.) In U.S., Washington elected president with all 69 votes of the Electoral College, takes oath of office in New York City. Vice President: John Adams. Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson. Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton. = Kid Info

1789 French Revolution <http://members.aol.com/agentmess/frenchrev/index.html>- Fall of the Bastille. Mutiny on the British ship the Bounty. George Washington inaugurated as the first President of the United States. Alexander Mackenzie travels with the French-Canadian voyageurs up the river that now bears his name to the Artic. There is a coup d'etat in Sweden. Gustavus III of Sweden passes his Act of Union and Security. = Christy's

1789 Alexander Mackenzie reaches Arctic Ocean and explores Slave & Mackenzie Rivers = Canada

1789 Spanish build fort in Nootka Sound = Canada

1789 American Constitution is ratified, creating a stronger central government = Digital

1789 The Federal Government accepted the responsibility of providing pensions to disabled veterans of the Revolutionary War. = Social Security

1789 Baptist Reverend Elijah Craig of Scott County, Kentucky, is given credit for first aging Kentucky corn whiskey, thus creating America’s first bourbon whiskey. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

21Nov1789 12th state admitted into the union, North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789; having been settled by 1660 =infoplease

1790 First US Census with heads of household recorded, states included in this census were: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia. = Census

1790 By this date as many as 100,000 Germans may have immigrated to America; they and their descendants made up an estimated 8.6 percent of the population of the United States; in Pennsylvania they accounted for 33 percent of the population; in Maryland for 12 percent. = GermansInAm

1790 Death of Joseph II; accession to the Austrian throne of Francis I (known as Francis II in his capacity of Holy Roman Emperor).= Bukovina

1790-1795 Northwest Indian War led by Gen "Mad" Anthony Wade. WorldAlman

1790 Nootka convention between Spain and Britain = Canada

1790 H.M.S. Bounty mutineers settle on Pitcairn Island. Aloisio Galvani experiments on electrical stimulation of the muscles. Philadelphia temporary capital of U.S. as Congress votes to establish new capital on Potomac. U.S. population about 3,929,000, including 698,000 slaves. Lavoisier formulates Table of 31 chemical elements. = Kid Info

27Apr1790 Saint Clair County created a county of the Northwest Territory (this will later become an Illinois county) = Cahokia

29May1790 13th state admitted into the union, Rhode Island May 29, 1790; having been settled by 1636 =infoplease

Jul1790 First settled portion of Illinois organized into a county of Ohio Territory. StofIL1902

1791 U.S. Bill of Rights ratified. Boswell's Life of Johnson. = Kid Info

1791 American Bill of Rights adopted. John Wesley <http://gbgm-umc.org/umhistory/Wesley/>, founder of the Methodist church, dies at age 88. Catholic Relief Act permits mass, travel, and schools for Catholics in England. The Constitution Act <http://members.xoom.com/history_1/his951/readings/cons1791.htm> is passed by the British parliament - the act is concerned with the governing of Quebec. = Christy's

1791 An excise tax on whiskey (to help retire debts from the Revolutionary War) prompted the Whiskey Rebellion that peaked in 1794 near Pittsburgh. The tax was repealed 8 years later. [See 1862] (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

04Mar1791 14th state admitted into the union, Vermont Mar. 4, 1791; having been settled by 1724 =infoplease

1792 Russo-Turkish war ends. First US mint established. In April France declares war on Austria and Prussia. = Christy's

1792 Captain George Vancouver charts most of Georgia Straight = Canada

1792 Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman. = Kid Info

1792-1815 Six major coalitions against revolutionary France and Napoleon.= Bukovina

01Jun1792 15th state admitted into the union, Kentucky June 1, 1792; having been settled by 1774 =infoplease

1793 Louis XVI </cgi-bin/id/CE031361> and Marie Antoinette </cgi-bin/id/CE032888> executed. Reign of Terror begins in France. Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin, spurring the growth of the cotton industry and helping to institutionalize slavery in the U.S. South. = Kid Info

1793: Second partition of Poland <2PartPoland.html> = Imperial Russia

1793 Second partition of Poland between Russia and Prussia.= Bukovina

1793 Beginning of the Reign of Terror in France. Poland is divided between Russia and Prussia. King George III of Britain sends Lord Macartney to try and negotiate a more open trading system. Upper Canada abolishes slavery. The Holy Roman Empire declares war on France. = Christy's

1793 Alexander Mackenzie reaches Pacific in first overland crossing of North America = Canada

1793 The first local health department with a permanent board of health was formed in Baltimore, Maryland. = Social Security

1793 Eli Whitney invented cotton gin, reviving slavery. WorldAlman

1793 Vermont [a "putrid" fever] and Influenza = Epidemic

1793 VA [killed 500 in 5 counties in 4 weeks] Influenza = Epidemic

1793 Philadelphia [one of the worst epidemics] Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1793 Harrisburg, PA [many unexplained deaths] Unknown = Epidemic

1793 Middletown, PA [many mysterious deaths] Unknown = Epidemic

1793-1817 First wave of state-sponsored Germans from Bohemian Forest (present-day Czechoslovakia); settlements in Althiitte (1793), Karlsberg (1797), Fürstental (1803), Neuhütte (1815); some had first homesteaded in Galicia.= Bukovina

1793 -1794 Campaign in the Netherlands = Digital

01Feb1793 France declares war on Great Britain = Digital

1794 The French capture the Rhineland. Tadeusz Kosciuszko <http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/08694a.htm> heads the failed revolution in Poland. = Christy's

1794 Philadelphia, PA Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1794 Kosciusko </cgi-bin/id/CE028888>'s uprising in Poland quelled by the Russians. In U.S., Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania as farmers object to liquor taxes. Reign of Terror ends with execution of Robespierre </cgi-bin/id/CE044361>. = Kid Info

1794 Ely Whitney invented the cotton gin (a machine that pulls cottonseed apart from the hairs i.e. the cotton fibers) in 1793. (Simpson, 1989) Patented in 1794, this machine changed American life dramatically. By 1807 the US supplied 60% of Britain’s cotton, becoming the world’s largest producer by 1820 - with production rising from 3,000 bales in 1790 to 4.5 million bales by 1860. The plantation production of cotton and the manner in which cotton exhausts nutrients from its soil meant that between 1790 and 1860 over 800,000 slaves were moved to the new territories of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. (Ponting, 1991) With increased production, cotton came to underwrite so completely the economy of cotton states that any sentiment against slavery slowly disappeared in the South. Cotton production thus drove the division between North and South. = PlantTrivia

Sep1794 Whiskey Rebellion, west Pennsylvania farmers protest liquor tax of 1791, suppressed by 15,000 militiamen. Alexander Hamilton used incident to establish authority of new federal government in enforcing its laws. WorldAlman

1795 Third partition of Poland between Prussia, Russia, and Austria; Poland liquidated from the map of Europe until its restoration in 1919.= Bukovina

1795 Poland is divided between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Scottish Mungo Park begins exploring <http://www.travelbooks.co.uk/ext/africax.html> the Niger river. J. F. Blumenbach writes his book "The Human Species" thus laying the foundation of anthropology. = Christy's

1795 British colonists planted clove trees in Panang. By 1796 the English had gained control of all Dutch East Indian possessions except Java. [See 1824] (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

05Oct1795 Randolph County was created a county of the Northwest Territory (this will later become an Illinois county) = Cahokia

1796 Catherine the Great's <http://snafu.mit.edu/people/kate/ba.html> son Paul <http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/Paul.html> takes the throne in Russia = Christy's

1796 Napoléon Bonaparte </cgi-bin/id/CE036313>, French general, defeats Austrians. In the U.S., Washington's Farewell Address (Sept. 17); John Adams </cgi-bin/id/A0760588> elected president; Thomas Jefferson, vice president. Edward Jenner introduces smallpox vaccination. = Kid Info

1796-97 Napoleon’s first Italian campaign = Tour Italy

1796 The founding of the Boston Dispensary, Boston, Massachusetts, was the first organized medical care service in New England. This was the recognized forerunner of present day home care programs. = Social Security

1796-7 Philadelphia, PA Yellow Fever = Epidemic

01Jun1796 16th state admitted into the union, Tennessee June 1, 1796; having been settled by 1769 =infoplease

1797 The Rajah, out of Salem, MA, returned to New York with full cargo of bulk pepper from Sumatra. Investors made 700% profit, spawning investment by other Salem merchants. This Salem-based trade flourished until 1856, creating some of the first great fortunes in the US. (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1797 In Burlington, New Jersey, Charles Newbold was awarded a patent for America’s first cast-iron plow. Cast in one piece, this plow did not become remarkably successful. (Schlebecker, 1975) = PlantTrivia

1797 Earthquake in Quito, Ecuador kills 41,000 = Christianity

1798 Napoleon extends French conquests to Rome and Egypt. U.S. Navy Department established. = Kid Info

1798 Napoleon invades Egypt <egypt.htm>. Eli <http://www.troop100.org/whitney.htm> Whitney <http://www.inventorsmuseum.com/Whitney.htm> gets a contract from the US government to build muskets. = Christy's

1798-1837 Giacomo Leopardi = Tour Italy

1798 Frenchman Nicholas Robert invented the first machinery to manufacture paper. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1798 Philadelphia, PA [one of the worst] Yellow Fever = Epidemic

16Jul1798 The Marine Hospital Service was established by an act of Congress, to provide for the temporary relief and maintenance of sick and disabled seamen. This was the first prepaid medical care program in the United States, financed through compulsory employer tax and federally administered. This service later became the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, predecessor to the Public Health Service of today. = Social Security

1799 The Metric system is established in France. = Christy's

1799 Rosetta Stone discovered in Egypt. Napoleon leads coup that overthrows Directory, establishes the Consulate, becomes First Consul-one of three who rule France together. = Kid Info

1799 Expedition to North Holland under the Duke of York.

1799 Agriculturists described sweet corn, long grown by Iroquois. It’s value not immediately recognized, by 1980 sweet corn was the #1 canned “vegetable” in the United States. (Root, 1980) = PlantTrivia

1799 The Dutch East India Company fell bankrupt. (Rosengarten, 1969)[See 1602] = PlantTrivia

02Mar1799 States were given Federal help in quarantine law enforcement. The Marine Hospital Service extended to Navy men. = Social Security

1800-1823 Pope Pius VII = Christianity

1800 Second federal census taken for the United States. A few parts are missing, but it is largely intact. Use tax lists when available.
Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given. = Census

1800-1801 Napoleon recaptures Italy = Tour Italy

1800 Napoleon conquers Italy, firmly establishes himself as First Consul in France. In the U.S., federal government moves to Washington, D.C. Robert Owen's social reforms in England. William Herschel discovers infrared rays. Alessandro Volta produces electricity. = Kid Info

1800 Austria and its allies are defeated by the French in the Battle of Marengo. = Christy's

1800 Federal gvt moves from Philadelphia to Washington DC. WorldAlman

1800 The soybean was known in Philadelphia, but gained little widespread attention. The bean would be introduced to California agriculture in San Francisco by direct importation from Japan in 1850. = PlantTrivia

07May1800 Illinois becomes a part of Indiana Territory. StofIL1902

1801-1877 Brigham Young, Mormon leader, colonized Utah = Christianity

1801-1825: Alexander I = Imperial Russia

1801 A revolution in Russia kills Paul, and his son, Alexander <http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/AlexanderPavlovich.html> is given the throne. Britain becomes the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. = Christy's

1801 Austria makes temporary peace with France. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland established with one monarch and one parliament; Catholics excluded from voting. = Kid Info

1801-1802 Italian Republic = Tour Italy

1801 The cast iron process was invented, playing eventually into systems for constructing large conservatories. = PlantTrivia

1802 Britian makes peace with France. = Christy's

1802 The first seed sold in packages in America were marketed by a Shaker community at Enfield, Connecticut. Keeping their own seed lines healthy and free of corruption was important in that community. (Connor, 1994) = PlantTrivia

1803 English scientist John Dalton introduced the atomic theory of matter. India's population is 200 million. War between Britian and France again. Louisiana Purchase <http://www.crt.state.la.us/crt/museum/cabildo/cab4.htm>. = Christy's

1803 U.S. negotiates Louisiana Purchase </cgi-bin/id/CE031388> from France: for $15 million, U.S. doubles its domain, increasing its territory by 827,000 sq. mi. (2,144,500 sq km), from Mississippi River to Rockies and from Gulf of Mexico to British North America. = Kid Info

1803 German pharmacist, F.W. Serturner, isolated morphine from opium latex. The three extracts of opium commonly used medicinally are morphine, codeine, and papaverine. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

1803 Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier improved on Robert’s paper making machine. The continuous belt of wire mesh that layers the pulp is today called a Fourdrinier Screen. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1803 Maquinna’a people attack and kill most of the crew of the Boston= Canada

1803 New York Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1803-04 Fort Dearborn built at Chicago, in present day Cook County, Illinois. StofIL1902

01Mar1803 17th state admitted into the union, Ohio Mar. 1, 1803; having been settled by 1788 =infoplease

03May1803 The first permanent Marine hospital was authorized to be built in Boston, Massachusetts. = Social Security

20Dec1803 Louisiana Purchase title taken by US for $11,250,000. WorldAlman

1804 Sauk and Fox Indians cede to United States lands east of the Mississippi River. = ILGenWeb

1804 Haiti wins independence from France. Robert Owen sets up a "utopian" community in Scotland = Christy's

1804 Haiti declares independence from France; first black nation to gain freedom from European colonial rule. Napoleon transforms the Consulate of France into an empire, proclaims himself emperor of France, systematizes French law under Code Napoleon. In the U.S., Alexander Hamilton </cgi-bin/id/CE022660> is mortally wounded in duel with Aaron Burr </cgi-bin/id/CE008157>. Lewis and Clark expedition </cgi-bin/id/CE030464> begins exploration of what is now northwest U.S. = Kid Info

1804 Coronation of Napoleon as Emperor of France.= Bukovina

1804 A Protestant group from Wuerttemberg, named Rappists after their leader George Rapp, founded Harmony, Pennsylvania, a utopian community. = GermansInAm

1804 The Harmonists under George Rapp arrive in Pennsylvania. Their Indiana settlement, Neu Harmonie (1814-1824), becomes the economic "Wonder of the West" = German American

1804 Fort Simpson established by Northwest Company= Canada

1804 Lewis and Clark began their expedition. Lewis spent nine months in Philadelphia studying botany under Benjamin Smith Barton to prepare for the journey. The seed they collected were shared by Hamilton at The Woodlands and by M’Mahon. By 1825 Oregon grape holly was widely known and was available commercially from Prince Nursery of Flushing, NY for $25. = PlantTrivia

1804 Capt. John Chester brought the first shipload of bananas to the US on the Reynard to port in New York. Bananas did not become common in this country until after 1870, when Capt. L. D. Baker began exchange of mining equipment for Jamaican bananas. (Fussell, 1986) [See 1899] = PlantTrivia

1804 American and European traders began stripping Pacific Islands for sandalwood for use in Europe and China. Sandalwood trees were wiped out on Fiji by 1809, on the Marquesas by 1814, on Hawaii by 1825. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1805 Britian, Austria, Russia and Sweden form the Third Coalition against France. = Christy's

1805 Lewis & Clark expedition first to travel overland in US from Atlantic to Pacific= Canada
Fort St. John established by Northwest Company= Canada
Mcleod’s Lake post established by Simon Fraser= Canada
Fort Nelson established on Liard River = Canada
Hudson Hope post established at Rocky Mountain Portage= Canada

1805 Lord Nelson </cgi-bin/id/CE036705> defeats the French-Spanish fleets in the Battle of Trafalgar. Napoleon victorious over Austrian and Russian forces at the Battle of Austerlitz. = Kid Info

1805: Russia joins the Third Coalition against Napoleon Napoleonic Europe Chronology <../WestEurope/NapoleonicEurope.html> = Imperial Russia

1805 Kingdom of Italy = Tour Italy

1805 32nd state admitted into the union, Minnesota May 11, 1858; having been settled by 1805 =infoplease

Jul1805 First legislators sent to represent Illinois in Indiana legislature at Vincennes. StofIL1902

1806 Russia and Turkey fight. Russia gains a region of Bessarabia, and a position in the Balkins. Prussia, Britian, Russia and Sweden form the fourth Coalition against France. Prussia is defeated in the battle of Jena. = Christy's

1806 Demise of Holy Roman Empire after more than 800 years; replaced by Confederation of the Rhine with Napoleon as its "protector."= Bukovina

1806 Defeated by Napoleon, The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation ceases to exist 1807. Martin Baum, riverboat pioneer on the Ohio and Mississippi, becomes mayor of Cincinnati = German American

1806 Napoleon offered 100,000 francs to anyone who could create sugar from a native plant. Russian chemist K. S. Kirchhof later discovered that sulfuric acid added to potato starch would make the conversion. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

1806 Fort St. James established on Stuart Lake= Canada

1806-7 Fort Fraser post established by HBC at Fraser Lake= Canada

1807 the US bans the importation of slaves. The British ban the slave trade. In Prussia Baron Karl vom Stein abolishes personal serfdom. Russia is defeated by the French in the Battle of Friedland. = Christy's

1807 The Emperors Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon of France agree to blockade Great Britain. Alexander pledges to compel Sweden to join the interdiction. = Finland

1807 Road built from Fort St. James to Fort McLeod= Canada
David Thompson visits the Kutenai. Kutenai House established= Canada

1807 Robert Fulton makes first successful steamboat trip on Clermont between New York City and Albany. = Kid Info

17Aug1807 Robert Fulton made the first practical steamboat; left NYC and reached Albany, 150 miles, in 32 hours. WorldAlman

1808 Goethe <http://www.yahoo.com/Arts/Humanities/Literature/Poetry/Poets/Goethe__Johann_Wolfgang__1749_1832_/> publishes the first part of "Faust". French scientist Joseph Gasy Lussac measures the relative volume of gases involved in chemical reactions and discovers the "law of combining volumes" stating that "when measured at the same temperature and pressure volumes of gaseous reactants and products of chemical reactions are always in simple ratios of whole numbers" Napoleon I conquerors Spain, replacing Ferdinand VII with Joseph Bonaparte. In Prussia Baron Karl vom Stein gives the ability to control municipal affairs over to local elected officials. = Christy's

1808-1809 Sweden is defeated by Russia in the Finnish War and loses Finland, which becomes an autonomous Grand Duchy <map22.html> with the Czar as its ruler. Finland´s position is confirmed in its first separate Diet. Finland retains its own legislation and its old form of society, including the free status of the peasantry, the Lutheran religion and the old Swedish system of law and government. = Finland

1808 French armies occupy Rome and Spain, extending Napoleon's empire. Britain begins aiding Spanish guerrillas against Napoleon in Peninsular War. In the U.S., Congress bars importation of slaves. Beethoven's Fifth and Sixth Symphonies performed. = Kid Info

1808 Simon Fraser explores Fraser River and meets Indians at Lytton= Canada

04Apr1808 Attention of Congress called to idea of Illinois and Michigan Canal by Albert Gallatin. StofIL1902

1809 Benjamin Silliman and an apothecary named Darling open two soda-water fountains in New York City, hoping to make themselves rich selling carbonated water for "health purposes", but the business fails. Gustavus IV of Sweden is deposed and the Riksdag gives the crown to Gustavus' uncle Charles VII with the promise that the Rigsdag would be able to check the kings actions. = Christy's

1809 Illinois Territory created; capital, Kaskaskia. = ILGenWeb

1809 41st state admitted into the union, Montana Nov. 8, 1889; having been settled by 1809 =infoplease

03Feb1809 Illinois set off as a seperate Territory. StofIL1902

1810 Third federal census taken for the United States. A few parts are missing, but it is largely intact. Use tax lists when available.
Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given. = Census

1810 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1810 Italian scientist ~Amadeo Avogadro <http://gamstcweb.gisd.k12.mi.us/nmdf/avogadro.html> proposes the theory that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of molecules. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla begins the fight for Mexican independence <http://www.tamu.edu/ccbn/dewitt/mexicanrev.htm> from Spain. = Christy's

1810 Goats introduced to St. Helena Island began devastation that eventually caused extinction of 22 of the 33 endemic plants. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1811 Dr. Hay's revision of Challoner's version = Christianity

1811 The original Siamese twin's (where the name came from) were born. Paraguay gains independence. British forces set out for Java. = Christy's

1810 Marriage of Napoleon to Archduchess Marie Louise von Hapsburg, daughter of Francis I.= Bukovina

1811 The great earthquake severely felt in Southern Illinois. StofIL1902

1811 David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Columbia River= Canada
The ship Tonquin is captured and the crew killed in the Clayoquot area= Canada

1811 33rd state admitted into the union, Oregon Feb. 14, 1859; having been settled by 1811 =infoplease

1811 42nd state admitted into the union, Washington Nov. 11, 1889; having been settled by 1811 =infoplease

1812 Napoleon invades Russia <http://www.ddg.com/LIS/InfoDesignF96/Emin/napoleon/text.html>. Russo-Turkey wars temporarily stop. = Christy's

1812 Fort Astoria acquired and renamed Fort George after War of 1812= Canada
Astorian and Northwest Company establish posts in Kamloops= Canada

1812 Indians massacre Fort Dearborn troops. = ILGenWeb

1812 Peoria, Illinois, burnt by Americans, in present day Peoria County. StofIL1902

1812 39th state admitted into the union, North Dakota Nov. 2, 1889; having been settled by 1812 =infoplease

1812-1815 War of 1812 had 3 main causes: Britain seized US ships trading with France; Britain seized 4000 naturalized US sailors by 1810; Britain armed Indians who raided western borders. WorldAlman

1812 The territory known to Russia as "old Finland <border.html>" is joined to the Grand Duchy. In the same year, Helsinki <senaatti.html> (Helsingfors) is declared capital of Finland. = Finland

1812 Napoleon's Grand Army invades Russia in June. Forced to retreat in winter, most of Napoleon's 600,000 men are lost. In the U.S., war with Britain declared over freedom of the seas for U.S. vessels (War of 1812). USS Constitution (For detailed chronology, see War of 1812 </cgi-bin/id/A0001247>.) sinks British frigate. War of 1812: British interference with American trade, impressment of American seamen, and “War Hawks” drive for western expansion lead to war. American attacks on Canada foiled; U.S. Commodore Perry wins battle of Lake Erie (1813). British capture and burn Washington (1814) but fail to take Fort McHenry at Baltimore. Andrew Jackson repulses assault on New Orleans after Treaty of Ghent ends war (1815). War settles little but strengthens U.S. as independent nation. = Kid Info

30Apr1812 18th state admitted into the union, Louisiana Apr. 30, 1812; having been settled by 1699 =infoplease

09Aug1812 Fort Dearborn, Illinois, burned. Garrison massacred. StofIL1902

12Sep1812 Madison, Gallatin and Johnson Counties were created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

1813 Jane Austen <http://www.pemberley.com/janeinfo/janeinfo.html> publishes "Pride and Prejudice <http://www.litrix.com/pride&pr/pride001.htm>" Napoleon wins the Battle of Dresden. = Christy's

1814 ~Congress of Vienna <http://www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/bsilva/projects/congress/vientime.html> opens. Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius suggests using letters as symbols for the elements. The first practical steam locomotive engine is built. On June 4th Louis XVIII of France issues a new Charter in an attempt to convince the people that the work of the French revolution is not being undone. = Christy's

1814 The Rappists purchased 30,000 acres of land in Indiana and founded a new settlement, New Harmony. In 1825 they returned to Pennsylvania and founded Economy, 20 miles northwest of Pittsburgh. Other towns founded by religious groups in this period included Zoar, Ohio, Amana, Iowa, and St. Nazianz, Wisconsin. = GermansInAm

1814 French defeated by allies (Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Sweden, and Portugal) in War of Liberation. Napoleon exiled to Elba, off Italian coast. Bourbon king Louis XVIII takes French throne. George Stephenson builds first practical steam locomotive. = Kid Info

20Nov1814 Edwards and White Counties were created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

1815 Catholic Bible Society NT, based on Challoner's = Christianity

1815 Boston's Germans found Handel and Haydn Society / Napoleon defeated by British and Prussian forces = German American

1815: The Congress of Vienna ends the Napoleonic Wars. = Imperial Russia

1815 Congress of Vienna attempts to restore the old order after defeat of Napoleon; German Confederation of thirty-nine states under presidency of Austria replaces Confederation of the Rhine; wave of political repression.= Bukovina

1815 Napoleon returns: “Hundred Days” begin. Napoleon defeated by Wellington at Waterloo, banished again to St. Helena in South Atlantic. Congress of Vienna: victorious allies change the map of Europe. War of 1812 ends with Treaty of Ghent. = Kid Info

1815 June 18th, Battle of Waterloo. Switzerland becomes independent of France. Norway and Sweden are joined under one ruler. Congress of Vienna closes in June. Jakob Grimm completes "Grimm's Fairy Tales" <http://www.ul.cs.cmu.edu/books/GrimmFairy/index.html>. William Smith compiles the first proper colored geological map showing 21 sedimentary layers. The Fundamental Law of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands is passed. John McAdam figures out a way of improving the roads in Britian by using small stones. = Christy's

1816-1829 Challoner's 3rd revision, Dr. John Lingard's translation from Greek using Vulgate when possible = Christianity

1816 Argentina declares itself independent from Spain. The new constitution of Poland makes Alexander of Russia King of Poland but gives Poland complete control of its own budget and army, freedom of the press and religious tolerance. = Christy's

1816 Crop failure was widespread in Europe, resulting in food riots in England, France, and Belgium. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1816 Henry Hall is credited as the first person to cultivate cranberries. = PlantTrivia

1816 Tract of land proposed route of Illinois and Michigan Canal, ceded to United States Commissioners. StofIL1902

1816 Lainnec invents the stethoscope in France. WallChartB

06Jan1816 Monroe, Jackson, Pope Counties were created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

11Dec1816 19th state admitted into the union, Indiana Dec. 11, 1816; having been settled by 1733 =infoplease

31Dec1816 Crawford County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

1817 Joseph Baumeler and his German separatists found the Zoar commune in Ohio = German American

04Jan1817 Bond County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

1817-1852 Indian Wars. The Source

1818 Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly writes "Frankenstein <http://www.georgetown.edu/irvinemj/english016/franken/franken.html>". Lord Byron begins writing "Don Jaun <http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/7086/donjuan.htm>". Chile becomes independent from Spain. US adopts the flag with thirteen stripes and many stars. = Christy's

1818 The wrought iron process was industrialized, changing the way designers would create conservatory structures. = PlantTrivia

02Jan1818 Franklin, Union and Washington Counties were created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

26Aug1818 Illinois State Constitution adopted at Kaskaskia, in present day Randolph County. StofIL1902

03Dec1818 Illinois becomes 21st state; capital, Kaskaskia; governor, Shadrach Bond. Illinois's northern border fixed at 42° 30' N. latitude. = ILGenWeb

03Dec1818 Illinois admitted to Statehood. StofIL1902

03Dec1818 21st state admitted into the union, Illinois Dec. 3, 1818; having been settled by 1720 =infoplease

10Dec1817 20th state admitted into the union, Mississippi Dec. 10, 1817; having been settled by 1699 =infoplease

1819 Electromagnatism is discovered by Danish physicist Hans. C. Oersted The creation of the Zollverein (customs union) helps the circulation of goods in Germany. = Christy's

1819 American steamship Savannah made first part steam-powered, part sail-powered crossing of Atlantic, Savannah, Georgia to Liverpool, England, 29 days. WorldAlman

1819 Simón Bolívar </cgi-bin/id/CE006666> liberates New Granada (now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador) as Spain loses hold on South American countries; named president of Colombia. = Kid Info

1819 The Passenger Act by Congress ends redemptioner trade = German American

22Feb1819 Spain cedes Florida to the USofA. WorldAlman

04Mar1819 Alexander, Clark, Jefferson and Wayne Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

14Dec1819 22nd state admitted into the union, Alabama Dec. 14, 1819; having been settled by 1702 =infoplease

1820-1830 George IV King of England = Christianity

1820 Revolts at Nola, Avellino and Naples = Tour Italy

1820 Fourth federal census taken for the United States. A few parts are missing, but it is largely intact. Use tax lists when available.
Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given. = Census

1820 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1820 Liberia <http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html> is founded. George IV of Great Britain crowned. = Christy's

1820 Joseph Heister becomes Governor of Pennsylvania = German American

1820 50th state admitted into the union, Hawaii Aug. 21, 1959; having been settled by 1820=infoplease

1820-3 Nationwide [starts Schuylkill River and spreads] "Fever" = Epidemic

1820 Permanent HBC post established at Fort George= Canada

1820 Missouri Compromise </cgi-bin/id/CE034724>-Missouri admitted as slave state but slavery barred in rest of Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30' N. = Kid Info

Feb1820 First organized immigration of blacks to Africa from the US began w/86 free blacks sailing to Sierra Leone. WorldAlman

Feb1820 Illinois State Capitol removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia, in present day Fayette County. StofIL1902

03Mar1820 Henry Clay's Missouri Compromise bill passed Congress. Slavery was allowed in Missouri, but not elsewhere west of the Mississippi north of 36d 30' latitude (the southern line of Missouri). Repealed 1854. WorldAlman

15Mar1820 23rd state admitted into the union, Maine Mar. 15, 1820; having been settled by 1624 =infoplease

Dec1820 First Illinois State Bank created. StofIL1902

1821 Honduras, Venezuela, Mexico <history/mexico.htm>, Peru, Guatemala, Pamana and Santo Domingo wins independence from Spain. Agustín de Iturbide makes himself emperor of Mexico and disbands the elected congress when they refuse to support him. = Christy's

1821 The Germanic custom of having a specially decorated tree at Christmas time was introduced to America by Pennsylvania Dutch in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Later in the century, the Pennsylvania Dutch version of St. Nicholas, Sinterklaas, evolved into America's Santa Claus <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/claus.html>, popularized by a German immigrant and influential political cartoonist, Thomas Nast <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/moustach.html>. The Easter bunny and Easter eggs were also brought to this country by German immigrants. = GermansInAm

1821 Northwest Company and Hudson’s Bay Company merge, known as HBC= Canada

1821 Nathan Bedford Forrest/born. (US) Confederate General led cavalry raids against Union supply lines in Civil War. WorldAlman

1821 Independence of Mexico. WallChartB

1821 Guatemala, Panama, and Santo Domingo proclaim independence from Spain. = Kid Info

16Jan1821 Lawrence County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

20Jan1821 Greene County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

30Jan1821 Sangamon County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

31Jan1821 Pike County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

08Feb1821 Hamilton County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

12Feb1821 Montgomery County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

10Aug1821 24th state admitted into the union, Missouri Aug. 10, 1821; having been settled by 1735 =infoplease

1822 Earthquake in Aleppo, Asia Minor kills 22,000 = Christianity

1822 Liberia established. ~Brazil <http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/HISTOR6.htm>becomes independent under the rule of Emperor Pedro I (son of the Portuguese king) = Christy's

1822 Greeks proclaim a republic and independence from Turkey. Turks invade Greece. Russia declares war on Turkey (1828). Greece also aided by France and Britain. War ends and Turks recognize Greek independence (1829). Brazil becomes independent of Portugal. Schubert' </cgi-bin/id/CE046511>s Eighth Symphony (“The Unfinished”). = Kid Info

1822 Fort Kilmaurs (Babine) established= Canada

30Mar1822 Act authorizing the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, passed by Congress. StofIL1902

Aug1822 Slavery defeated at the ballot in Illinois. StofIL1902

1823-1829 Pope Leo XII = Christianity

1823 U.S. Monroe Doctrine </cgi-bin/id/CE035133> warns European nations not to interfere in Western Hemisphere. = Kid Info

1823~ Monroe <http://khanda.unl.edu/daniel/monroe.html> ~Doctrine. <http://odur.let.rug.nl/usa/D/1801-1825/jmdoc.htm> Cyrus P. Dalkin of Concard, Massachusetts invents carbon copies, although the public doesn't really pick up on the idea until about fifty years later. In Mexico a rebellion lead by Antonio de Santa Anna forces dictator Itubide to abdicate in March. The Honduras achieve independence from Mexico and join the United Provinces of Central America. = Christy's

1823 First all-German singing society founded in Cincinnati = German American

1823 Charles MacIntosh found that fabrics could be made waterproof by treating with natural rubber. [See 1839, 1881] The word rubber had been coined for the ability of this resilient material to rub out pencil marks [See 1770]. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1823 37th state admitted into the union, Nebraska Mar. 1, 1867; having been settled by 1823 =infoplease

03 Jan1823 Edgar County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

24 Jan1823 Marion County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

28 Jan1823 Fulton County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

31 Jan1823 Morgan County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

02 Dec1823 President James Monroe declares "Monroe Doctrine" opposing European intervention in the Americans. WorldAlman

1824 Mexico becomes a republic, three years after declaring independence from Spain. Bolívar liberates Peru, becomes its president. Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. = Kid Info

1824 Charles X of France crowned. Mexico becomes a republic. James Neilson patented a way of burning coal more efficiently that allows the low-grade coal in Lanarkshire to be used. = Christy's

1824 Fatal epidemic (cause unidentified) in Columbia River drainage (to 1825)= Canada
54° 40’ established as boundary separating American and Russian spheres of influence= Canada

1824 Proslavery constitutional amendment defeated. = ILGenWeb

23 Dec1824 Clay County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

27 Dec1824 Clinton and Wabash Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

1825 First passenger-carrying railroad </cgi-bin/id/CE043137> in England. = Kid Info

1825 German introduced at Harvard University / Harmonists build their third town, Old Economy, now part of Ambridge, PA = German American

1825 HBC becomes active on the northwest coast= Canada

1825 John Stevens, of Hoboken, NJ built and operated first experimental steam locomotive in the US. WorldAlman

1825 Russian Tsar Alexander I dies. The Decemberist uprising in Russia. Alexander's brother, Nicholas is crowned. First steam powered railways are run in England. Bolivia wins independence from Spain. = Christy's

1825: Decembrist Revolt Age of Revolutions Chronology <../WestEurope/AgeRevs.html> = Imperial Russia

1825-1855: Nicholas I <NicholasI.html> = Imperial Russia

10 Jan1825 Calhoun County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

13 Jan1825 Adams, Hancock, Henry, Knox, Mercer, Peoria, Putnam, Schuyler and Warren Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

13 Jan1825 Putnam County, named for General Israel Putnam; established 13Jan1825 and created from Fulton County; 1990 population was 5730; mailing address of county clerk: 4th St; Hennepin IL 61327

17Jan1825 Act incorporating the "Illinois and Michigan Canal Association" with a capital of $1,000,000, passed by Illinois legislature. StofIL1902

26 Oct1825 Erie Canal opened; first boat left Buffalo reaches New York City 04Nov. Canal cost $7 million but cut travel time one-third, shipping costs nine-tenths, opened Great Lakes area, made NYC chief port. WorldAlman

1826 Joseph-Nicéphore Niepce takes the world's first photograph </cgi-bin/id/CE040769>. = Kid Info

1826: The Third Section of the Chancellery is created. = Imperial Russia

1826 Russian Tsar Nicholas I forces the Ottoman (Turkish) to recognize the independence of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Serbia. Russian troops invade Iran. The friction match is invented in England. Stamford Raffles is named the first President of the "Zooligical or Noah's Ark Society" of London. Erie Canal is opened. = Christy's

1826 Twigs (apparently predominately of basket willow) had long been utilized in England to record tax payments. Notches made in each twig indicated the amount of tax paid. Once split the notched twig yielded two records of payment. When the tax records went to paper transaction in 1826, the archive of twigs was burned. The resulting fire escaped control and took with it the Houses of Parliament. (Rupp, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1826 An act of the US Congress set off the mania of planting silkworm mulberry, a short-lived industry. (Ewan, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1826 The unexploited forests of Burma gave impetus to the British conquest of that country. The first area opened (Tenasserim) “was stripped of teak within twenty years.” By the end of the century about 10,000,000 acres of Burma forest were cleared. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1826 Fort Vancouver established by HBC on Columbia River= Canada

18 Jan1826 Vermilion and McDonough Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

18 Jan1826 Vermilion County, named for the Vermilion River; established 18Jan1826 and created from unorganized territory and Edgar County; 1990 population was 88,257; mailing address of county clerk: 7 N Vermilion St; Danville IL 61832-5806

04 Jul1826 Deaths of former presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, on 50th anniversary of American independence. WorldAlman

1827 Russian troops conquer Iran. Edgar Alan Poe <http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Corridor/9603/poe.html> publishes his first book. Francisco Morazán leads the Liberals in a civil war in Honduras - the war lasts about two years. = Christy's

1827 Francis Lieber from Berlin begins editing the Encyclopaedia Americana in Boston = German American

1827 Fort Langley established= Canada

23Jan1827 Shelby County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

29Jan1827 Perry County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

31Jan1827 Tazewell County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

31Jan1827 Tazewell County, named for Governor Lyttelton W Tazewell of Virginia; established 31Jan1827 and created from Sangamon County and unorganized territory attached to Peoria County; 1990 population was 131,200; mailing address of county clerk: 4th & Court St; Pekin IL 61554

07Feb1827 JoDaviess County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

1828 Russo-Turkish wars (again... from 1828 - 29) Russia gains control of the eastern coast of the Black Sea. Leo Tolstoy <thinker.htm> is born. Noah Webster writes "The American Dictionary of the English Language". Colonel Bystarts planning the city of Ottawa (then called Bytown.) Catholic Emancipation Act removes last vestige of oppression in England. Uruguay wins independence from Spain. = Christy's

1828 Noah Webster/published his "American Dictionary of the English Language," WorldAlman

1828 C. J. van Houten developed the first modern process for making cocoa powder. Soon producers in Holland had learned that alkali could be added to neutralize various acids, making a mild, more soluble cocoa. This process is still called “dutching” today. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

1828 Chief Factor John McLoughlin takes charge of area west of the Rockies= Canada
James Douglas is captured in Carrier territory and released after negotiations= Canada
Clallum village shelled by HBC gunboat= Canada
Fort Alexandria established= Canada

1828 Helsinki <2.htm> replaces Turku as the site of Finland's sole university. = Finland

04 Jul1828 Baltimore & Ohio 1st US passenger RR was begun. WorldAlman

19Dec1828 South Carolina declared right of state nullification of federal laws, opposing "Tariff of Abominations." WorldAlman

1829-1831 Pope Pius VIII = Christianity

1829 Greeks win independence from the Ottoman <http://www.vacation.net.gr/p/history14.html> empire. The first steam driven train is developed for use between Manchester and Liverpool. = Christy's

1829 Gottfried Duden published in Germany his idyllic account of the several years he spent as a settler in Missouri; so popular that it appeared in three editions, the book caused numerous Germans to leave for the New World. = GermansInAm

1829: Treaty of Adrianople = Imperial Russia

1829 Gomried Duden's published travel report encourages thousands of Germans to America, esp. Missouri = German American

1829 Fort Halkett established by HBC on Liard River= Canada
Rev. Jonathan Smith Green (Protestant) tours Northwest coast= Canada

17Jan1829 Macoupin County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

19Jan1829 Macon County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

1830-1837 William IV King of England = Christianity

1830 Mormon Church founded by Joseph Smith as a result of reported visions of the Angel Moroni = Christianity

1830 Reported apparition of Mary in Paris, France, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1830 Fifth federal census taken for the United States. Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given.

1830 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1830 Revolutions in France; Belguim wins independence (1830s). (England pledges to uphold Belgian neutrality.) the Great Trek in Southern Africa. Polish revolt against Russian rule, but are defeated. Mormonism founded by Joseph Smith. William IV of Great Britain crowned. Ecuador wins independence from Spain. = Christy's

1830-1831: Polish Revolt Poland Chronology <PoleChron.html> = Imperial Russia

1830 French invade Algeria. Louis Philippe becomes “Citizen King” as revolution forces Charles X to abdicate. Mormon church </cgi-bin/id/CE029794> formed in U.S. by Joseph Smith. = Kid Info

1830 The first machine for cutting lawns was introduced by Edwin Budding, an English textile-mill engineer. This machine was first imported to the USA 25 years later. (Crotz in Punch, 1992) = PlantTrivia

1830 Indian Affairs transferred from military to civilian jurisdiction in the Canadas (east)= Canada
First Chilcotin post established by HBC= Canada
HBC begins innoculating Native people against small pox= Canada

25Dec1830 Coles and. McLean Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

25Dec1830 McLean County, named for John McLean; established 25Dec1830 and created from Tazewell County and unorganized territory attached to Shelby County; at 1044 square miles is the largest county in the state; 1990 population was 129,180; mailing address of county clerk: 104 W Front St; Bloomington IL 61701-5091

1831-1846 Pope Gregory XVI = Christianity

1831 Mazzini founds Young Italy to work for unification. Syria is conquered by the Egyptians. Charles Darwin sets out. Between 1831 and 1866 there were three cholera epidemics in Europe. = Christy's

1831 Polish revolt against Russia fails. Belgium separates from the Netherlands. In U.S., Nat Turner </cgi-bin/id/CE052989> leads unsuccessful slave rebellion. = Kid Info

1831 Fort Simpson built on Nass River then moved to Tsimshian Peninsula= Canada

1831 First trade union unemployment insurance plan in the United States was adopted. = Social Security

1831-2 Nationwide [brought by English emigrants] Asiatic Cholera = Epidemic

1831 Mount Auburn Cemetery was established by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and quickly became a model for other cemeteries to be planted in a naturalistic style. The establishment of beautiful cemeteries in turn provided stimulus for increase in public parks. Botanist and physician Jacob Bigelow played a crucial role in establishment of Mount Auburn. (Hedrick, 1950) = PlantTrivia

01Jan1831 William Lloyd Garrison began abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator." WorldAlman

15Jan1831 Cook and LaSalle Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

09Feb1831 Rock Island County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

15Feb1831 Effingham and Jasper Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

15Feb1831 Construction of a railroad in the State first proposed. StofIL1902

1831 Guthrie discovers chloroform. WorldAlman

15Jan1831 Cook County, named for Daniel P Cook; established 15Jan1831 and created from Putnam; 1990 population was 5,105,067; mailing address of county clerk: 118 N Clark St Suite 567; Chicago IL 60602-1311

15Jan1831 LaSalle County, named indirectly for the explorer Robert Cavelier, Sieur de LaSalle; established 15Jan1831 and created from Putnam and Vermilion Counties and unorganized territory attached to Tazewell County; 1990 population was 106,913; mailing address of county clerk: 707 E Etna Rd; Ottawa IL 61350-1033

24Jun1831 Last Indian war broke out. StofIL1902

1832 Church of Christ (Disciples) organized, made up of Presbyterians in distress over Protestant factionalism and decline of fervor =
Christianity

1832 Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain. Nicholas I of Russia helped bring about the independence of Greece, in exchange for shipping rights he wanted. = Christy's

1832 A.C. Anderson of the HBC arrives at the Columbia River= Canada

1832 NY City and other major cities Cholera = Epidemic

1832 Black Hawk War drives Sauk and Fox from Illinois. Potawatomi and Winnebago cede land. = ILGenWeb

Apr1832 Black Hawk War (IL-WI) til September, pushed Sauk and Fox Indians west across Mississippi. WorldAlman

07Aug1832 Black hawk finally defeated and captured. StofIL1902

Nov1832 South Carolina convention passed Ordinance of Nullification against permanent tariff, threatening to withdraw from the Union. Congress Feb1833 passed a compromise tariff act, whereupon SC repealed its act. WorldAlman

1833 Slavery is abolished in the British Empire. = Christy's

1833 Fort McLoughlin established at Bella Bella= Canada

1833 Glass production improved, making manufacture of sheet glass up to 6ft (1.8 m) long possible. Before that time the largest size available was 4 ft (1.2m) in broad glass or 4-5 ft (1.2-1.5m) in crown glass. (A. Bonar, "Cathedrals of Glass", The Garden 115(10):526-530.) = PlantTrivia

1833 Oberlin College, first in US to adopt coeducation. WorldAlman

1833 Columbus, OH cholera = Epidemic

20Feb1833 Champaign County, named for a county in Ohio; established 20Feb1833 and created from Vermilion & unorganized territory; 1990 population was 173,025; mailing address of county clerk: 204 E Elm St; Urbana IL 61801-3324

20Feb1833 Champaign County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

26Feb1833 Iroquois County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

26Feb1833 Iroquois County, given an Indian name; established 26Feb1833 and created from unorganized territory attached to Vermilion County; 1990 population was 30,787; mailing address of county clerk: 550 S 10th; Watseka IL 60970-1810

05Aug1833 Chicago incorporated as a city. StofIL1902

1834 The Spanish Inquisition <http://www.overlake.org/Student%20Projects/inquisition/Inquisitor.html> ~ends <http://www.iem.rwth-aachen.de/groening/spanish.html>. the Poor Law Amendment Act is passed in Great Britain. = Christy's

1834 James Douglas becomes Chief Trader of the HBC= Canada

1834 Fort McLoughlin established at Millbank Sound= Canada

1834 Charles Babbage invents “analytical engine,” precursor of computer. McCormick patents reaper. = Kid Info

1834 McKendree College founded in illinois. StofIL1902

1834 New York City cholera = Epidemic

1834 44th state admitted into the union, Wyoming July 10, 1890; having been settled by 1834 =infoplease

1835 Hans Christian Anderson <http://www.fisher.k12.il.us/denmark/Tara.htm> starts writing children's stories. = Christy's

1835 Death of Francis I; accession of Ferdinand I as Emperor of Austria.= Bukovina

1835 The Giessen-Society aims at a "New German Fatherland" in America; this and similar attempts failed / Philadelphia Maennerchor founded = German American

1835 British farmers began to import guano from the coast of Peru. Guano deposits became a significant manure/fertilizer source until after 1870. (Mingay, 1977) = PlantTrivia

1835 Coal deposit at Fort Rupert publicized= Canada

1835 Colt invents the revolver in the US. WallChartB

1835 Oberlin College, refuses to bar students on account of race. WorldAlman

1835-1850 Second wave of German settlers from Bohemian Forest settled in Bori and Lichtenberg (both in 1835); Schwarztal and Buchenhain (Deutsch-Pojana-Mikuli, both 1838), Augustendorf (1850), and Glitt (1843).= Bukovina

02Nov1835 Sam Houston put in command of Texas army after Texas proclaimed right to secede from Mexico. WorldAlman

1836 John Nepomucene Neumann (1811-60) <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/neumann.html> arrived in the United States in 1836 from his native Bohemia to work as a priest in the country's German-speaking Roman Catholic communities. He founded the first American diocesan school system, and in 1852 became Bishop of Philadelphia. In 1977 he was canonized as a saint by Pope Paul VI. = GermansInAm

1836 Hermann, MO founded; its wines gain national recognition = German American

1836 Boer </cgi-bin/id/CE006578> farmers start “Great Trek”-Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State founded in South Africa. Mexican army besieges Texans in Alamo </cgi-bin/id/CE001076>. Entire garrison, including Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie, wiped out. Texans gain independence from Mexico after winning Battle of San Jacinto. Dickens </cgi-bin/id/CE014807>'s Pickwick Papers. = Kid Info

1836 The Mexicans attack the Alamo. Texas gains independence from Mexico. = Christy's

1836 HBC Chaplain and missionary Reverend Herbert Beaven arrives at Fort Vancouver= Canada
Small pox epidemic in northern BC and southern Alaskan coast (to 1838)= Canada
Indian reports of coal on Vancover Island confirmed= Canada

12Jan1836 Will County, named for Conrad Will; established 12Jan1836 and organized from Cook and DuPage Counties; 1990 population was 357,313; mailing address of county clerk: 302 N Chicago St; Joliet IL 60431-1059

12Jan1836 Will County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

16Jan1836 Kane, McHenry, Ogle, Whiteside and Winnebago Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

16Jan1836 Kane County, named for Senator Elias K Kane; established 16Jan1836 and created from LaSalle County; 1990 population was 317,471; mailing address of county clerk: 100 S 3rd St; Geneva IL 60134-2722

16Jan1836 McHenry County, named for General William McHenry; established 16Jan1836 and created from Cook County; 1990 population was 183,241; mailing address of county clerk: 2200 N Seminary Av; Woodstock IL 60098-2621

16Jan1836 Winnebago County, given an Indian name; established 16Jan1836 and created from Jo Daviess County; 1990 population was 252,913; mailing address of county clerk: 400 W State St; Rockford IL 61101-1276

23Feb1836 Texans beseiged in Alamo in San Antonio by Mexicans under Santa Anna til 06Mar; entire garrison killed. WorldAlman

02Mar1836 Texas independence declared at San Jacinto. WorldAlman

1836-1845 The Republic of Texas. FHLCatalog

21Apr1836 Sam Houston and Texans defeated Mexican General Santa Ana, captured at San Jacinto. WorldAlman

15Jun1836 25th state admitted into the union, Arkansas June 15, 1836; having been settled by 1686 =infoplease

04Jul1836 Actual work of construction on Illinois and Michigan Canal began. StofIL1902

1836-37 First railroad built from Maples to Bluffs in Scott County, Illinois. StofIL1902

1837-1901 Victoria Queen of England = Christianity

1837 Morse invents the telegraph. Victoria becomes Queen of Great Britain. Revolts are staged in Upper and Lower Canada. ~Louis Braille <http://world.std.com/duxbury/braille.html> invents Braille. Rowlard Hill brings a list of ideas for postage system reforms before the British government. = Christy's

1837 Victoria </cgi-bin/id/CE054166> becomes queen of Great Britain. Mob kills Elijah P. Lovejoy, Illinois abolitionist publisher. = Kid Info

1837 The German Philadelphia Settlement Society was founded and purchased 12,000 acres of land in Gasconade County, Missouri; two years later the society's town of Hermann was incorporated with 450 inhabitants. = GermansInAm

1837 Pennsylvania publishes laws and governors' messages also in German = German American

1837 Dease Lake post established by HBC= Canada

1837 Knox College founded in Illinois. StofIL1902

1837 Fox Talbot invents photography in Britain. WallChartB

1837 Morse invents telegraph code in the US. WorldAlman

1837 Illinois blacksmith John Deere melded a steel share to a moldboard of wrought-iron to create a plow that cut the prairie soils. Deere’s plows became the prairie standard. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

1837 Springfield chosen state capital; legislature meets there in 1839. Abolitionist Elijah P. Lovejoy killed by proslavery mob. = ILGenWeb

1837 Philadelphia Typhus = Epidemic

26Jan1837 26th state admitted into the union, Michigan Jan. 26, 1837; having been settled by 1668 =infoplease

27Feb1837 Livingston County, named to honor the memory of the recently deceased Edward Livingstone (1764-1836) Congressman from New York 1795-1801; Mayor of New York City 1801-1803; Congressman from Louisiana 1823-1829; Senator 1829-1831; US Secretary of State under Jackson 1831-1833; and US Minister to France 1833-1835; established 27Feb1837 and created from LaSalle and McLean Counties and unorganized territory attached to Vermilion County; 1990 population was 39,200; mailing address of county clerk: 112 W madison St; Pontiac IL 61764-1871

27Feb1837 Livingston County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

28Feb1837 Bureau County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

03Mar1837 Cass County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

04Mar1837 Boone, DeKalb and Stephenson Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

04Mar1837 Boone County, named for Daniel Boone; established 04Mar1837 and created from Winnebago County; 1990 populaion was 30,806; mailing address of county clerk: 601 N Main St; Belvidere IL 61008-2600

04Mar1837 DeKalb County, named for Johann Kalb, self-styled "Baron DeKalb"; established 04Mar1837 and created from Kane County; 1990 population was 77,932; mailing address of county clerk: 110 E Sycamore St; Sycamore IL 60178-1497

1838 The new viceroy in Canton, China destroyed the British East India Company’s illegal opium imports, a total of 2,640,000 pounds. Britain went to war with China, winning Hong Kong, trade concessions, and loot. (Lewis & Elvin-Lewis, 1977) = PlantTrivia

1838 Charles M. Hovey introduced a strawberry grown from seed produced by hybridization. This ‘Hovey’ strawberry is considered the first fruit variety that originated through breeding on the North American continent. = PlantTrivia

1838 Cherokee Indians were forcibly removed from their homeland in the Appalachian Mountains. By now every eastern state of the USA but Vermont has railroads. = Christy's

1838 HBC granted 21 year exclusive hunting and trading license to northwest coast= Canada
First Roman Catholic priests arrive at Fort Vancouver (F. Blanchet and M. Demers)= Canada

1838 Monticello Female Seminary, first movement for higher education of women in State of Ilinois, founded near Godfrey, in present day Jersey County. StofIL1902

1839 Mormons found Nauvoo; leaders, Joseph and Hyrum Smith, killed in 1844; Mormons leave for Utah in 1846. = ILGenWeb

1839 The first bicycle is invented. Ozone is discovered by Christian Schwann. The Diet in Hungary = Christy's<http://www.msstate.edu/Archives/History/hungary/austria/chap20.htm> passes legislation to make Magyar the official language of Hungary, and to free the peasants' holdings from feudal obligations. = Christy's

1839 First Opium War </cgi-bin/id/CE038526> (to 1842) between Britain and China, over importation of drug into China. = Kid Info

1839 James Douglas becomes Chief Factor of HBC= Canada

1839 Goodyear invents vulcanized rubber. WorldAlman

1839 Charles Goodyear discovered vulcanization, the heat driven process of combining sulphur with natural rubber. The cross-linking of molecular chains (isoprene units) makes rubber non-sticky, more durable, and more elastic. (Simpson, 1989) Vulcanization changed life in Brasil, causing a rubber boom, with exports rising from 31 tons in 1827 to more than 27,000 tons by 1900. Manaus became a cosmopolitan city. [See 1823, 1877, 1881] (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1839 Prickly pear was introduced to Australia for use as hedging. By 1925 over 60,000,000 acres of Australian land were infested, and prickly pear dominated the vegetation in nearly half that area. Control came eventually in the form of South American caterpillars that feed on the plant. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1839 George Armstrong Custer/born to Emanuel Custer and Mariah in Harrison County, Ohio. 1850Census, WorldAlman

09Jan1839 Marshall County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

19Jan1839 Marshall County, named for John Marshall; established 19Jan1839 and created from Putnam County; 1990 population was 12,846; mailing address of county clerk: 122 N Prairie St; Lacon IL 61540-1216

01Feb1839 Brown County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

09Feb1839 DuPage County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

09Feb1839 Du Page County, named for the Du Page River; established 09Feb1839 and created from Cook County; 1990 population was 781,666; mailing address of county clerk: 421 N County Farm Rd; Wheaton IL 60187-3978

15Feb1839 Logan County, named for Dr John Logan; established 15Feb1839 and created from Sangamon County; 1990 population was 30,798; mailing address of county clerk: 601 Broadway St; Lincoln IL 62656-2732

15Feb1839 Dane renamed Christian and Logan Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

16Feb1839 Menard and Scott Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

22Feb1839 Carroll County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

27Feb1839 Lee County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

28Feb1839 Jersey and Williamson Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

01Mar1839 DeWitt and Lake Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

01Mar1839 De Witt County, named for DeWitt Clinton; established 01Mar1839 and created from Macon and McLean counties; 1990 population was 16,516; mailing address of county clerk: 201 W Washington St; Clinton IL 61727-1639

01Mar1839 Lake County, named for Lake Michigan; established 01Mar1839 and created from McHenry County; 1990 population was 516,418; mailing address of county clerk: 18 N County St; Waukegan IL 60085-4339

02Mar1839 Hardin and Stark Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

1840 Sixth federal census taken for the United States. Fence post tallies are used in each category except Head of Household. No other names given. 1840 is only census that lists Revolutionary War or military service pensioners.

1840 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1840 ~Opium War begins. <http://www.interlog.com/yuan/hk.html> The first postage stamps are sold in Britian. Women are denied seats in the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. The Hawaiian kingdom is recognized as an independent country by Europe and the USA. = Christy's

1840 The Opium Wars ended mandarin control of British trade with China, followed by the 1842 Treaty of Nanking. This treaty ceded Hong Kong to the British and opened numerous ports to Europeans and Americans. Under an 1858 treaty, foreigners could travel anywhere in the interior of the empire. [See 1997] (Spongberg, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1840 In the years before paper was manufactured from wood pulp, Isaiah Deck wrote that the increasing demand for paper (at that time made from cotton or linen rags) could be met through recycling Egyptian mummies - each of which provided up to 30 lbs of linen wrapping. Twenty years later I. A. Stanwood of Gardiner, Maine acted on this proposal by importing mummies for manufacturing brown wrapping paper. In Egypt mummies were being used to fuel railroad engines. (Rupp, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1840 Friedrich Keller patented a wood grinding machine that promoted the use of wood pulp for papermaking. Within 30 years, experimentation with wood pulp paper extended to such short-lived products as coffins, horseshoes, and road surfaces. (Rupp, 1990 - which see for more detail) = PlantTrivia

1840 John Dresser (Stockbridge, Massachusetts) devised a hand powered veneer lathe. Thin sheets of wood are used for creating finished surfaces as well as in the manufacture of plywood, but they must be shaved or sawed from the original block. Dresser’s lathe pointed the way to mechanization of this process, leading to the commercial manufacture of plywood. (Connor, 1994) = PlantTrivia

1840 German Lutherans found Concordia College, Ft. Wayne, IN / First "Volksfest" celebrated in Richmond, VA = German American

1840 Lower and Upper Canada united. = Kid Info

1840s Jesuit Priest Father Pierre De Smet is in Kootenays and Okanagan= Canada
Father John Nobilis active in northern New Caledonia= Canada

1840 Mormons settled in Nauvoo, Carthage County, Illinois, making it the largest city in that state. StofIL1902

1840-46 Mormon riots. StofIL1902

1841Richard Wagner <http://www.zazz.com/wagner/index.shtml> finishes his opera "the Flying Duchman". The British parliment removed the excise tax on soap so that between 1841 and 1861 the use of soap in Britian doubles. = Christy's

1841 Nationwide [especially severe in the south] Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1841 U.S. President Harrison dies (April 4) one month after inauguration; John Tyler becomes first vice president to succeed to presidency. = Kid Info

20Jan1841 Henderson, Mason and Menard Counties were created in the state of Illinois = Cahokia

27Jan1841 Piatt County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

17Feb1841 Grundy County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

17Feb1841 Grundy County, named for Felix Grundy; established 17Feb1841 and created from LaSalle County; 1990 population was 32,337; mailing address of county clerk: 111 E Washington St; Morris IL 60450-2268

19Feb1841 Kendall County, named for Amos Kendall; established 19Feb1841 and created from LaSalle and Kane Counties; 1990 population was 39,413; mailing address of county clerk: 100 W Ridge St; Yorkville IL 60560-1432

19Feb1841 Kendall County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

24Feb1841 Richland County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

27Feb1841 Woodford County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

27Feb1841 Woodford County, named for a county in Kentucky; established 27Feb1841 and created from Tazewell and McLean Counties; 1990 population was 32,653; mailing address of county clerk: POB 38; Eureka IL 61530-0038

1842 ~Opium war <http://www.interlog.com/yuan/hk.html> ended by Treaty of Nanking <http://its2.ocs.lsu.edu/guests/wwwlawl/biblio/trtynan.htm>. Webster Ashburton Treaty <http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/diplomacy/br1842m.htm> is passed between Britain and the US, to settle disputes <http://www.usahistory.com/wars/watreaty.htm> over the Canadian border. = Christy's

1842 William Bouck (Bauk) becomes Governor of New York = German American

1842 Fort Victoria established by HBC= Canada
Father Demers active in New Caledonia= Canada

1842 First use of anesthetic (sulphuric ether gas). WorldAlman

1842 Crawford Long uses first anesthetic (ether). = Kid Info

1842 43rd state admitted into the union, Idaho July 3, 1890; having been settled by 1842 =infoplease

1843 Wagner </cgi-bin/id/CE054672>'s opera The Flying Dutchman. = Kid Info

1843 The measurement unit, the joule, is invented. British conquer the region now known as Pakistan. The Diet in Hungary passes legislation allowing offical positions to be open to non-nobles and making Magyar the language of schools, lawcourts and legistlature. = Christy's

1843 German Inspirationists settle near Buffalo and later move to Amana, IA = German American

1843 HBC begins laying out land boundaries= Canada

08Feb1843 Massac County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

16Feb1843 Moultrie County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

02Mar1843 Cumberland County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

03Mar1843 Pulaski County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

1844 Prince Carl of Solms-Braunfels sailed to America with three ships and 150 families to settle in Texas; the following year, New Braunfels, Texas, was established. = GermansInAm

1844 German aristocrats found the "Mainzer Adelsverein"for settlement in Texas. They build New Braunfels and Fredericksburg = German American

1844 Democratic convention calls for annexation of Texas and acquisition of Oregon (“Fifty-four-forty-or-fight”). Five Chinese ports opened to U.S. ships. Samuel F. B. Morse </cgi-bin/id/CE035503> patents telegraph. = Kid Info

24May1844 First message over first telegraph line sent by inventor Samuel F B Morse from Washington to Baltimore: "What hath God wrought!" WorldAlman

1845 Congress adopts joint resolution for annexation of Texas. Edgar Allan Poe </cgi-bin/id/CE041413> publishes The Raven and Other Poems. = Kid Info

1845 Ireland's ~potato famine <http://www.rootsweb.com/nybroome/brirish.htm> starts. Edgar Allen Poe <http://www.ezonline.com/dcls/poe.html> writes "the Raven <gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/134/88>" = Christy's

1845 In 1841 the Irish population was about 8 million. Estimates are that a working man ate 12-14 pounds of potatoes each day. (Langenheim & Thimann, 1982). Due to an exhausted system of landownership and attenuated tenancy (through subdivision and subletting of leases), by 1845 there are estimated to have been 65,000 Irish farms of an acre or less. On these farms the spade was the only tool and the potato the sole crop. (Zuckerman, 1998) In 1845 potato blight was imported to Europe from the Americas. By 1846 the potato crop in Ireland had totally failed. About 1,000,000 people died and another 1,000,000 emigrated. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

03Mar1845 27th state admitted into the union, Florida Mar. 3, 1845; having been settled by 1565 =infoplease

04Jul1845 Texas Congress votes for annexation to the USofA. WorldAlman

29Dec1845 Texas Statehood. USTreasury

29Dec1845 28th state admitted into the union, Texas Dec. 29, 1845; having been settled by 1682 =infoplease

1846 War between Mexico and US ('46 - '48), the US win. The Smithsonian <http://www.si.edu/> institute is founded in Washington. Britian repeals the Corn Laws <http://landow.stg.brown.edu/victorian/history/cornlaws1.html>. = Christy's

1846 German chemist Christian Schonbein discovered that a mixture of sulfuric acid and saltpeter (usually potassium nitrate) could dissolve cotton fabric, specifically his cotton apron. Moreover, he found that when his apron dried, it exploded. The new, unstable compound proved tantalizing. By 1885, Joseph Swan had tested strands of cellulose nitrate for use as elements in electric light bulbs. (Lewington, 1990) [See 1868] = PlantTrivia

1845 First German Workers Organization founded in New York City = German American

1846-1878 Pope Pius IX = Christianity

1846 Reported apparition of Mary in La Salette, France, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1846 Oregon Treaty establishes 49th parallel as US-British boundary= Canada
HBC’s Pacific Headquarters shifts from Oregon (Columbia River) to Victoria= Canada

1846-7 A.C. Anderson explores routes between Thompson and Lower Fraser Rivers= Canada

1846 Elias Howe invented sewing machine. WorldAlman

1846 President James K Polk ordered Gen Zachary Taylor to seize disputed Texan land settled by Mexicans. WorldAlman

1846 Mormons evacuate Nauvoo, Carthage County, Illinois. StofIL1902

1846 U.S. declares war on Mexico </cgi-bin/id/CE034155>. California and New Mexico annexed by U.S. Brigham Young leads Mormons to Great Salt Lake. W. T. Morton uses ether as anesthetic. Sewing machine patented by Elias Howe. Frederick Douglass </cgi-bin/id/CE015407> launches abolitionist newspaper The North Star. Failure of potato crop causes famine in Ireland. = Kid Info

May1846 First regiment of Illinois volunteers enrolled for service in Mexican War. StofIL1902

13May1846 USofA declares war on Mexico, after border clash. Northern Whigs oppose war, Southerners backed it. WorldAlman

23May1846 Mexico declares war on USofA. WorldAlman

28Dec1846 29th state admitted into the union, Iowa Dec. 28, 1846; having been settled by 1788 =infoplease

1847 Ireland's potato famine ends. The Bronte sisters publish "Jane Eyre <gopher://gopher.vt.edu:10010/02/50/1>" and "Wuthering Heights <http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/toccer?id=BroWuth&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0>" Joseph Pulitzer, a newspaperman is born. In December Christian VIII of Denmark dies and Frederik becomes king. Concern over the stability in the Helstat grows. Otto von Bismarck starts his political life as a substitute delegate to the Prussian United Diet. = Christy's

1847 The Missouri Synod of the Lutheran Church was founded by German immigrants to combat what they saw as the liberalization of Lutheranism in America. = GermansInAm

1847 Lutheran Missouri Synod organized, C.F.W. Walther, president = German American

1847 The American Medical Association was founded and began the formation of State and local societies. = Social Security

1847 Measles epidemic (to 1850)= Canada

1847 Sobrero invents nitorglycerine explosives in Italy. WallChartB

1847 Chocolate candy was first created. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1847 New Orleans Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1847 45th state admitted into the union, Utah Jan. 4, 1896; having been settled by 1847 =infoplease
25Feb1847 Saline County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

27Mar1847 Gen Winfield Scott w/12,000 troops captures Vera Cruz. WorldAlman

14Sep1847 Gen Winfield Scott w/12,000 troops captures Mexico City. WorldAlman

1847-8 Worldwide Influenza = Epidemic

1848 Illinois and Michigan Canal <ilphotos.html> opened. = ILGenWeb

1848 ~Revolutions <http://www.pvhs.chico.k12.ca.us/bsilva/projects/revs/1848essy.html> in France, Austrian Empire, Italy, and Germany <history/1848.htm>; Marx publishes "the Communist Manifesto". The US acquires Texas. Gold is discovered in California. At the urgings of the Eiderdanes, King Frederik of Denmark declares that Scleswig would be a full part of Denmark, having the same constition. The Germans in the area rebel setting up a provisional government for ~Schleswig-Holstein <http://www.tc.umn.edu/bothm001/chap2.htm>. = Christy's

1848 Revolts in Sicily and Milan; Republic of Venice declared = Tour Italy

1848-49 The failure of the revolutions of 1848 to establish democracy caused thousands to leave Germany to settle in America; the most famous of these refugees was Carl Schurz <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/schurz.html>. He later served as a Union general in the Civil War, a United States senator from Missouri, and secretary of the interior under President Rutherford B. Hayes. = GermansInAm

1848 The German Revolution for "unity, justice and freedom" / J.J. Astor donates $400,000 for the Astor Public Library in New York City / New York's Germania Orchestra founded / Cincinnati Turnverein founded = German American

1848-49 First War of Independence; Piedmontese defeated by Austrians = Tour Italy

1848-1849 Revolutionary turmoil spreads throughout Europe. Austrian Chancellor Metternich flees; Ferdinand I abdicates in favor of eighteen-year-old Francis Joseph I, destined to have the longest reign of any monarch in modern times (sixty-eight years); Bukovina becomes an autonomous crownland; last vestiges of feudalism rescinded; poor harvests and cholera epidemics.= Bukovina

1848 Revolt in Paris: Louis Philippe abdicates; Louis Napoleon elected president of French Republic. Revolutions in Vienna, Venice, Berlin, Milan, Rome, and Warsaw. Put down by royal troops in 1848-1849. U.S.-Mexico War ends; Mexico cedes claims to Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada. U.S. treaty with Britain sets Oregon Territory boundary at 49th parallel. Karl Marx </cgi-bin/id/CE033130> and Friedrich Engels's Communist Manifesto. Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery and joins the Underground Railroad </cgi-bin/id/CE053263>. Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, N.Y. = Kid Info

1848-9 Fort Hope established by HCB= Canada

24Jan1848 Gold discovered in California, 80,000 prospectors emigrate in 1849. WorldAlman

02Feb1848 Treaty signed,Mexico ceded claims to Texas, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, part of Colorado, US assumed $3,000,000 American claims & paid $15,000,000. WorldAlman

10Apr1848 Illinois and Michigan Canal completed, the first boat, the "General Fry" passed from Lockport to Chicago.

29May1848 30th state admitted into the union, Wisconsin May 29, 1848; having been settled by 1766 =infoplease

1848-9 North America Cholera = Epidemic

1849 Republic of Rome; despotism restored = Tour Italy

1849 Californian Gold Rush. Great Britain proclaims Vancouver Island a Crown Colony. Attempts to create an all-German union collapses. <history/germany.htm> = Christy's

1849 Arrival of "Forty-Eighters" after the failed democratic revolution in Germany / First national "Saengerfest" of the North American Singers Union in Cincinnati / J.A. Sutter loses his land and fortune in the California gold rush = German American

1849 Royal Charter grants Vancouver Island to the HBC= Canada
Richard Blanshard becomes first Governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island= Canada
Chief Factor James Douglas receives direction to negotiate with VI Tribes= Canada
Fort Rupert established by HBC to supply coal to an American steamship line= Canada
Coal deposits at Nanaimo publicized= Canada

1849 36th state admitted into the union, Nevada Oct. 31, 1864; having been settled by 1849 =infoplease

1849 New York cholera = Epidemic

1850 Seventh federal census taken for the United States. For the first time since the census began, all persons in each household are listed by name. And that's not the only good news. The birthplace for each person is listed. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet listed the county as well as town or township.

1850 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1850s Nearly one million Germans immigrated to America in this decade, one of the peak periods of German immigration; in 1854 alone, 215,000 Germans arrived in this country. = GermansInAm

1850 Wilhelm Weitling and Hermann Kriege found the "Bund der Arbeiter" (Workers' League) / Levi Strauss produces first jeans = German American

1850 Chinese peasants demand land in Taiping Rebellion. Hawthorne's <http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/hawthorne.html> "The Scarlet Lette <gopher://spinaltap.micro.umn.edu/11/Gutenberg/scarlet>r" is written. Jeans are invented by Levi Strauss, a German who emigrated to America during the gold rush. The streets of Toronto are for the first time illuminated by gas streetlights. = Christy's

1850 The mechanization of agriculture began. Mechanical reapers, and later the internal combustion engine (and consequently the tractor) altered the face of the world - and the growth and increasing urbanization of the world population. Between 1860 and 1920, about 1,000,000,000 acres of new land were brought under cultivation, with another 1,000,000,000 acres coming into production during the following six decades. Improvements in shipping, refrigeration, and processing further industrialized this process. Today’s American farmer receives 4% of the price of chicken in the store and 12% of the price of a can of corn. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1850 Seed of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) were brought by a gold miner from Chile to California, where the plant thrived as a forage crop. (Heiser, 1981) = PlantTrivia

1850 Douglas concludes treaties in Victoria, Sooke & Metchosin= Canada
Measles epidemic spreads from coast to interior= Canada

1850s OMI Bishop Pierre Paul Durieu comes to the Northwest coast= Canada
Peter O’Reilly is Stipendiary Magistrate in Langley, then Fort Hope= Canada

1850-1 Royal Navy destroys Newitti Village= Canada

1850 Nationwide Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1850 Henry Clay </cgi-bin/id/CE011406> opens great debate on slavery, warns South against secession. = Kid Info

09Sep1850 Senator Henry Clay's Compromise of 1850 admitted California as 31st state, slavery forbidden; made Utah & New Mexico territories without decision on slavery; made Fugitive Slave Law more harsh; ended District of Columbia slave trade. WorldAlman

09Sep1850 31st state admitted into the union, California Sept. 9, 1850; having been settled by 1769 =infoplease

1850-1 North America Influenza = Epidemic

1851 Beginning around 1820 and enduring for over 80 years, the “baked ‘tato man” was common on London streets, selling hot baked potatoes from fall through early spring. By 1851 there were over 300 such vendors, selling ten tons of potatoes each day. Some accounts suggest that hot potatoes at times were purchased as hand warmers. (Zuckerman, 1998) = PlantTrivia

1851 Illinois Central Railroad chartered. = ILGenWeb

1851 The telegraph is used to direct trains. = Christy's

1851 Douglas becomes Governor but remains Chief Factor of the HBC (to 1858)= Canada
Douglas concludes treaties in Fort Rupert= Canada
Joseph Despard Pemberton becomes Colonial Surveyor= Canada
Gunter’s Chain unit of land measurement introduced= Canada
Gold found on Queen Charlotte Islands. Gunboats sent to Queen Charlotte Islands= Canada

1851 Herman Melville </cgi-bin/id/CE033775>'s Moby-Dick. = Kid Info

1851 Coles Co., IL, The Great Plains, and Missouri cholera = Epidemic

1852-1922 Charles Taze Russell, founded the Jehova's Witnesses movement in the 1870s = Christianity

1852 Second Empire declared in France. Harriet Beecher Stowe <people.htm> writes "Uncle Tom's Cabin" = Christy's

1852 Cavour prime minister of Piedmont = Tour Italy

1852 South African Republic established. Louis Napoleon proclaims himself Napoleon III (“Second Empire”). Harriet Beecher Stowe </cgi-bin/id/CE049739>'s Uncle Tom's Cabin. = Kid Info

1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes "Uncle Tom's Cabin." WorldAlman

1852 Nationwide [New Orleans-8,000 die in summer] Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1852 Douglas concludes treaties on Saanich peninsula= Canada
James Douglas becomes Lieutenant-Governor of the Queen Charlotte Islands= Canada

1852-3 Cowichan crisis. Gunboat dispatched= Canada

1853 Japanese trade isolation ends. Russia and Turkey are fighting again. Florence Nightengale <http://www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/links/bio/night.html> works as a nurse during the Crimean War. = Christy's

1853 Crimean War </cgi-bin/id/CE013272> begins as Turkey declares war on Russia. Commodore Perry </cgi-bin/id/CE040333> reaches Tokyo. = Kid Info

1853 Peak of the California gold rush= Canada

1853 Heinrich Steinweg creates the Steinway piano in New York = German American

11Feb1853 Kankakee County, given an Indian name; established 11Feb1853 and created from Iroquois and Will Counties; 1990 population was 96,255; mailing address of county clerk: 450 E Court St; Kankankee IL 60901-3997

1854 ~Dickens <http://lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/matsuoka/Dickens.html> publishes "Hard Times". France, Britain, and Russia fight over the Ottoman empire during the Crimean War. (1853-55) Russia loses. = Christy's

1854 First telegraph service in Czernowitz.= Bukovina

1854 Commodore Matthew C. Perry “opened” Japan’s doors to the West with signing of the Treaty of Kamagawa. Exchanges between the two countries included an American agricultural exhibit managed by Dr. James Morrow, assisted by S. Wells Williams, a Protestant missionary in China. Dried specimens from this first trip went to Williams’ boyhood friend, the Harvard botanist Asa Gray. These specimens were quickly followed by collections from Charles Wright, who had been working in the North Pacific as botanist on a US Surveying Expedition, and was able to go directly to Japan once the treaty was signed. (Spongberg, 1990) = PlantTrivia

1854 Britain and France join Turkey in war on Russia. In U.S., Kansas-Nebraska Act </cgi-bin/id/CE027744> permits local option on slavery; rioting and bloodshed. Japanese allow American trade. Antislavery men in Michigan form Republican Party. Tennyson </cgi-bin/id/CE051219>'s Charge of the Light Brigade. Thoreau </cgi-bin/id/CE051663>'s Walden. = Kid Info

1854 Douglas concludes treaty in Nanaimo= Canada

1854 221,253 German immigrants arrive in this peak year = German American

28Feb1854 Republican party formed at Ripon, Wisconsin. Opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act (became law 30May) which left the issue of slavery to the vote of the settlers. WorldAlman

1855 Alexander II, (Nicholas' son) begins his reign. = Christy's

1855 Armed clashes in Kansas between pro- and anti-slavery forces. Florence Nightingale </cgi-bin/id/CE037293> nurses wounded in Crimea. Walt Whitman </cgi-bin/id/CE055693>'s Leaves of Grass. = Kid Info

1855 Nanaimo coalfields purchased by HBC= Canada

1855 The Government Hospital for the Insane was established (later became St. Elizabeth's Hospital of Washington, D.C.) = Social Security

1855 Nationwide [many parts] Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1855-1856: Crimean War. = Imperial Russia

1855 First steps were taken toward eventual production of rayon. After 1900, technology would be developed to allow production of rayon and cellophane. Both are products derived from cellulose extracted from wood chips. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

21Apr1855 First railroad train crossed Mississippi on river's first bridge, Rock Island, Illinois-Davenport, Iowa. WorldAlman

1856-7 Nlaka’pamux force American miners to retreat= Canada

1856 Iran besieges the Afghanistan city of Herat, and the British (who control Afghanistan) declare war on Iran. Louis Pastue discovers that fermentation is caused by microorganisms. ~Nikola Tesla <http://www.neuronet.pitt.edu/bogdan/tesla/index.htm> born. = Christy's

1856 Flaubert </cgi-bin/id/CE018621>'s Madame Bovary. = Kid Info

1856 Margaretha Meyer Schurz, a German immigrant and wife of Carl Schurz, established the first kindergarten in America at Watertown, Wisconsin. = GermansInAm

1856 Republican party born in Illinois. StofIL1902

1856 Republican party's first nominee for president, John C Freemont, defeated. Abraham Lincoln made 50 speeches for him. WorldAlman

11Feb1856 Kankakee County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

21May1856 Lawrence, Kansas sacked by slavery party. WorldAlman

30Aug1856 Abolitionist John Brown, led anti-slavery men against Missourians at Osawatomie, Kansas. WorldAlman

1857 Hindu and Muslim soldiers revolt against British in the Sepoy Rebellion in ~India <http://spcuna.spc.edu/0shah_nt/india.html>. Iran and Great Britain sign a peace treaty. Petroleum is discovered in Pennslvania. After this paraffin oil begins to replace the use of sperm-whale oil. King Emmanuel of Sardinia and Prince Napoleon of France order the beginning of a jointly funded tunnel under Mont Cenis. = Christy's

1857 Adolphus Busch (1839-1913) <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/fob.html> left the Rhineland and settled in St. Louis, Missouri. Four years later, he married the daughter of a prosperous brewer. In addition to children, this union resulted in the founding of what was soon to become an industry giant with holdings across the country: the Anheuser-Busch Brewing Association. = GermansInAm

1857 Anglican missionary William Duncan arrives in Victoria= Canada
Anglicans establish Indian school at Fort Simpson= Canada
Methodists establish Indian school in Nanaimo= Canada
British Parliamentary inquiry into the affairs of the HBC= Canada
Colonial proclamation claims all gold mines. Gold mining licences introduced= Canada

1857-9 Worldwide [one of the greated epidemics] Influenza = Epidemic

1857 Supreme Court, in Dred Scott </cgi-bin/id/CE015519> decision, rules that a slave is not a citizen. Financial crisis in Europe and U.S. Great Mutiny (Sepoy Rebellion </cgi-bin/id/CE025498>) begins in India. India placed under crown rule as a result. = Kid Info

1857 The first municipal pension fund was established providing disability and death benefits for New York City police. = Social Security

1857 The Columbia Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind was founded (later became Gallaudet College). = Social Security

06Mar1857 Dred Scott decision by US Supreme Court held,6-3, that a slave did not become free when taken into a free state, Congress could not bar slavery from a territory, and blacks could not be citizens. WorldAlman

1858 Reported apparition of Mary in Lourdes, France, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1858 The British government took over the rule of India. Russia and China sign the Treaty of Aygun extending Russian trading rights. Eraser is fitted to the end of a pencil. Gold is discovered in the Central Fraiser River and Cariboo Mountains. = Christy's

1858 Edward Bulwer-Lytton is Secretary of State for the Colonies = Canada
British Columbia Act. New Caledonia becomes Colony of British Columbia= Canada
James Douglas resigns from HBC to become Governor of mainland Colony of BC = Canada
British government passes act establishing direct rule on the mainland= Canada
Colonel R. C. Moody is Commissioner of Lands & Works (CLW) to 1864= Canada
Royal Engineers undertake mapping of BC mainland= Canada
Douglas reserves are laid out on BC mainland (to 1864) under Douglas’ policy= Canada
Colonial proclamation states that all land is vested in the crown= Canada
Indian people have right to pre-empt vacant crown land during Douglas’s governorship= Canada
Oblates of Mary Immaculate establish a centre at Esquimalt= Canada
Gunboats sent to New Caledonia (BC)= Canada
Fraser River Gold Rush= Canada
Steam boats penetrate Fraser River as far as Yale= Canada
Pack trail is established between Yale and Lytton= Canada
Construction of Harrison-Lillooet road commenced= Canada

1858 Pro-slavery constitution rejected in Kansas. Abraham Lincoln </cgi-bin/id/A0760601> makes strong antislavery speech in Springfield, Ill.: “this Government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” Lincoln-Douglas debates. First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable completed by Cyrus W. Field </cgi-bin/id/CE018308>. = Kid Info

1858 Invention of the Mason jar stimulated use of large quantities of white sugar for preserves, reducing traditional reliance on maple sugar and molasses for home cooking. Usage of white sugar in the United States doubled between 1880 (when the tariff on imported sugar was lowered) and 1915. (Root, 1980) = PlantTrivia

1858 38th state admitted into the union, Colorado Aug. 1, 1876; having been settled by 1858 =infoplease

11May1858 32nd state admitted into the union, Minnesota May 11, 1858; having been settled by 1805 =infoplease

16May1858 Lincoln nominated for the Presidency in Chicago. StofIL1902

21Aug1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates in Illinois til 15Oct. WorldAlman

1859-1959 90 Catholic NT editions, 56 Catholic editions of the whole Bible = Christianity

1859-60 Piedmont annexes most of northern Italy; Nice and Savoy ceded to France = Tour Italy

1859 Darwin <http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/nathist/darwin/darwin.html> publishes "The Origins of Species <http://www.literature.org/Works/Charles-Darwin/origin/>." John Stuart Mill <thinker.htm> publishes "On Liberty" = Christy's

1859 Gold Fields Act sets out Gold Commissioner’s duties and miners’ water rights= Canada
HBC trading license on Vancouver Island expires. James Douglas becomes Governor= Canada
J.D. Pemberton becomes Surveyor General of Vancouver Island= Canada
Douglas appoints first Gold Commissioners & Stipendiary Magistrates= Canada
Douglas reduces price of surveyed land= Canada
First Methodist missionaries at work in BC= Canada
Father Charles Pandosy (OMI) active in the Okanagan. Catholic mission established= Canada
Peter O’Reilly (Joseph Trutch’s brother-in-law) becomes Assistant Gold Commissioner= Canada
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Anglican) comes to BC= Canada
Methodists E. Evans, A. Browning, E. Robson and E. White active in Victoria = Canada

1859 40th state admitted into the union, South Dakota Nov. 2, 1889; having been settled by 1859 =infoplease

1859 John Brown </cgi-bin/id/CE007699> raids Harpers Ferry; is captured and hanged. Work begins on Suez Canal </cgi-bin/id/CE050005>. Unification of Italy starts under leadership of Count Cavour, Sardinian premier. Joined by France in war against Austria. Jean-Joseph-Étienne Lenoir builds first practical internal-combustion engine. Edward Fitzgerald's translation of The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. Charles Darwin </cgi-bin/id/CE014003>'s Origin of Species. J. S. Mill </cgi-bin/id/CE034444>'s On Liberty. = Kid Info

1859 British farming observer James Caird, in his book Prairie Farming in America, noted that export of grain through Chicago was about 100 bushels in 1837, 2,243,000 bushels in 1847, and nearly 18 million bushels annually by 1857. (Mingay, 1977) = PlantTrivia

1859, two religious denominations in Pontiac, Livingston County, Illinois, Disciples and Christian, met together in an old schoolhouse on the river and due to large crowds began meeting in the County Courthouse. They soon erected a plain brick building for joint services, which was honored by the presence of Abraham Lincoln, who delivered an address therein. Disciple, Origin

1859 Abraham Lincoln acquires the "Illinois Staatsanzeiger" paper and struggles through German grammar = German American

14Feb1859 33rd state admitted into the union, Oregon Feb. 14, 1859; having been settled by 1811 =infoplease

17Feb1859 Ford County was created in the territory of Illinois = Cahokia

17Feb1859 Ford County, named for Governor Thomas Ford; established 17Feb1859 and created from Clark County land which was unorganized territory attached to Vermilion County; 1990 population was14,300; mailing address of county clerk: 200 W State Rm 101; Paxton IL 60957-1145

27Aug1859 First commercially productive oil well, drilled near Titusville, Pennsylvania by Edwin L Drake. WorldAlman

16Oct1859 Abolitionist John Brown with 21 men seized US Armory at Harpers Ferry (then Virginia). US Marines captured raiders, killing several. Brown was hanged for treason by Virginia 02Dec. WorldAlman

1860 South Carolina secedes from the Union. = Kid Info

1860 eighth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet listed the county as well as town or township and the post office name.

1860 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1860 The United States Census reported 849,000 persons 65 and over (2.7% of the United States population). = Social Security

1860 An estimated 1.3 million German-born immigrants resided in the United States; 200 German-language magazines and newspapers were published in this country; in St. Louis alone, there were seven German-language newspapers. = GermansInAm

1860 End of state-sponsored colonization; German professionals, officials, artisans, and farmers migrate to Bukovina on their own initiative.= Bukovina

1860 Edgar Dewdney and Walter Moberly open Dewdney trail between Hope & Similkameen= Canada
Royal Engineers widen Douglas-Lilloet trail into wagon road= Canada
Similkameen post established by HBC = Canada
Proclamation establishes procedures for pre-emption of unsurveyed agricultural land= Canada
J.D. Pemberton is Surveyor-General Vancouver Island (to 1864)= Canada
Victoria Gas Company founded= Canada
Anglicans establish Indian school near Victoria= Canada

1860 Garibaldi and the Thousand capture Sicily and the south = Tour Italy

1860 Finland acquires its own currency, the markka or Finnish mark <http://www.bof.fi/env/eng/tie/tietoaen.stm>. = Finland

1860s Sawmilling begins to flourish and the paper industry starts to develop. = Finland

1860sDouglas or pre-Confederation reserves laid out (mostly to 1864; none after 1871)= Canada
William Cox is Gold Commissioner at Rock Creek= Canada
Commercial fishing begins to develop= Canada

1860-1 Pennsylvania Smallpox = Epidemic

03Apr1860 Pony Express between Sacramento CA & St Joseph MO, service ended 24Oct1861 when first transcontinental telegraph line was completed. WorldAlman

Nov1860 Abraham Lincoln, Republican 40% 180, elected president in 4-way race of Stephen A Douglas, Democrat 29% 12; John C Breckinridge, Democrat 18% 72; John Bell, Const Union 13% 39 electoral college votes. WorldAlman

1861 U.S. Civil War </cgi-bin/id/CE011273> begins as attempts at compromise fail. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas secede; with South Carolina, they form the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as president. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina secede and join Confederacy. First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas).(For detailed chronology, see The Civil War </cgi-bin/id/A0001248>.) Congress creates Colorado, Dakota, and Nevada territories; adopts income tax; Lincoln inaugurated. Serfs emancipated in Russia. Pasteur </cgi-bin/id/CE039716>'s theory of germs. Independent Kingdom of Italy proclaimed under Sardinian king Victor Emmanuel II. = Kid Info

1861 American Civil War <http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/> begins. Alexander II's Russian Act of Emancipation frees the serfs. William I becomes king of Prussia. The first Italian parliament is convened by Victor Emmanuel II. Great Britian takes possesion of Lagos Island (Nigeria). Bismark is made foreign minister of Prussia. = Christy's

1861: The Serfs are Emancipated. = Imperial Russia

1861 The Civil War (1861-65) / German-American militia safeguard Missouri for the Union / Julius Sturges brings first pretzel on the market in
Lititz, PA = German American

1861 St. Mary’s Catholic mission established near Mission City (to 1984)= Canada
Gold discovered in the Upper Peace River region= Canada
Harrison-Lillooet wagon road completed= Canada
Proclamation consolidates laws relating to the settlement of unsurveyed crown lands= Canada
Country Land Purchase Act= Canada

29Jan1861 34th state admitted into the union, Kansas Jan. 29, 1861; having been settled by 1727 =infoplease

08Feb1861 Seven southern states set up Confederate States of America with Jefferson Davis as president, captured Federal arsenals and forts. WorldAlman

04Mar1861 Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated 16th US President. CWglance

06Mar1861 By act of the Confederate Congress, all volunteers for the mounted are were required to furnish their own horses and necessary equipage. In return, each man was to receive $.40 a day per diem for the use of his horse. Compensation (value at mustering) was provided if the animal was killed in action or died of a wound, but no reimbursement was allowed if it succumbed to disease or the rigors of campaigning. The Confederate Quartermaster was responsible for providing grain, hay and fodder. All horses brought into service were branded with the letters "CS." 35thTXCav

12Apr1861 Bombardment of Fort Sumter, NC until 13Apr. CWglance

15Apr1861 President Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers. CWglance

17Apr1861 Virginia secedes. CWglance

19Apr1861 Confederates occupy Harpers Ferry, VA (now WV). CWglance

03Jun1861 Engagement at Philippi, VA (now WV), first land "action" of the war. CWglance

10Jun1861 Engagement at Big Bethel, VA. CWglance

11Jun1861 Engagement at Rich Mountain, VA (now WV). CWglance

05Jul1861 Engagement at Carthage, MO. CWglance

21Jul1861 First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run), VA. CWglance

27Jul1861 George B McClellan takes command of Union Army of the Potomac. CWglance

10Aug1861 Battle of Wilson's Creek, MO. CWglance

27Aug1861 Battle of Hatteras Inlet, NC until 29Aug. CWglance

12Sep1861 Seige until 20Sep capture of Lexington, MO. CWglance

21Oct1861 Battle of Ball's Bluff, VA. CWglance

24Oct1861 First transcontinental telegraph line was completed marks the end of Pony Express (see 03Apr1860 start). WorldAlman

07Nov1861 Battle of Belmont MO. CWglance

07Nov1861 Battle of Port Royal Sound SC. CWglance

09Dec1861 Engagement at Chusto-Talash, Indian Territory. CWglance

26Dec1861 Engagement at Chustenahlah, Indian Territory. CWglance

1862 Victor Hugo <http://www.rural.escape.ca/wideman/hugo/> publishes "Les Miserables". Henry David Thoreau <thinker.htm> dies. Port Royal Experiment of returning land to freed black slaves begins (in USA). Bismarck is transfered to Paris to serve as an ambassador there. In March the Prussian Landtag insists that on itemization of the budget so they can see that extra funds aren't going to the military. The king disolves the Landtag. In May there is another election of which the Deutsche Fortschrittsparte win 133 seats. On Sept. 23 the Landtag delete from the budget money which has already gone towards military reorganization. Bismarck is called in for advice and made minister of foreign affairs for Prussia. = Christy's

1862 Manz mines go into receivership; miners reduced to dire economic straits until well into the twentieth century; emigration from Bukovina in search of better livelihood begins.= Bukovina

1862 Homestead Act / Sioux Uprising in Minnesota. Attack on the German Turner town of New Ulm, MN = German American

1862 Metlakatla mission established (to 1887)= Canada
Thomas Crosby (Protestant) active in Nanaimo= Canada
Smallpox epidemic reduces aboriginal populations in BC (to 1863)= Canada
Peak of the Cariboo Gold Rush= Canada
Gold rush on Stikine= Canada
Building of Cariboo Road between Yale and Barkerville commenced (completed in 1865)= Canada

1862 Partially to deal with Civil War debt, Congress established a Commissioner of Internal Revenue. One tax collected was on whiskey, beginning at $.20 per gallon in 1863, the tax rose to $2 per gallon by 1865. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

1862 Several major Civil War battles: Battle of Shiloh, Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas), Battle of Antietam. Salon des Refusés introduces impressionism. = Kid Info

10Jan1862 Battle of Middle Creek, KY. CWglance

19Jan1862 Battle of Mill Springs, KY. CWglance

06Feb1862 Forts Henry & Donelson Campaign, TN. CWglance

06Feb1862 Battle of Fort Henry. CWglance

08Feb1862 Battle of Roanoke Island, NC. CWglance

13Feb1862 Battle of Fort Donelson until 16Feb. CWglance

21Feb1862 Engagement at Valverde, New Mexico Territory. CWglance

06Mar1862 Battle of Pea Ridge AK until 08Mar. CWglance

09Mar1862 USS Monitor vs CSS Virginia in Hampton Roads, VA. First naval battle between ironclad vessels. CWglance

23Mar1862 Battle of Kernstown (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance

26Mar1862 Battle of Glorieta Pass, NM Territory until 28Mar. CWglance

Apr1862 Farragut's Mississippi River Operations until Aug1862. CWglance

04Apr1862 McCellan's Army of the Potomac begins advance up the Virginia peninsula toward Richmond. CWglance

05Apr1862 McCellan's army begeiges Confederate forces at Yorktown, VA until 04May. CWglance

06Apr1862 Battle of Shiloh, TN until 07Apr. CWglance

07Apr1862 Capture of Island No. 10, TN. CWglance

10Apr1862 Bombardment & capture of Fort Pulaski, GA until 11Apr. CWglance

18Apr1862 Battle of Forts Jackson and St Philip, LA until 24Apr (Farragut's Mississippi River Operations). CWglance

29Apr1862 Seige of Corinth, MS until 30May. CWglance

08May1862 Battle of McDowell (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance

15May1862 Battle of Drewry's Bluff, VA. CWglance

20May1862 Homestead Act approved, granting free family farms to settlers. WorldAlman

23May1862 Battle of Front Royal (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance

25May1862 1st Battle of Winchester (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance

31May1862 Battle of Seven Pines (Fair Oaks), VA until 01Jun. CWglance

01Jun1862 Robert E Lee assumes command of the Army of Northern Virginia. CWglance

06Jun1862 Battle of Memphis, TN. CWglance

08Jun1862 Battle of Cross Keys (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance

09Jun1862 Battle of Port Republic (Stonewall Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, VA 23Mar to 09Jun). CWglance

25Jun1862 Battle of Oak Grove (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance

26Jun1862 Battle of Mechanicsville (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance

27Jun1862 Battle of Gaines' Mill (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance

29Jun1862 Battle of Savage's Station (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance

30Jun1862 Battle of Glendale (Fraser's Farm)(7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance

01Jul1862 Battle of Malvern Hill (7 Days' Battles Around Richmond). CWglance

05Aug1862 Battle of Baton Rouge, LA (Farragut's Mississippi River Operations). CWglance

09Aug1862 Battle of Cedar Mountain, VA. CWglance

28Aug1862 Battle of Second Manassas (Bull Run), VA until 30Aug. CWglance

29Aug1862 Battle of Richmond, KY until 30Aug. CWglance

01Sep1862 Battle of Chantilly (Ox Hill), VA. CWglance

12Sep1862 Seige & Capture of Harpers Ferry, VA (now WV) til 15Sep. CWglance

14Sep1862 Battles of S Mountain & Antietam(Sharpsburg) til 17Sep. CWglance

14Sep1862 Seige of Munfordville, KY until 17Sep. CWglance

19Sep1862 Battle of Iuka, MS. CWglance

03Oct1862 Battle of Corinth, MS until 04Oct. CWglance

08Oct1862 Battle of Perryville, KY. CWglance

16Oct1862 Grant's First Vicksburg Campaign, MS until 20Dec. CWglance

07Nov1862 Ambrose E Burnside replaces McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac. CWglance

07Dec1862 Battle of Prairie Grove, AK. CWglance

11Dec1862 Battle of Fredericksburg, VA until 13Dec. CWglance

11Dec1862 Forrest's West Tennessee Raid until 01Jan1863 (Grant's First Vicksburg Campaign, MS). CWglance

17Dec1862 Van Dorn's Holly Springs Raid until 28Dec (Grant's First Vicksburg Campaign, MS). CWglance

27Dec1862 Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, MS until 29Dec. CWglance

31Dec1862 Battle of Stones River, TN until 02Jan. CWglance

1863 The Polish revolt again, and are again defeated by the Russians = Christy's

1863 German Protestant daughter colony of Alexanderdorf founded.= Bukovina

1863 Road between Spence’s Bridge and Clinton completed= Canada
St. Mary’s mission established by the Oblates= Canada

1863 Pasteur invents pasteurization in France. WallChartB

1863 Finland's own legislature convenes. Emperor Alexander II decrees that Finnish is to have equal status with Swedish as a language of administration. The decree is to have the force of law within 20 years. = Finland

1863 French capture Mexico City; proclaim Archduke Maximilian </cgi-bin/id/CE033454> of Austria emperor. Battle of Gettysburg. = Kid Info

01Jan1863 Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation. CWglance

01Jan1863 Battle of Galveston, TX. CWglance

09Jan1863 Battle of Arkansas Post, AK until 11Jan. CWglance

19Jan1863 Burnside's "Mud March" until 23Jan. CWglance

26Jan1863 Joseph Hooker succeeds Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac. CWglance

29Mar1863 Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign, MS until 04Jul. CWglance

07Apr1863 Federal Ironclads attack Charleston, SC. CWglance

11Apr1863 Seige of Suffolk, VA until 04May. CWglance

11Apr1863 Streight's Raid, TN-AL until 03May (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

16Apr1863 Union fleet passes Vicksburg river batteries til 22Apr (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

17Apr1863 Grierson's Raid, TN-MS-LA until 02May (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

29Apr1863 Stoneman's Raid (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance

29Apr1863 Battle of Grand Gulf (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

01May1863 Battle of Port Gibson (Grant's 2d Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

01May1863 Battle of Chancellorsville (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance

02May1863 Stonewall Jackson wounded (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance

03May1863 2nd Battle of Fredericksburg (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance

03May1863 Battle of Salem Church (Chancellorsville Campaign). CWglance

10May1863 Stonewall Jackson dies at Guiney's Station, VA. CWglance

12May1863 Battle of Raymond (Grant's 2nd Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

14May1863 Battle of Jackson (Grant's 2nd Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

16May1863 Battle of Champion Hill (Grant's 2d Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

17May1863 Battle of Big Black River Bridge (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

19May1863 Seige until 04Jul and surrender of Vicksburg (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

21May1863 Siege until 09Jul surrender of Port Hudson, LA. CWglance

07Jun1863 Battle of Milliken's Bend, LA (Grant's Second Vicksburg Campaign). CWglance

09Jun1863 Battle of Brandy Station, VA (Gettysburg Campaign). CWglance

13Jun1863 2nd Battle of Winchester, VA (Gettysburg Campaign). CWglance

20Jun1863 35th state admitted into the union, West Virginia June 20, 1863; having been settled by 1727 =infoplease

23Jun1863 Tullahoma Campaign, TN until 04Jul. CWglance

28Jun1863 George G Meade replaces Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac (Gettysburg Campaign). CWglance

01Jul1863 Battle of Gettysburg, PA (Gettysburg Campaign). CWglance

02Jul1863 Morgan's Raid, KY-IN-OH until 26Jul. CWglance

10Jul1863 Seige of Jackson, MS until 16Jul. CWglance

11Jul1863 Assault on Fort Wagner, Charleston, SC. CWglance

13Jul1863 New York City draft riots until 16Jul. CWglance

17Jul1863 Battle of Honey Springs (Elk Creek), Indian Territory. CWglance

18Jul1863 Assault on Fort Wagner, Charleston, SC. CWglance

Aug1863 Chickamauga Campaign, GA until Sep1863. CWglance

08Sep1863 Battle of Sabine Pass, TX. CWglance

18Sep1863 Battle of Chickamauga til 20Sep (Chickamauga Campaign). CWglance

Oct1863 Chattanooga Campaign, TN until Nov1863. CWglance

14Oct1863 Battle of Bristoe Station, VA. CWglance

28Oct1863 Wauhatchie Night Attack til 29Oct (Chattanooga Campaign). CWglance

Nov1863 Knoxville Campaign, TN until Dec1863. CWglance

06Nov1863 Battle of Droop Mountain, WV. CWglance

07Nov1863 Engagement at Rappahannock Station, VA. CWglance

17Nov1863 Siege of Knoxville until 04Dec (Knoxville Campaign). CWglance

19Nov1863 Lincoln delivers his Gettysburg Address. CWglance

23Nov1863 Battle of Chattanooga til 25Nov (Chattanooga Campaign). CWglance

26Nov1863 Mine Run Campaign, Va until 02Dec. CWglance

1864 Russian law establishes local legislatures. Louis Pasteur proves that abiogenesis doesn't work. Prussia and Austria join forces to capture Holstein and Schleswig from the Danish. = Christy's

1864 Western Union Telegraph Company decides to build telegraph through BC= Canada
Wagon road to Cottonwood completed= Canada
Ahousat villages destroyed by Royal Navy= Canada
Burrard mission established in Squamish territory= Canada
Chilcotin Nation uprising against Bute Inlet wagon road building party. Manhunt follows= Canada
Some members of the Chilcotin Nation tried and hanged for uprising deaths = Canada
Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition= Canada
British Vancouver Island Coal Mining Company buys HBC coal fields at Nanaimo= Canada

1864 Gen. Sherman's Atlanta campaign and “march to the sea.” = Kid Info

03Feb1864 Meridian Expedition, MS until 04Mar. CWglance

20Feb1864 Battle of Olustee (Ocean Pond) FL. CWglance

22Feb1864 Battle of Okolona (Meridian Expedition). CWglance

12Mar1864 Red River and Camden Campaigns, LA-AK until 20May. CWglance

23Mar1864 Camden Expedition, AK until 03May (Red River and Camden Campaigns). CWglance

08Apr1864 Battle of Mansfield, LA (Red River and Camden Campaigns). CWglance

09Apr1864 Battle of Pleasant Hill, LA (Red River and Camden Campaigns) CWglance

12Apr1864 Fort Pillow "massacre", TN. CWglance

30Apr1864 Battle of Jenkins' Ferry, AK (Red River and Camden Campaigns). CWglance

05May1864 Battle of the Wilderness, VA until 06May. CWglance

07May1864 Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, GA until 02Sep. CWglance

08May1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, VA until 21May. CWglance

09May1864 Sherman's Richmond Raid until 24May. CWglance

13May1864 Battle of Resaca til 15May (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance

15May1864 Battle of New Market, VA. CWglance

16May1864 Battle of Drewry's Bluff, VA. CWglance

23May1864 Battle of North Anna River, VA until 26May. CWglance

25May1864 Battles of New Hope Church, Pickett's Mill, and Dallas until 28May (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance

31May1864 Battle of Cold Harbor, VA until 12Jun. CWglance

05Jun1864 Battle of Piedmont, VA. CWglance

10Jun1864 Battle of Brice's Cross Roads, MS. CWglance

11Jun1864 Battle of Trevilian Station, VA until 12Jun. CWglance

15Jun1864 Battle of Petersburg, VA until 18Jun. CWglance

17Jun1864 Battle of Lynchburg, VA until 18Jun. CWglance

18Jun1864 Seige of Petersburg, VA until 02Apr1865. CWglance

23Jun1864 Early's Washington Raid until 25Jul. CWglance

27Jun1864 Battle of Kennesaw Mountain (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance

09Jul1864 Battle of Monocacy, MD (Early's Washington Raid). CWglance

12Jul1864 Battle of Fort Stevens, near Washington, DC (Early's Washington Raid). CWglance

14Jul1864 Battle of Tupelo, MS. CWglance

20Jul1864 Battle of Peachtree Creek (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance

22Jul1864 Battle of Atlanta (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance

24Jul1864 2nd Battle of Kernstown, VA (Early's Washington Raid). CWglance

28Jul1864 Battle of Ezra Church (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance

30Jul1864 Battle of the Crater (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance

05Aug1864 Battle of Mobile Bay, AL. CWglance

07Aug1864 Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign, Va until 19Oct. CWglance

18Aug1864 Battles of Weldon Railroad and Ream's Station until 25Aug (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance

29Aug1864 Price's Raid until 25Dec AK-MO-KS-Indian Terr-TX. CWglance

31Aug1864 Battle of Jonesboro until 01Sep(Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance

02Sep1864 Union troops occupy Atlanta (Sherman's Atlanta Campaign). CWglance

19Sep1864 3rd Battle of Winchester (Opequon Creek)(Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign). CWglance

22Sep1864 Battle of Fisher's Hill (Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign). CWglance

29Sep1864 Engagement at New Market Heights (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance

29Sep1864 Engagement of Fort Harrison (Chaffin's Farm) until 30Sep (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance

29Sep1864 Battle of Feebles' Farm til 02Oct (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance

19Oct1864 Battle of Cedar Creek (Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign). CWglance

27Oct1864 Battle of Burgess' Mill (Boydton Plank Road) until 28Oct (Seige of Vicksburg). CWglance

31Oct1864 36th state admitted into the union, Nevada Oct. 31, 1864; having been settled by 1849 =infoplease

08Nov1864 Lincoln reelected President of the United States. CWglance

15Nov1864 Sherman's Savannah Campaign (March to the Sea), GA until 21Dec. CWglance

22Nov1864 Engagement at Griswoldville, GA (Sherman's Savannah Campaign) (March to the Sea). CWglance

29Nov1864 Hood's Tennessee Campaign until 27Dec. CWglance

29Nov1864 Affair at Spring Hill (Hood's Tennessee Campaign). CWglance

30Nov1864 Engagement at Honey Hill, SC (Sherman's Savannah Campaign) (March to the Sea). CWglance

30Nov1864 Battle of Franklin (Hood's Tennessee Campaign). CWglance

13Dec1864 Capture of Fort McAllister, GA (Sherman's Savannah Campaign) (March to the Sea). CWglance

15Dec1864 Battle of Nashville until 16Dec (Hood's Tennessee Campaign). CWglance

21Dec1864 Savannah, GA occupied (Sherman's Savannah Campaign)(March to the Sea). CWglance

1865 Union army volunteers born in Germany numbered 5,000; 41 reached the rank of Major General / Young Count Zeppelin spent some time as a balloon observer = German American

1865 Russia captures Tashkent. American civil war ends. British physicist James Clerk Maxwell comes up with a theory to unify partial theories on electricity and magnetism. Ku Klux Klan forms in Tennessee. Lewis Carrol writes "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland <http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/carroll/aiwlsocov.html>". Between 1865 and 1890 the rates on freight trains dropped and services rose from 10 billion ton-miles to 72 billion. = Christy's

1865 Capital moved from Turin to Florence = Tour Italy

1865 Gen. Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox; the Civil War is over. Lincoln fatally shot at Ford's Theater by John Wilkes Booth </cgi-bin/id/CE006824>. Vice President Johnson sworn as successor. Booth caught and dies of gunshot wounds; four conspirators are hanged. Joseph Lister </cgi-bin/id/CE030865> begins antiseptic surgery. Gregor Mendel </cgi-bin/id/CE033816>'s Law of Heredity. Lewis Carroll </cgi-bin/id/CE009329>'s Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. = Kid Info

1865 New Westminster is connected by telegraph to the United States= Canada
Indian Graves Ordinance= Canada
Western Union builds telegraph line north to Quesnel= Canada
Vancouver Island Legislative Assembly calls for reserves to be opened up to settlement= Canada
Fort Rupert village destroyed by HMS Clio= Canada

1865-73 Philadelphia, NY, Boston, New Orleans} {Smallpox Baltimore, Memphis, Washington DC} {Cholera [A series of recurring epidemics of:} Typhus Typhoid Scarlet Fever Yellow Fever = Epidemic

13Jan1865 Attack and capture of Fort Fisher, NC until 14Jan. CWglance

14Jan1865 Sherman's Carolinas Campaign until 26Apr. CWglance

05Feb1865 Battle of Hatcher's Run until 07Feb (Seige of Petersburg). CWglance

22Feb1865 Capture of Wilmington, NC. CWglance

08Mar1865 Battle of Kinston, NC until 10Mar (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance

16Mar1865 Battle of Averasboro, NC (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance

19Mar1865 Battle of Bentonville, NC until 21Mar (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance

22Mar1865 Wilson's Alabama and Georgis Raid until 22Apr. CWglance

23Mar1865 Stoneman's North Carolina & Virginia Raid until 23Apr. CWglance

25Mar1865 Battle of Fort Stedman (Seige of Petersburg). CWglance

25Mar1865 Mobile Campaign, AL until 12Apr. CWglance

27Mar1865 Siege of Spanish Fort until 08Apr (Mobile Campaign). CWglance

01Apr1865 Battle of Five Oaks (Seige of Petersburg). CWglance

02Apr1865 Battle of Selma, AL. CWglance

02Apr1865 Petersburg lines breached (Seige of Petersburg). CWglance

02Apr1865 Confederates evacuate Richmond and Petersburg. CWglance

02Apr1865 Siege until 09Apr and capture of Fort Blakely (Mobile Campaign). CWglance

03Apr1865 Union forces occupy Richmond. CWglance

06Apr1865 Battle of Sayler's Creek, VA. CWglance

12Apr1865 Surrender of Mobile (Mobile Campaign). CWglance

13Apr1865 Raleigh, NC occupied (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance

14Apr1865 President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theatre, Washington; died the following morning. Booth was reported dead 26Apr, four conspirators were hanged 07Jul. WorldAlman

26Apr1865 Surrender of Gen Joseph E Johnston's Confederate forces near Durham Station, NC (Sherman's Carolinas Campaign). CWglance

04May1865 Surrender of Lt General Richard Taylor's Confederate forces at Citronelle, AL. CWglance

12May1865 Battle of Palmito Ranch, TX. Last CW land engagement. CWglance

23May1865 Grand Review of Federal armies in Washington DC. CWglance

26May1865 Surrender of Lt General E Kirby Smith's Confederate forces at New Orleans, LA. CWglance

23Jun1865 Surrender of Brig General Stand Watie's Confederate Indian forces at Doaksville, Indian Territory. CWglance

1866 Feodor Dostoevsky writes "Crime and Punishment <gopher://ftp.std.com:70/00/obi/book/Fyodor.Dostoevsky/CrimeAndPunishment.txt>" Bismark uses a dispute over Holstein <history/germany.htm> to go to war with Austria. The German Confederation is disbanded and Schleswig and Holstein are annexed by Prussia. = Christy's

1866 After Prussia's victory over its archrival, Austria is no longer a member state of the German Federation / Adolf Pfannenschmidt from Rinteln founds Pfannenschmidtstadt-better known today as Hollywood! = German American

1866 Prussia secedes from German Confederation; outbreak of Seven Weeks' War (Austria and German Confederation against Prussia and Italy); demise of German Confederation; Austria excluded from German affairs by Treaty of Prague; outbreaks of cholera in Bukovina; railroad completed linking Lemberg (Lvov) with Czernowitz. = Bukovina

1866 Venice becomes part of Italian kingdom after Third War of Independence = Tour Italy

1866 Chilliwack is connected by telegraph to the United States= Canada
Union of colonies of Vancouver Island and BC = Canada
Western Union Telegraph line & trail reaches Kispiox River= Canada
New Westminister becomes capital of new colony of BC= Canada
North America and Europe connected by cable= Canada

1866 Nobel invents dynamite in Sweden. WallChartB

1866 Alfred Nobel </cgi-bin/id/CE037424> invents dynamite (patented in Britain, 1867). Seven Weeks' War </cgi-bin/id/CE003743>: Austria defeated by Prussia and Italy. = Kid Info

1866 Eighteen year old Jack Newton Daniel established his distillery in Tennessee. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

1866 Ku Klux Klan formed secretly in South to terrorize blacks who voted. Disbanded 1869-1871. A second Klan was organized in 1915. WorldAlman

1867 Dominion of Canada created. John A Macdonald becomes prime minster of Canada <http://www.smokylake.com/canada/timeline.htm>. Reform Bill extends suffrage in Britain. Russia sells Alaska to the US. Alfred Nobel invents dynamite. Karl Marx writes "Das Kapital". Laura Ingalls Wilder is born. The last Japanese shogun, Hitotsubashi, resigns and the emperor regains the position as actual head of the government. 21 German states north of the Main River join a North German Confederation led by Prussia. By now the Singer Corporation (producing sewing machines) has factories in Britian, France and Argentina. Henry Sorby <http://www.shu.ac.uk/city/community/sorby/hcsorby.shtml> discovered (and named) carotene, the chemical that gives all plants and animals their red and yellow coloring. = Christy's

1867 Austria-Hungary Dual Monarchy established. French leave Mexico; Maximilian executed. Dominion of Canada established. U.S. buys Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. South African diamond field discovered. Japan ends 675-year shogun rule. Volume I of Marx's Das Kapital. Strauss </cgi-bin/id/CE049799>'s Blue Danube. = Kid Info

1867 Ausgleich (compromise) with Hungarians in Austrian Empire; establishment of Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary which lasts until end of World War I; national unrest within Empire intensifies.= Bukovina

1867 America's first Socialist party formed in New York City = German American

1867 An Ordinance to prevent the violation of Indian Graves = Canada
Reverend Good establishes St. Paul’s mission in Lytton area= Canada
Alaska is transferred to the US from Russia= Canada

1867 Smith invents barbed wire (first patent) in US. WallChartB

1867 Maximilian dies. EncycloTX

1867 Federal Department of Education was established. = Social Security

1867 University of Illinois founded at Urbana. = ILGenWeb

01Mar1867 37th state admitted into the union, Nebraska Mar. 1, 1867; having been settled by 1823 =infoplease

1868 Start of the Meiji Restoration in Japan. Louisa May Alcott writes "Little Women <http://tom.cs.cmu.edu/cgi-bin/book/lookup?num=514>" = Christy's

1868 Beginnings of a viable press in Bukovina with the publication of the Czernowitzer Zeitung; by the end of Hapsburg period Bukovina emerges with most sophisticated journalistic tradition in southeast Europe in which the German press predominates. = Bukovina

1868 Revolution in Spain; Queen Isabella deposed, flees to France. In U.S., Fourteenth Amendment </cgi-bin/id/CE019155> giving civil rights to blacks is ratified. Georgia under military government after legislature expels blacks.

1868 Capital of BC moved to Victoria from New Westminister= Canada

1868 The first major industrial medical care prepayment program, the hospital department of the Southern Pacific Railroad Company, was
organized in Sacramento, California. = Social Security

1868 J. W. Hyatt was awarded a $10,000 prize for his invention of a process to manufacture plastic billiard balls, using a mixture of camphor and nitro-cellulose. (Lewington, 1990) [See 1846] = PlantTrivia

24Feb1868 President Andrew Johnson tried to remove Edwin M Stanton, secretary of war; was impeached by House for violation of Tenure of Office Act. WorldAlman

Mar1868 President Andrew Johnson was acquitted by Senate for violation of Tenure of Office Act (thru May) Secretary of War Edwin M Stanton resigned. WorldAlman

11Mar1868 Illinois University founded. StofIL1902

1868 Earthquakes in Peru and Ecuador kills 40,000 = Christianity

1869-1870 First Vatican Council, 20th ecumenical, affirms doctrine of papal infallibility (ie. when a pope speaks ex cathedra on faith or morals he does so with the supreme apostolic authority, which no Catholic may question or reject) = Christianity

1869 Suez Canal completed. Louis Riel leads the Metis against Canada. The doctrine of papal infallibility is established during the Vatican Council I. The American transcontinental line was completed. = Christy's

1869 Austrian census reveals a population in Bukovina of more than 500,000 including 40,000 Germans; enactment of law for compulsory elementary school education (Reichsvolksschulgesetz) throughout Austrian Empire; German Protestant daughter colony of Katharinendorf founded.= Bukovina

1869 First U.S. transcontinental rail route completed. James Fisk </cgi-bin/id/CE018515> and Jay Gould </cgi-bin/id/CE021445>'s attempt to control gold market causes Black Friday panic. Suez Canal </cgi-bin/id/CE050005> opens. Mendeleev </cgi-bin/id/CE033819>'s periodic table of elements. = Kid Info

1869 Transcontinental railway link completed in American territory= Canada
Omineca gold rush begins= Canada

1869 The first State Board of Health in the United States was formed in Massachusetts. = Social Security

1869 A biologist imported European gypsy moth to the US for study. A few of those insects escaped and established populations that have caused great devastation to Eastern forests. (Shetler in Viola & Margolis, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1870 Ninth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet listed the county as well as town or township and the post office name. For the first time, the census asked about the birthplace of parents. = Census

1870 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1870 San Antonio, TX is 50% German / The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71); Chancellor Otto von Bismarck unites German states in the "Second Reich" (1871-1918) = German American

1870 During this decade the Red Delicious apple would be discovered in Iowa. The Golden Delicious apple originated on a farm in West Virginia in 1910. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1870 (1870s - Indian Independence movement begins to grow.) Manitoba enters the Canadian Confederation. Hudson's Bay Company transfers the Northwest Territories into the Canadian Confederation. John D. Rockefeller founds Standard Oil Company. Franco-Prussian War. = Christy's

1870 Franco-Prussian War </cgi-bin/id/CE019273> (to 1871): Napoleon III capitulates at Sedan. Revolt in Paris; Third Republic proclaimed. = Kid Info

1870 Rome captured and becomes capital; unification complete; Law of Guarantees = Tour Italy

1870s Economic depression in BC= Canada
Methodists active in Victoria and Nanaimo areas= Canada
Timber lands begin to be leased= Canada
Fort Grahame established by HBC= Canada
Mission established at Cowichan= Canada
Pelagic sealing industry established (to 1911)= Canada

1871 Reported apparition of Mary in Pontmain, France, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1871 Proclamation of German Empire under Prussian leadership.= Bukovina

1871 German Empire founded after defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War and William I is proclaimed Kaiser. BC becomes a province of Canada. In Japan, an imperial decree abolishes all fiefs. Also in Japan, a ministry of education is set up, to try and provide universal education. Italy is unified, with Rome as its capital. = Christy's

1871 Telegraph line from New Westminster to Quesnel comes under Dominion jurisdiction= Canada
Canning Industry begins with establishment of Fraser River Canneries= Canada
Mission established at Sechelt= Canada
Port Essington shipping and canning centre founded= Canada

1871 France surrenders Alsace-Lorraine to Germany; war ends. German Empire proclaimed with Prussian King as Kaiser Wilhelm I </cgi-bin/id/CE055836>. Fighting with Apaches begins in American West. Boss Tweed </cgi-bin/id/CE053049> corruption exposed in New York. The Chicago Fire, with 250 deaths and $196-million damage. Stanley </cgi-bin/id/CE049349> meets Livingstone </cgi-bin/id/CE030963> in Africa. = Kid Info

08Oct1871 Great fire destroyed Chicago, est loss $196,000,000. WorldAlman

08Oct1871 (In Chicago)...a fire broke out near the lumber district on the West Side. Two-thirds of the city’s buildings were wood, and the summer had been excessively dry, while to make conditions worse a high and veering wind fanned the flames. The conflagration leaped the river to the South and finally to the North Side, burned over an area of 32 sq. m., destroyed 17,450 buildings and property valued at $196,000,000 and rendered almost I00,000 people homeless; 250 lost their lives. The flames actually travelled 22 m. in an air-line within 64 hours. Thousands of persons, fleeing before the flames and fire-brands, sought refuge on the shore and even in the waters of the lake. Robbery, pillage, extortion, orgies and crime added to the general horror. In the South Side the fire was checked on the 9th by the use of gunpowder; in the North (where the waterworks were early destroyed) it had extended almost to the prairie when rainfall finally ended its ravages, after about twenty seven hours of destruction. With the exception of the San Francisco fire of 1906 this was the greatest fire of modern times. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1872 Japan introduces universal military services. Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev publishes his periodic table. Gas streetlights come to Tokyo. = Christy's

1872 The century-old privileges granted to German farmers settled in Russia were revoked by the Tsarist government, causing thousands of the farmers to emigrate. By 1920, there were well over 100,000 of these so-called Volga and Black Sea Germans in the United States, with the greatest numbers in the Dakotas, Nebraska, and Colorado. Black Sea Germans soon became known for their skill as wheat farmers. In 1990 an estimated one million descendants of these Russian Germans lived in America. = GermansInAm

1872 Congress gives amnesty to most Confederates. Jules Verne </cgi-bin/id/CE054065>'s Around the World in 80 Days. = Kid Info

1872 Brewers Philip Best, Valentin Blatz, Franz Falk,Frederick Miller, Jacob Obermann, Frederick Pabst, Joseph Schlitz and others make Milwaukee the leading beer exporter = German American

1872 Small pox epidemic in BC= Canada
The right to vote in BC elections withdrawn from Indian people in BC (to 1949)= Canada
Province makes public education free = Canada
San Juan Island becomes part of US= Canada

1872 Union stock yards incorporated in Chicago. StofIL1902

1872 The American Public Health Association was organized. During its early years this organization was composed largely of administrative health officers who were concerned with public health in cities, States, and with the responsibilities of the Federal Government in this field. = Social Security

22May1872 Amnesty Act restored civil rights to citizens of the South, except for 500 Confederate leaders. WorldAlman

1873 Russia captures Khiva. P.E.I joins the Canadian Confederation. Alexander Mackenzie is elected Prime Minister of Canada. Color photos are first developed. = Christy's

1873 Economic crisis in Europe. U.S. establishes gold standard </cgi-bin/id/CE035051>. = Kid Info

1873 Bismarck's 14-year "Kulturkampf"-power struggle with Catholicism over control of education, civil marriage, and church appointments-motivates Catholic emigration = German American

1873 Methodist mission established at Fort Simpson.= Canada
Northwest Mounted Police formed= Canada
Mission established at Fort St. James= Canada

1873 The navel orange was brought from Brasil in 1870 by Saunders and given to the USDA for use as grafting stock for the industry. (Ewan, 1969) Riverside resident Mrs. Luther Tibbets received two especially successful trees from which propagation material was taken. Her plants may be the source for all navel orange trees in North America today. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1873 Legislation created Yellowstone, the first National Park. (Morgan in Punch, 1992) = PlantTrivia

1873 First Department Store in the world erected in Chicago. StofIL1902

1873-5 North America and Europe Influenza = Epidemic

01May1873 First US postal card issued. WorldAlman

Sep1873 Banks failed, panic began. Depression lasted 5 years. WorldAlman

1874 Hawaii signs a ten year free trade agreement with the USA to give it access to the U.S. sugar market. = Christy's

1874 BC Gazette notice reserving 20-mile wide strip along east coast of VI for a railway= Canada
Glenora post established by HBC at Telegraph Creek= Canada
St. Eugene mission established at Cranbrook= Canada

1874 Glidden invents barbed wire manufacture in US. WallChartB

1875 Earthquake in Colombia, Venezuela = Christianity

1875 Land is available to settlers free of charge (to 1879)= Canada

1875 Founding of Francis Joseph University in Czernowitz, with faculties in law, philosophy, and theology; easternmost German-language university until its Romanization in 1919.= Bukovina

1875 First Kentucky Derby </cgi-bin/id/A0764625>. = Kid Info

1875 The first private pension plan in American industry was adopted by American Express. It provided benefits for employees 60 years of age or over who had 20 years service with the company and were incapacitated for further performance of duty. = Social Security

1875 Daniel Peter and Henri Nestlé added condensed milk to chocolate to create milk chocolate. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

01Mar1875 Congress passed Civil Rights Act giving equal rights to blacks in public accommodations and jury duty. Act invalidated in 1883 by Supreme Court. WorldAlman

1876 Alexander Graham Bell <http://www.e-znet.com/kids/AlexBellLinks.html> invents the ~telephone. <http://www.cybercomm.net/chuck/hist.html> Custer's last stand. Mark Twain publishes "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" British Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India. In Japan a decree abolishes the ~samurai <http://www.mindspring.com/mamcgee/iaido_samurai.html> class of professional warriors. By now 1/5th of grain shipments in the US were done by rail. = Christy's

1876-1915 Radicals dominate the parliamentary scene = Tour Italy

1876 Indian people excluded from voting in municipal elections= Canada
Anglican mission estabished at Masset village= Canada

1876 Bell invents telephone in US. WallChartB

1876 Sioux kill Gen. George A. Custer </cgi-bin/id/CE013613> and 264 troopers at Little Big Horn River. Alexander Graham Bell </cgi-bin/id/CE005318> patents the telephone. = Kid Info

25Jun1876 Col George Armstrong Custer and 264 soldiers of the 7th Cavalry killed in "last stand," Battle of the Little Big Horn, Montana, in the Sioux Indian War. WorldAlman

01Aug1876 38th state admitted into the union, Colorado Aug. 1, 1876; having been settled by 1858 =infoplease

1877 Russo Turkish wars reignite. (1877 - 1978). First sound recording made by Thomas Edison. = Christy's

1877 After presidential election of 1876, Electoral Commission gives disputed Electoral College votes to Rutherford B. Hayes despite Tilden's popular majority. Russo-Turkish war </cgi-bin/id/CE045131> (ends in 1878 with power of Turkey in Europe broken). Reconstruction </cgi-bin/id/CE043470> ends in the American South. Thomas Edison </cgi-bin/id/CE016265> patents phonograph. The Nez Perce leader Chief Joseph </cgi-bin/id/CE027314> is forced to surrender. Tchaikovsky </cgi-bin/id/CE051025>'s Swan Lake. = Kid Info

1877 British traders sent seed of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) from Brasil to Malaya, followed three decades later by development of Dutch plantations in Sumatra. By 1930 Brasil had lost the rubber market to plantations in Malaya and elsewhere; the work of 150,000 rubber trappers slowly dried up, returning the Amazonian city of Manaus to obscurity. In the 1920s the US company Firestone turned the American near-colony of Liberia into a land of rubber, gaining a concession of 1,000,000 acres from the Liberian government. In 1943 the US dollar became Liberia’s currency. (Ponting, 1991) During WWII the US government, recognizing the importance of rubber harvest to the war effort, maintained a staff of plant pathologists in Liberia to help prevent importation of a leaf blight disease from South America. [See 1823, 1839, 1877, 1881] = PlantTrivia

1877 Kimsquit (Bella Coola) village destroyed by Royal Navy gunboat= Canada
St. Louis mission established near Kamloops= Canada
Cannery industry established on the Skeena River= Canada

1877 Carl Schurz, Secretary of the Interior (1877-81) = German American

1877 Ret Conf Gen Nathan Bedford Forrest died. WorldAlman

1877 First Railroad riots in Illinois. StofIL1902

Feb1877 Reconstruction of the South is ended by Republicans, in exchange Rutherford B Hayes gets the disputed 22 electoral votes needed for presidency. Opponent, Samuel J Tilden received majority of popular vote. WorldAlman

1878-1903 Pope Leo XIII = Christianity

1878 14-point creed of the Niagara Bible Conference, used by Fundamentalists = Christianity

1878 Congress of Berlin. Milk delivered in bottles for first time. Pope Leo XVII ends the practice of castrating boys for the papal choir. Paul Bert, a French physiologist, published his book "La Pressions Barométrique", which would become a classic reference for aeronautical medicine in WWI. = Christy's

1878 Bismarck's Socialist Law leads to wave of Social Democrat emigration / "New Yorker Volkszeitung" becomes organ of Socialist-Labor party = German American

1878 Congress of Berlin </cgi-bin/id/CE005662> revises Treaty of San Stefano, ending Russo-Turkish War; makes extensive redivision of southeastern Europe. First commercial telephone exchange opened in New Haven, Conn. = Kid Info

1878 Anglican Church establishes presence in Alert Bay= Canada
Telephone is used in BC for the first time= Canada

1878 New Orleans [last great epidemic] Yellow Fever = Epidemic

28Jan1878 First commercial telephone exchange opened, New Haven, Connecticut. WorldAlman

15Oct1878 Thomas Alva Edison founded Edison Electric Light Co. WorldAlman

1879 Reported apparition of Mary in Knock, Ireland, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1879 Thomas A. Edison invents electric light. = Kid Info

1879 Chancellor Bismarck negotiates a military alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary. Albert Einstein born. = Christy's

1879 Cemetery Act= Canada
Victoria linked to Nanaimo by telegraph= Canada

22Feb1879 F W Woolworth opened his first five-and-ten store in Utica, New York. WorldAlman

1880 Tenth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet listed the county as well as town or township. Several new and wonderful questions were added for this census. Everyone listed their relationship to the Head of the Household, their marital status, their actual place of birth and the place of birth for each parent. = Census

1880 See the 1900 population statistics for an idea of the population growth of this time period. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1880s In this decade, the decade of heaviest German immigration <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/ship.html>, nearly 1.5 million Germans left their country to settle in the United States; about 250,000, the greatest number ever, arrived in 1882. = GermansInAm

1880 Wisconsin has more German-Americans than any other state / 25 breweries in Cincinnati = German American

1880 British factory workers begin to play soccer; Rinderpest leads to famine in East Africa. "The Thinker" is sculpted by Auguste Rodin <http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/rodin/rodin.html>. = Christy's

1880 U.S.-China treaty allows U.S. to restrict immigration of Chinese labor. = Kid Info

1880 Canning industry begins on the Skeena River= Canada

1881-1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, used Greek based on Septuagint (B) and (S), Massoretic text used in OT, follows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never disputed = Christianity

1881-1894: Alexander III = Imperial Russia

1881 Alexander II of Russia was killed by a terrorist bomb. Alexander III is tsar. First Japanese political parties are founded. Henry P. Crowell of Ravenna, Ohio, buys a bankrupt mill and starts the production and advertising of "Quaker Oats". = Christy's

1881 Germany's Emperor, William the First, in a ground-breaking letter to the German Parliament, proposed the adoption of old-age social insurance. = Social Security

1881 Chile defeated Bolivia in a war to take control of coastal and island areas where huge deposits of guano (bird droppings) could be harvested for sale to Europe for use in agricultural fertilizers. The war left Bolivia landlocked. (Ponting, 1991) Saltpeter (sodium nitrate) was extracted from guano and used in various industrial chemical processes, from creating fertilizers, to formulating sulfuric and nitric acids, to manufacturing gunpowder. = PlantTrivia

1881 John Boyd Dunlop acquired the patent for a hollow tire made of rubber and cloth. From this point, tires became the major use of natural rubber. (Lewington, 1990) [See 1823, 1839, 1877] = PlantTrivia

1881 Canneries established in the Nass River and Vancouver Island (East) Regions = Canada

1881 Booker T Washington founded Tuskegee Institute for blacks. WorldAlman

1881 President Garfield </cgi-bin/id/A0760605> fatally shot by assassin; Vice President Arthur succeeds him. Charles J. Guiteau convicted and executed (1882). = Kid Info

02Jul1881 Pres. James Arthur Garfield shot in Washington, DC. WorldAlman

19Sep1881 President James Arthur Garfield died. WorldAlman

1882 Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy is signed. Tolstoy <http://flag.blackened.net/daver/anarchism/tolstoy/index.html> was born. = Christy's

1882 Terrorism in Ireland after land evictions. Britain invades and conquers Egypt. Germany, Austria, and Italy form Triple Alliance </cgi-bin/id/CE052635>. In U.S., Congress adopts Chinese Exclusion Act </cgi-bin/id/CE010771>. Rockefeller </cgi-bin/id/CE044421>'s Standard Oil Trust is first industrial monopoly. In Berlin, Robert Koch </cgi-bin/id/CE028720> announces discovery of tuberculosis germ. = Kid Info

1882 250,630 German immigrants-more than in any other year = German American

1882 The first major employee-sponsored mutual benefit association was established by the Northern Pacific Railway Beneficial Association
which developed a program of complete medical care and other benefits financed by employer-employee payments. = Social Security

1882 Census of Indians taken in BC (through 1883)= Canada

1883 Province starts granting crown lands for railway purposes= Canada
Act to Encourage Coal Mining= Canada

1883 15,000 German Mennonites from Russia settle in Kansas / Brooklyn Bridge opens -- built by the Roeblings = German American

1883 Germany enacted a pioneer law on national compulsory health and maternity insurance for industrial workers and their families. = Social Security

1883 First telephone in Czernowitz.= Bukovina

1883 Addis Ababa became the Ethiopian capital. Within twenty years, the surrounding zone, 100 miles in radius, was stripped of trees for charcoal production. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1883 Congress creates Civil Service Commission. Brooklyn Bridge and Metropolitan Opera </cgi-bin/id/CE034128> House completed. = Kid Info

1883 Supreme Court invalidated 1875 Civil Rights Act which gave equal rights to blacks in public accommodations and jury duty. WorldAlman

16Jan1883 Pendleton Act passed, reformed federal civil service. WorldAlman

24May1883 Brooklyn Bridge opened. WorldAlman

1884 Berlin Conference ('84-'85). Secret "Three Emperors' League" signed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia. The Fabian Society is founded in London by a group of middle-class intellectuals wishing to promote socialism. = Christy's

1884 Berlin West Africa Conference held in Berlin (lasting until Feb. 1885), at which the major European nations discuss expansion in Africa. = Kid Info

1884 Ottmar Mergenthaler revolutionizes type-setting = German American

1884 An assistant to Sigmund Freud touched purified cocaine to his tongue and discovered a numbing sensation that led to its use as a local anesthetic. Later, a similar chemical compound was produced synthetically, procaine (commonly called by its trade name Novocain), which has replaced cocaine for anesthesis. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

1884 Dominion Lands Act= Canada
Timber licences introduced= Canada

1885 Indian National Congress <http://indiancongress.org/HOME.HTM> formed. A cabinet, modeled after the German cabinet, is organized in Japan. The Congo Free State is placed under the sovereignty of King Leopold II of Belgium. = Christy's

1885 German Protestant daughter colony of Neu-Zadowa founded.= Bukovina

1885 British Gen. Charles G. “Chinese” Gordon </cgi-bin/id/CE021335> killed at Khartoum in Egyptian Sudan. World's first skyscraper built in Chicago. = Kid Info

1885 Steamers and ferry in operation on Thompson River= Canada

1885 First skyscraper in the world, Chicago. StofIL1902

1885 Plymouth, PA Typhoid = Epidemic

1886 Daimler invents internal combustion engine. Ludwig II of Bavaria <http://www.geocities.com/Paris/LeftBank/4080/home.htm> is declared insane and dies. The Royal Niger Company is granted a charter to govern the British Oil Rivers Proctorate in southern Nigeria. A pharmacist creates Coca-Cola as a "headache tonic". = Christy's

1886 John S. Pemberton created Coca-Cola, a beverage using water (later carbonated water), caramel, kola nut, sugar, vanilla, cinnamon, lime, and coca leaf extractions. By 1903 the makers began purging the coca leaf extract of its cocaine component before adding it to the syrup. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1886 Jacksonville, FL Yellow Fever = Epidemic

1886 The Haymarket Riots in Chicago lead to arrest and execution of radical socialist editor August Spies of the "Arbeiter Zeitung" = German American

1886 Bombing at Haymarket Square </cgi-bin/id/CE023217>, Chicago, kills seven policemen and injures many others. Eight alleged anarchists accused-three imprisoned, one commits suicide, four hanged. (In 1893, Illinois Governor Altgeld, critical of trial, pardons three survivors.) Statue of Liberty </cgi-bin/id/A0101054> dedicated. Geronimo </cgi-bin/id/CE020653>, Apache Indian chief, surrenders. = Kid Info

04May1886 Haymarket riot and bombing, followed by bitter labor battles for 8-hour day in Chicago; 7 police and 4 workers died, 66 wounded. 8 anarchists found guilty. Governor John P Altgeld denounced trial as unfair. WorldAlman

04Sep1886 Geronimo, Apache Indian, finally surrendered. WorldAlman

28Oct1886 The Statue of Liberty was dedicated. WorldAlman

1887 "Three Emperors' League" resigned as the Reinsurance Treaty. The first story containing Sherlock Holmes is published. The language Esperanto <http://ttt.esperanto.org/us/USEJ/world/index.html> is invented by a polish physician. = Christy's

1887 Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle </cgi-bin/id/CE015452>'s first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet. = Kid Info

1887 First American Railway line (Great Northern) reaches into BC= Canada

1887 Chicago University founded. StofIL1902

1887 Daimler & Benz invent motor car engine in Germany. WallChartB

1888 Present State Capitol <ilphotos3.html> built. = ILGenWeb

1888 an institute to treat rabbies is founded as a result of Louis Pasteur's research. "Jack the Ripper" murders six women in London. = Christy's

1888 Historic March blizzard in Northeast U.S.-many perish, property damage exceeds $25 million. George Eastman </cgi-bin/id/A0771891>'s box camera (the Kodak). J. B. Dunlop invents pneumatic tire. Jack the Ripper murders in London. = Kid Info

1888 Some 800 German-language publications represent more than 50% of America's foreign language press = German American

1888 Austria adopted compulsory health insurance legislation. = Social Security

1888 Indian Graves Ordinance repealed by federal government= Canada
Small pox outbreak (to 1889)= Canada

1889 Herman Hollerith patents first data processing computer. Alexander G. Eiffel designs the Eiffel Tower. In Japan, a new constitution is promulgated. = Christy's

1889 The International Congress of Industrial Accidents assembled in Paris. This was the forerunner to the International Social Security Association (ISSA). The Congress established the Permanent International Committee on Social Insurance. = Social Security

1889 Germany became the first nation in the world to adopt an old-age social insurance program. Designed by Germany's Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, the idea was first put forward, at Bismarck's behest, in 1881. = Social Security

1889 Small pox epidemic= Canada
Telegraph line constructed along west coast of Vancouver Island (to 1890)= Canada

1889 Eastman invents photographic film in US. WallChartB

1889 Second (Socialist) International founded in Paris. Indian Territory in Oklahoma opened to settlement. Thousands die in Johnstown, Pa. flood. Eiffel Tower built for the Paris exposition. Mark Twain </cgi-bin/id/CE053042>'s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. = Kid Info

1889 Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago. = ILGenWeb

1889 The Pajaro Valley Evaporation Company of Watsonville, California, began small-scale production of dehydrated onions. In 1950 tins of their product, still usable, were discovered in Skagway, Alaska. (Rosengarten, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1889 46th state admitted into the union, Oklahoma Nov. 16, 1907; having been settled by 1889 =infoplease

22Apr1889 US declared Oklahoma open to white settlement, within 24 hours claims for 2,000,000 acres were staked by 50,000 settlers. WorldAlman

31May1889 Johnstown, Pennsylvania flood, 2200 lives lost. WorldAlman

02Nov1889 39th state admitted into the union, North Dakota Nov. 2, 1889; having been settled by 1812 =infoplease

02Nov1889 40th state admitted into the union, South Dakota Nov. 2, 1889; having been settled by 1859 =infoplease

08Nov1889 41st state admitted into the union, Montana Nov. 8, 1889; having been settled by 1809 =infoplease

11Nov1889 42nd state admitted into the union, Washington Nov. 11, 1889; having been settled by 1811 =infoplease

1890 US Census was partially damaged by a fire in 1921 in the basement of the Commerce building but more than ten years later it was almost completely destroyed under the new FDR administration.

1890 An estimated 2.8 million German-born immigrants lived in the United States. A majority of the German-born living in the United States were located in the "German triangle <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/1914_map.html>," whose three points were Cincinnati, Milwaukee, and St. Louis. = GermansInAm

1890 William II becomes Kaiser of Germany, and forces Bismarck to resign. Reinsurance treaty falls apart. Battle of Wounded knee. The first Japanese general election is held. First moving-picture shows appear in New York. = Christy's

1890 Congress votes to pass Sherman Antitrust Act </cgi-bin/id/CE047478>. Sioux Chief Sitting Bull </cgi-bin/id/CE048064> arrested and killed by police on Pine Ridge reservation; two weeks later, U.S. troops kill over 200 Sioux at Battle of Wounded Knee </cgi-bin/id/CE056377>. = Kid Info

1890 A St. Louis physician formulated peanut butter as a food for invalids. In 1893 J. H. Kellogg (health food faddist famous for breakfast cereals) made peanut butter for patients with poor teeth. (Heiser, 1981) = PlantTrivia

1890 Rui Barbosa ordered the burning of Brasilian governmental papers relevant to the slave trade and slavery. This act followed the abolition of slavery in 1888. During over three centuries, approximately 4,000,000 black African slaves were imported to Brasil. By 1870 there were 1,500,000 slaves in that country. (Thomas, 1999) = PlantTrivia

1890s Mining boom in the Kootenays (to World War One)= Canada

03Jul1890 43rd state admitted into the union, Idaho July 3, 1890; having been settled by 1842 =infoplease
10Jul1890 44th state admitted into the union, Wyoming July 10, 1890; having been settled by 1834 =infoplease

06Aug1890 First execution by electrocution: William Kemmler at Auburn Prison, Auburn, New York, for murder. WorldAlman

29Dec1890 Battle of Wounded Knee, SD, the last major conflict between Indians and US troops. About 200 Indian men, women and children, and 29 soldiers were killed. WorldAlman

1891 Russia begins to build the TransSiberan Railway. James Naismith invents basketball, in Canada. Pope Leo XIII issues "Rerum <http://www.mcgill.pvt.k12.al.us/jerryd/summary/rerum.htm> Novarum <http://abbey.apana.org.au/OFFICIAL/PAPAL/Leo13/L13rerum.Htm>" = Christy's

1891 Hungary adopted compulsory health insurance legislation. = Social Security

1891 Hagaga newspaper published= Canada
Kamloops Wawa newspaper published (to 1917)= Canada
Connolly (Bear Lake) post established by HBC= Canada

1892 Tchaikovsky performs his "the Nutcracker" = Christy's

1892 Battle between steel strikers and Pinkerton guards at Homestead </cgi-bin/id/CE024286>, Pa.; union defeated after militia intervenes. Silver mine strikers in Idaho fight non-union workers; U.S. troops dispatched. Diesel engine </cgi-bin/id/CE014855> patented. = Kid Info

1892 Farmers first became aware that the boll weevil had crossed the Rio Grande River into Texas cotton fields, within a decade threatening destruction of the US cotton industry. USDA investigations were begun in 1894 and a culturally based approach to the problem was proposed by 1897. [See 1906] (Rasmussen, 1960) = PlantTrivia

1892 The first gasoline powered “tractor” was built by John Froelich of Froelich, Iowa. [See 1903] (Rasmussen, 1960) Froelich built his device by mounting a gasoline engine to a wood and steel frame (of a steam traction engine). Weighing about 9,000 pounds, his 30 horsepower gasoline traction engine still weighed much less than an equivalent steam device. (Schlebecker, 1975) The following year the Waterloo Gasoline Traction Engine Co. was founded, based on Froelich’s work. The company did not move directly into production of equipment, but worked for many years on gasoline engines as the Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company. Waterloo eventually returning to the manufacture of working tractors, but by that time Hart and Parr [See 1902] had introduced the first commercial, gasoline powered tractor. Waterloo was purchased by Deere and Co. in the 1920's. (Williams, 1987) = PlantTrivia

1892 Chicago drainage canal begun. StofIL1902

1893 The name of the British Oil Rivers Proctorate (in what is now known as Nigeria) is changed to Niger Coast Protectorate. American businessmen and lawyers in Hawaii stage a revolt, backed by U.S. troops. = Christy's

1893 Civil unrest in Sicily = Tour Italy

1893 New Zealand becomes first country in the world to grant women the vote. = Kid Info

1893 Report on the Census of Indians (to 1895)= Canada
Nanakwa Indian newspaper published out of Kitamaat (to 1906)= Canada

1893 German Protestant daughter colony of Nikolausdorf founded.= Bukovina

1893 Hesse-born John PeterAltgeld becomes Governor of Illinois = German American

1893 A Supreme Court decision, written by Justice Horace Gray, declared the tomato to be a vegetable, based on common usage of the word “vegetable” as opposed to the word “fruit.” Thus tomato importer, John Nix, was required to pay a 10% vegetable tariff on a shipment of tomato fruit (now honorary vegetables) from the West Indies. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996; see quote from decision on page 88) = PlantTrivia

1893 World's Columbian Exposition held at Chicago. = ILGenWeb

1893 World's Fair at Chicago. StofIL1902

1893-4 Economic depression= Canada

1894-1917: Nicholas II = Imperial Russia

1894 France and Russia sign a military agreement. Nicholas II of Russia begins his reign. British announce the halt of indentured emigration from India. Sino-Japanese war. Hershey's Chocolate bar makes its debut. = Christy's

1894 Sino-Japanese War </cgi-bin/id/CE047993> begins (ends in 1895 with China's defeat). In France, Capt. Alfred Dreyfus </cgi-bin/id/CE015533> convicted on false treason charge (pardoned in 1906 </year/1906.html>). In U.S., Jacob S. Coxey </cgi-bin/id/CE013100> of Ohio leads “Coxey's Army” of unemployed on Washington. Eugene V. Debs </cgi-bin/id/CE014212> calls general strike of rail workers to support Pullman Company strikers; strike broken, Debs jailed for six months. Edison </cgi-bin/id/CE016265>'s kinetoscope given first public showing in New York City. = Kid Info

1894 About 800 German-language journals were being printed in the United States, the greatest number ever. A typical newspaper was the New York Staats Zeitung <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/sonntags.html>. = GermansInAm

1894 Peak of pelagic sealing industry in BC = Canada

1894 The first statutory retirement system for teachers was adopted in New York City. = Social Security

1894 A school health program was inaugurated in Boston as a means of controlling communicable diseases. = Social Security

1894 Pullman Car Company workers strike in Chicago. = ILGenWeb

1894 National RR strikes and riots contested. StofIL1902

14Apr1894 Thomas A Edison's kinetoscope (motion pictures)(invented 1887) given first public showing. WorldAlman

06Jun1894 Over 90 Post Offices, representing over 100 communities, are merged into the Chicago Post Office after being absorbed by the city of Chicago. ILPlaceNames

1895 H.G. Wells publishes "The Time Machine <http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgibin/toccer?id=WelTime&tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/lv1/Archive/eng-parsed&part=0>" and becomes a full time writer. George Eastman produces the hand held Kodak camera. Using ideas developped by Tesla, George Westinghouse designed a generating system and won a contract to build a power station at Niagra falls. = Christy's

1895 X-rays discovered by German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen. Auguste and Louis Lumière premiere motion pictures at a café in Paris. = Kid Info

1895 Finland adopted an accident compensation law. = Social Security

1895 Smelter built in Trail = Canada

1896 Ethiopians defeat Italians at Adowa. Wilfred Laurier is elected Canada's seventh prime minister. First public showing of a motion picture, in NY city. Sheikh Mubarak becomes ruler of Kuwait, after killing his two brothers. = Christy's

1896 Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson </cgi-bin/id/CE041335> decision-“separate but equal” doctrine. Alfred Nobel's will establishes prizes </cgi-bin/id/A0777579> for peace, science, and literature. Marconi </cgi-bin/id/CE032807> receives first wireless patent in Britain. William Jennings Bryan </cgi-bin/id/CE007814> delivers “Cross of Gold” speech at Democratic Convention in Chicago. First modern Olympic games </cgi-bin/id/A0114336> held in Athens, Greece. = Kid Info

1896 Discovery of gold in the Klondike= Canada

1896 De Forest invents film with soundtrack in US. WallChartB

1896 The first statewide legislation for teachers' pensions was enacted in New Jersey. = Social Security

1896 Fidelity Mutual Life Insurance Company became the first American life insurance organization to provide disability benefits. = Social Security

1896 Supreme Court, in Plessy v Ferguson, approved racial segregation under the "seperate but equal" doctrine. WorldAlman

04Jan1896 45th state admitted into the union, Utah Jan. 4, 1896; having been settled by 1847 =infoplease

1897 The similarity of the motion of an electron and visible light is first described by J. J. Thompson. The kingdom of Benin is added to the Niger Coast Protectorate. = Christy's

1897 The first State law to provide medical and surgical aid for crippled children was enacted by Minnesota. = Social Security

1897 Great Britain adopted accident compensation laws. = Social Security

1897 Theodor Herzl launches Zionist movement. = Kid Info

1897 Bonnington Falls hydro-electric installation becomes operational on Kootenay River= Canada
Incorporation of BC Electric Railway Co. Ltd.= Canada

1898-1904 Twentieth Century NT, changed order of books to chronological = Christianity

1898 Manchu emperor (China <history/china.htm>) tries 100 day reforms. Fashoda incident. Spanish-American War. Russian Social Democratic Labour Party founded after Marxist <http://www.idbsu.edu/surveyrc/Staff/jaynes/marxism/websites.htm> principles. Italian physician Camillo Golgi first describes the Golgi apparatus. America helps Cuba become "independent" from Spain - in exchange American troops run the Cuban government for the next four years. The American army invades Puerto Rico on July 25. For the next two years Puerto Rico is governed by a US military occupation. = Christy's

1898 Chinese “Boxers </cgi-bin/id/CE007125>,” anti-foreign organization, established. They stage uprisings against Europeans in 1900; U.S. and other Western troops relieve Peking legations. U.S. Battleship Maine is sunk in Havana Harbor. Spanish-American War </cgi-bin/id/CE048938> begins. U.S. destroys Spanish fleet near Santiago, Cuba. (For detailed chronology, see Spanish-American War </cgi-bin/id/A0001250>.) Pierre and Marie Curie </cgi-bin/id/CE013569> discover radium and polonium. Spanish-American War: War fires stoked by “jingo journalism” as American people support Cuban rebels against Spain. American business sees economic gain in Cuban trade and resources and American power zones in Latin America. Outstanding events: Submarine mine sinks U.S. battleship Maine in Havana Harbor (Feb. 15); 260 killed; responsibility never fixed. Congress declares independence of Cuba (April 19). Spain declares war on U.S. (April 24); Congress (April 25) formally declares nation has been at war with Spain since April 21. Commodore George Dewey wins seven-hour battle of Manila Bay (May 1). Spanish fleet destroyed off Santiago, Cuba (July 3); city surrenders (July 17). Treaty of Paris (ratified by Senate 1899) ends war. U.S. given Guam and Puerto Rico and agrees to pay Spain $20 million for Philippines. Cuba independent of Spain; under U.S. military control for three years until May 20, 1902. Yellow fever is eradicated and political reforms achieved. = Kid Info

1898 Denmark and Italy adopted accident compensation laws. = Social Security

1898 Riots in Milan, breakdown of law & order in much of country = Tour Italy

1898 A workmen's compensation bill was defeated in the New York State legislature. = Social Security

1898 The National Voluntary Old Age Insurance Institution was organized in Italy. = Social Security

1898 The first State law in the USA providing pensions for the blind was enacted in Ohio.= Social Security

1898 Hydro-electric plant built at Goldstream, near Victoria= Canada
Silver Plate mine opened in Hedley= Canada

1898 Wheat rust is said to have cost the US $67,000,000. By 1904 significant research programs were established to determine control measures. German scientist H. de Bary had detailed the life cycle of wheat rust, but it was not until 1917 that sufficient study existed to support a barberry eradication program, which was first legalized in North Dakota. (Ewan, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1898 The Bayer Company introduced heroin as a substitute for morphine and codeine. By 1917 this drug was found to be greatly addictive and its use in over-the-counter cough syrups was discontinued. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

15Feb1898 US battleship Maine blown up at Havana, 260 killed. WorldAlman

22Apr1898 US blockaded Cuba in aid of independence forces. WorldAlman

24Apr1898 US declared war on Spain. WorldAlman

01May1898 US destroyed Spanish fleet in Philippines. WorldAlman

20Jun1898 US took Guam. WorldAlman

25Jul1898 US took Puerto Rico thru 12Aug. WorldAlman

10Dec1898 Spain agreed to cede Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, and approved independence for Cuba. WorldAlman

1899 Kuwait <http://www.arab.net/kuwait/history/kt_alsabah.html> and Britian sign a bilateral agreement giving Britian the responsibility for Kuwait's defense and foreign affairs. Boer War begins. The Hague conference esablishes the Permadent Court of International Justice. = Christy's

1899 In the opinion of many Finns the Russian Emperor Nicholas II breaks his promise to uphold the Finnish Constitution when the so-called February Manifesto is issued. Finns oppose the manifesto, which they think will erode their autonomous position. A period of resistance begins and lasts until independence is attained in 1917. = Finland

1899 Boer War </cgi-bin/id/CE048750> (or South African War): conflict between British and Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers of South Africa). Causes rooted in longstanding territorial disputes and in friction over political rights for English and other “uitlanders” following 1886 discovery of vast gold deposits in Transvaal. (British victorious as war ends in 1902.) Casualties: 5,774 British dead, about 4,000 Boers. Union of South Africa established in 1908 </year/1908.html> as confederation of colonies; becomes British dominion in 1910. = Kid Info

1899 Boer (South African) War. Indian soldiers from BC participate (to 1902)= Canada

1899 The holdings of Minor Cooper Keith (the American builder of an 1871 Costa Rican railroad and subsequent planter of bananas) were merged with the Boston Fruit Company to form the United Fruit Company. By 1981, half of all world banana exports came to the US. (Heiser, 1981)[see 1804] = PlantTrivia

Twentieth Century came and went, and we died and continued to pay our taxes...

1900 Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal completed. = ILGenWeb

1900 Twelfth federal census taken for the United States. It is available in Soundex as well as copies of original records. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet lists the county as well as town or township. Many new questions were asked this census year. = Census

1900 Population. In 1870 and 1880 Illinois was fourth among the states of the United States in population; but in 1890, in 1900, and in 1910, its rank was third, the figures for the last three years named being respectively 3,826,351, 4,821,550, and 5,638,591. The increase from 1880 to 1890 was 243%; from 1890 to 1900, 26%. Of the population in 1900, 98.2% was white, 79.9% was native-born, and 51.2% was of foreign parentage (either one or both parents foreign-born). The principal foreign element was German, the Teutonic immigration being especially large in the decade ending in 1860; the immigrants from the United Kingdom were second in importance, those from the Scandinavian countries third, and those from southern Europe fourth. The urban population, on the basis of places having 4000 inhabitants or more, was 51 % of the total; indeed the population of Cook county, in which the city of Chicago is situated, was two-fifths of the total population of the state; during the decade of the Civil War (1860-1870) the population of the state increased only 48.4%, and that of Cook county about 140%, while from 1870 to 1900 the increase of all counties, excluding Cook, was about 36%, the increase in Chicago was about 468%. Of the 930 incorporated cities, towns and villages, 614 had less than 1000 inhabitants, 27 more than 5000 and less than 10,000, 14 more than 10,000 and less than 20,000, 4 more than 20,000 and less than 25,000, and 7 more than 25,000. These seven were Chicago (1,698,575), the second city in population in the United States, Peoria (56,100), Quincy (36,252), Springfield (34,159), Rockford (31,051), East St Louis (29,655), and Joliet (29,353).
The populations in other census years were: (1810), 12,282; (1820), 55,211; (1830), 157,445; (1840), 476,183; (I850), 851,470; (1860), 1,711,951: (1870), 2,539,891; (1880), 3,077,871. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1900 The employment of children under 14 years of age in factories or mines, and working employees under 16 years of age for more than 60 hours a week, are forbidden by statute. The state has an excellent “ Juvenile Court Law,” which came into force on the 1st of July 1899 and has done much good, especially in Chicago. The law recognized that a child should not be treated like a mature malefactor, and provided that there should be no criminal procedure, that the child should not be imprisoned or prosecuted, that his interests should be protected by a probation officer, that he should be discharged unless found dependent, delinquent or truant, and in such case that he should be turned over to the care of an approved individual or charitable society. This law applies to counties having a minimum population of 500,000. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1900 Industry and Commerce.-The fertility of the soil, the mineral wealth and the transportation facilities have given Illinois a vast economic development. In 1900 more than seven-tenths of the inhabitants in gainful occupations were engaged in agriculture (25.6%), ‘manufactures and mechanical pursuits (26.7%), and trade and transportation (22%).The growth of manufacturing in Illinois during the last half of the 19th century, due largely to the development of her exceptional transportation facilities, was the most rapid and remarkable in the industrial history of the United States. In 1850 the state ranked fifteenth, in 1860 eighth, in 1870 sixth, in 1880 fourth, in 1890 and again in 1900 third, in the value of its manufactures. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1900 Boxer Rebellion <http://www.smplanet.com/imperialism/fists.html> in China begins. The Niger Coast Protectorate's name is changed to the Protectorate of South Nigeria, and the same year the Proctorate of North Nigeria is formed. Between 1900 and 1914 Germany triples it's spending on warships to become the second strongest naval power. between the same time Russia almost doubles it's spending on the army. During the 1900s Venezuela and the Domininian Republic default on loans from Britain, Germany, and Italy. When the European countries retaliate President Roosevelt invokes the Monroe Doctrine. = Christy's

1900 Hurricane ravages Galveston, Tex.; 6,000-8,000 dead. Fauvist movement in painting begins, led by Henri Matisse </cgi-bin/id/CE033341>. Sigmund Freud </cgi-bin/id/CE019583>'s The Interpretation of Dreams. Carrie Chapman Catt </cgi-bin/id/CE009648> succeeds Susan B. Anthony </cgi-bin/id/CE002374> as president of National Woman Suffrage Association. = Kid Info

1900 The German-speaking population of the empire amounted to 51,883,131. Of the inhabitants speaking other languages there were: Polish, 3,086,489; French (mostly in Lorraine), 211,679; Masuran, 142,049; Danish, 141,061; Lithuanian, 106,305; Cassubian, 100,213; Wendish, 93,032; Dutch, 80,36,; Italian, 65,961; Moravian, 64,382; Czech, 43,016; Frisian, 20,677; English, 20,217; Walloon, 11,841. In 1905 there were resident within the empire 1,028,560 subjects of foreign states, as compared with 778,698 in 1900. Of these 17,293 were subjects of Great Britain and Ireland, 17,184 of the United States of America and 20,584 of France. The bulk of the other foreigners residing in the country belonged to countries lying contiguous, such as Austria, which claimed nearly the half, Russia and Italy. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1900 According to the census of the 1st of December 1900 there were 51,634,757 persons speaking commonly one language and 248,374 speaking two languages. In the kingdom of Saxony, according to the census of 1900, there were 48,000 Wends, mostly in Lusatia. With respect to Alsace-Lorraine, detailed estimates (but no census) gave the number of French in the territory of Lorraine at about f 70,000, and in that of Alsace at about 46,000. The Poles have increased very much, owing to a greater surplus of births than in the case of the German people in the eastern provinces of Prussia, to immigration from Russia, and to the Polonization of many Germans through clerical and other influences (see History). The Poles are in the majority in upper Silesia (Government district of Oppeln; 55 %) and the province of Posen (60 %). They are numerous in West Prussia (34%) and East Prussia (14 %). The Wends are decreasing in number, as are also the Lithuanians on the eastern border of East Prussia, Czechs are only found in Silesia on the confines of Bohemia. Russians flocked to Germany in thousands after the Russo-Japanese War and the insurrections in Russia, and the figures given for 1900 had been doubled in 1907. Males preponderate among the various nationalities, with the exception of the British, the larger proportion of whom are females either in domestic service or engaged in tuition.
Chief Towns.-According to the results of the census of the 1st of December 1905 there were within the empire 41 towns with populations exceeding 100,000, viZ.
State. Population.
Berlin Prussia 2,040,148
Hamburg Hamburg 802,793
Munich Bavaria 538,393
Dresden Saxony 5 16,996
Leipzig ,, 502,570
Breslau Prussia 470,751
Cologne ,, 428,503
Frankfort-on-Main ,, 334,951
Nuremberg . . - - Bavaria 294,344
Düsseldorf Prussia 253,099
Hanover ,, 250,032
Stuttgart WUrttemberg 249,443
Chemnitz Saxony 244,405
Magdeburg - - - - Prussia 240,661
Charlottenburg - . ,, 239,512
Essen ,, 231,396
Stettin ,, 224,078
Konigsberg . . . - ,, 219,862
Bremen Bremen 214,953
Duisburg Prussia 192,227
Dortmund . . . - ,, ‘75,575
Halle ,, 169,899
Altona ,, I68,30I
Strassburg . . . - Alsace-Lorraine 167,342
Kiel Prussia 163,710
Elberfeld ,, 162,682
Mannhei,n . . . - Baden 162,607
Danzig Prussia 159,685
Barmen ,, 156,148
Rixdorf ,, , 153,650
Gelsenkirchen . . ,, 147,037
Aix-la-Chapelle - . ,, 143,906
Schoneberg ,, , 140,992
Brunswick . . . - Brunswick - 136,423
Posen Prussia 137,067
Cassel ,, 120,446
Bochum - ,, 118,455
Karisruhe Baden 111,200
Crefeld Prussia 110,347
Plauen Saxony 105,182
Wiesbaden - . . - Prussia 100,953 = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1900 Emigration.--There have been great oscillations in the actual emigration by sea. It first exceeded 100,000 soon after the FrancoGerman War (1872, 126,000), and this occurred again in the years 1880 to 1892. Germany lost during these thirteen years more than 1,700,000 inhabitants by emigration. The total number of those who sailed for the United States from 1820 to 1900 may be estimated at more than 4,500000. The number of German emigrants to Brazil between 1870 and 1900 was about 52,000. The greater number of the more recent emigrants was from the agricultural provinces of northern Germany-West Prussia, Posen, Pomerania, Mecklenburg, Schleswiz-Holstein and Hanover, and sometimes the emigration reached (1 °,~) of the total population of these provinces. In subsequent years the emigration of native Germans greatly decreased and, in 1905, amounted only to 28,075. But, to this number must be added 284,787 foreigners who in that year were shipped from German ports (notably Hamburg and Bremen) to distant parts. Of the above given numbers of purely German emigrants 26,007 sailed for the United States of America; 243 to Canada; 333 to Brazil; 674 to the Argentine Republic; 7 to other parts of America; 57 to Africa; and 84 to Australia. = 1911 Encyclopedia Brit

1900 Sixty post offices in Bukovina equipped with telegraph.= Bukovina

1900 Carry Nation, Kansas anti-saloon agitator, began raiding with a hatchet. WorldAlman

1900 Zeppelin invents rigid airship in Germany. WallChartB

1901-1910 Edward VII King of England = Christianity

1901 American Standard Version, recension of the RV, included words/phrases preferred by Americans, follows Greek order of words = Christianity

1901 Pentecostal Church formed in Topeka, Kansas in reaction to loss of evangelical fervor among Methodists and other denominations = Christianity

1901 Ferdinand von Zeppelin <http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aerojava/vzeppelin.htm> builds the first successful dirigible. British Queen Victoria dies. Edward VII of Great Britain is crowned. = Christy's

1901 A Japanese chemist invented instant coffee. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1901 Iowans Charles Hatt and Charles Parr built the first gasoline powered tractor. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

1901 The National German-American Alliance founded = German American

1901 National census= Canada
Incorporation of Kootenay Central Railway Company= Canada
Incorporation of Kettle River Valley Railway Company= Canada

1901 Queen Victoria </cgi-bin/id/CE054166> dies, and is succeeded by her son, Edward VII </cgi-bin/id/CE016305>. As President McKinley </cgi-bin/id/A0760609> begins second term, he is shot fatally </cgi-bin/id/A0194022> by anarchist Leon Czolgosz. Theodore Roosevelt </cgi-bin/id/A0760610> sworn in as successor. = Kid Info

10Jan1901 Texas had its first significant oil strike, near Beaumont. WorldAlman

06Sep1901 President William McKinley shot by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz. WorldAlman

14Sep1901 President William McKinley died. WorldAlman

1902 Richard Weymouth NT, a careful literary translation = Christianity

1902 First Rose Bowl. Trans-Pacific telephone cable connects Canada and Australia. The United States withdraws its troops from Cuba on the condition that Cuba accepts the "Platt Amendment" giving US the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. = Christy's

1902-7 Widespread strikes = Tour Italy

1902 Enrico Caruso </cgi-bin/id/CE009394>'s first gramophone recording. Aswan Dam </cgi-bin/id/CE003443> completed. = Kid Info

1902 Dominion of Canada Schedule of all Indian Reserves published= Canada

1903-1914 Pope Pius X, most recent Pope to be canonized = Christianity

1903 Wright brothers make first flight at Kitty Hawk. The US supports an uprising in Panama against Colombian rule so that the new government will allow the building of the Panama canal. Henry Ford founds the Ford Motor company. The Trans-Siberian railroad reaches the Pacific Ocean. = Christy's

1903 Wright brothers </cgi-bin/id/CE056412>, Orville and Wilbur, fly first powered, controlled, heavier-than-air plane at Kitty Hawk, N.C. Henry Ford </cgi-bin/id/CE018905> organizes Ford Motor Company. The Boston Red Sox win the first World Series </cgi-bin/id/A0112302> against the Pittsburgh Pirates. W. E. B. Du Bois </cgi-bin/id/CE015640> publishes The Souls of Black Folk. = Kid Info

1903 Incorporation of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway= Canada
Alaskan boundary dispute and award= Canada

1903 Based on their model constructed in 1901, C. W. Hart and C. H. Parr of Iowa City, Iowa, established the first company dedicated exclusively to manufacturing gasoline powered tractors. In 1906 they began calling their machines tractors. By 1950 there were more tractors than horses on American farms. [See 1892] (Rasmussen, 1960) = PlantTrivia

23May1903 First automobile trip across the US from San Francisco to New York ended 01Aug. WorldAlman

17Dec1903 1st successful flight in heavier-than-air mechanically propelled airplane by Orville Wright near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 120 ft in 20 seconds. 4th flight same day by Wilbur Wright, 852 ft in 59 seconds. WorldAlman

1904 Russo-Japanese <http://www.infowar.com/mil_c4i/mil_c4i_101297a.html-ssi> War (1904-1905). Roosevelt adds the Roosevelt Corollary to the ~Monroe Doctrine <http://khanda.unl.edu/daniel/monroe.html> making the US a sort of "international police power." This power is exercised continually over the next twenty years. A telephone answering machine is invented. The comic book is invented. Helen Keller graduates from Radcliffe College. The strength and endurance of rubber is increased with the discovery that adding black carbon will slow oxidization. Revolution in Uruguay. Anton Chekhov's play "The Cherry Orchard"opens in Moscow. = Christy's

1904 Russo-Japanese War begins-competition for Korea and Manchuria. Entente Cordiale: Britain and France settle their international differences. General theory of radioactivity by Rutherford and Soddy. New York City subway opens. = Kid Info

1904 American companies buy up timber licences in southern interior and coast (to 1911)= Canada
St. Louis World’s Fair. Indian people from BC participate= Canada

1904 St. Louis Germans bring the "hamburger" on the market = German American

1904 Iced tea was invented at the St. Louis World’s Fair by an enterprising British salesman who realized that fair goers were not attracted to hot tea in summer weather. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

1905 Revolution breaks out in Russia after Bloody Sunday. Arthor Griffith founds the Sinn Fein political movement pushing for Irish independence. Albert Einstein suggests abandoning the idea of absolute time. = Christy's

1905 In Russo-Japanese War </cgi-bin/id/CE045130>, Port Arthur surrenders to Japanese; Russia suffers other defeats. President Roosevelt mediates Treaty of Portsmouth, N.H., which recognizes Japan's control of Korea and restores southern Manchuria to China. The Russian Revolution </cgi-bin/id/CE045119> of 1905 begins on “Bloody Sunday” when troops fire onto a defenseless group of demonstrators in St. Petersburg. Strikes and riots follow. Sailors on battleship Potemkin mutiny; reforms, including first Duma (parliament), established by Czar Nicholas II </cgi-bin/id/CE037216>'s “October Manifesto.” Albert Einstein </cgi-bin/id/CE016420>'s special theory of relativity and other key theories in physics. Franz Lehar </cgi-bin/id/CE030127>'s Merry Widow. = Kid Info

1905 National Theater opened in Czernowitz.= Bukovina

1905 Province of Alberta formed= Canada

1906 The Moslem League was organized in India to help keep Moslem rights. The Russian Duma is elected, only to be dissolved. Iran got it's first constitution. The San Francisco earth quake and fire. Finnish women win the right to vote. Britian takes over rule of Nigeria. = Christy's

1906 San Francisco earthquake </cgi-bin/id/A0001767> and three-day fire; more than 500 dead. Roald Amundsen </cgi-bin/id/CE001972>, Norwegian explorer, fixes magnetic North Pole. = Kid Info

18Apr1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire left 350 dead, $350,000,000 damages. WorldAlman

22May1906 Improved plane patented. WorldAlman

1907 A second Russian Duma is elected and dissolved. Russia, Great Britain and France sign a defense pact because of their fear Germany... the triple entente is formed. The Anglo-Russian Entente divides Iran between Britian and Russia. Pope Pius X recognizes validity of civil marriages. = Christy's

1907 Second Hague Peace Conference </cgi-bin/id/CE022501>, of 46 nations, adopts 10 conventions on rules of war. Financial panic of 1907 </year/1907.html> in U.S. Mahler </cgi-bin/id/CE032237> begins work on “Song of the Earth.” Oklahoma becomes 46th state. Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon introduces cubism. = Kid Info

1907 Economic recession= Canada
Automobiles begin to be used in BC= Canada
First Vancouver, Victoria and Eastern Railway train reaches Keremeos= Canada
Korn invents facsimile machine (fax) in Germany. WallChartB

1907 Joel Cheek began building his Nashville, TN-based coffee roasting empire based on his own blend, one he promoted through Nashville’s Maxwell House (a fine hotel) in 1892. Within a few years a second roasting facility had been opened in Houston, TX. By the time Theodore Roosevelt visited Nashville in 1907, the Maxwell House brand had established strong presence in the Southeast. On draining a cup of this coffee, Roosevelt is reported as saying: “Good. Good to the last drop.” (Pendergrast, 1999) = PlantTrivia

13Mar1907 Financial panic and depression started. WorldAlman

16Nov1907 46th state admitted into the union, Oklahoma Nov. 16, 1907; having been settled by 1889 =infoplease

1908 <http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos132.htm> Austria-Hungary used power given to it at the Berlin Conference to annex Bosnia and Herzegovina. Oil was discovered in southwestern Iran. Henry Ford <http://www.hfmgv.org/histories/hf/henry.html> develops the assembly line method of producing automobiles. Gideon Sundback invents the zipper. = Christy's

1908 Canada-US border begins to be monitored by federal officials= Canada

1908 Earthquake kills 150,000 in southern Italy and Sicily. U.S. Supreme Court, in Danbury Hatters' case </cgi-bin/id/CE013885>, outlaws secondary union boycotts. Model T produced by Ford Motor Company. = Kid Info

1908 New York tea importer Thomas Sullivan introduced the tea bag as a means of marketing samples. (Pratt, 1982) By 1934, 8 million yards of gauze were used annually to be sewn as tea bags. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

01Oct1908 Henry Ford introduced Model T car, priced at $850. WorldAlman

1909 US troops land in Bluefields Nicaragua and President Taft declares support for the Nicaraguan revolutionaries. Nicaraguan president Jose Zelaya resigns but guerrilla warfare continues. = Christy's

1909 North Pole reportedly reached by American explorers Robert E. Peary </cgi-bin/id/CE039918> and Matthew Henson. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People </cgi-bin/id/CE036414> is founded in New York by prominent black and white intellectuals and led by W. E. B. Du Bois </cgi-bin/id/CE015640>. = Kid Info

1910-1936 George V King of England = Christianity

1910 5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly, also used by Fundamentalists = Christianity

1910-1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and American scholars and preachers, a foundation of Fundamentalism = Christianity

1910 Thirteenth federal census taken for the United States. It is available in the Soundex <soundex.html> as well as copies of original records. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet lists the county as well as town or township. Living Civil War veterans are identified = Census

1910 In this year, an estimated 2.3 million German-born immigrants lived in the United States. With declining immigration and increasing assimilation, the number of German-language publications fell to about 550. = GermansInAm

1910 A chemist with the Corn Products Refining Company (now Corn Products Company International) discovered a process that would allow the refining of corn oil for cooking, thus giving rise to the product Mazola. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

1910 In a total US labor force of 38,167,000, the agricultural labor force constituted 2.5%, or 12,388,000 people. In 1970, the US labor force had risen to 83,049,000 while the portion reportable to agriculture had dropped to 3.4%, or 2,750,000. This change is accountable to introduction of labor-saving devices, such as the tractor. (Williams, 1987) = PlantTrivia

1910 German-Americans developed 672,000 farms on a total area of 100,000,000 acres (an estimate) = German American

1910 Mexican Revolution begins. Tolstoy <http://www.yahoo.com/Arts/Humanities/Literature/Genres/Literary_Fiction/Authors/Tolstoy__Lev_Nikolayevich/> dies. George V of Great Britain is crowned. Approximate start of the large scale coffee growing in Kenya <http://www.kenyaweb.com/history/ch0/ch0.html>. = Christy's

1910 Boy Scouts of America </cgi-bin/id/CE007161> incorporated. Angel Island, in San Francisco Bay, becomes immigration center for Asians entering U.S. = Kid Info

08Feb1910 Boy Scouts of America founded. WorldAlman

1911 Manchu dynasty in China <history/china.htm> is overthrown. Conflict develops in Morocco between the France and Germany. Russian Premier Peter Stolypin is murdered. Grigori Raspute gains influence over the Russian royal family. Denmark abolishes corporal punishment. = Christy's

1911 A two year famine began in Russia. While people starved and died, the country continued exporting a fifth of its annual grain production (which constituted about 25% of world trade). (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1911-12 Conquest of Libya = Tour Italy

1911 First use of aircraft as offensive weapon in Turkish-Italian War. Italy defeats Turks and annexes Tripoli </cgi-bin/id/CE052642> and Libya. Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchu </cgi-bin/id/CE032519> dynasty. Sun Yat-sen </cgi-bin/id/CE050169> named president. Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz </cgi-bin/id/CE014793>, president since 1877, replaced by Francisco Madero </cgi-bin/id/CE032067>. Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York; 146 killed. Amundsen </cgi-bin/id/CE001972> reaches South Pole. Ernest Rutherford discovers the structure of the atom. Richard Strauss </cgi-bin/id/CE049808>'s Der Rosenkavalier. Irving Berlin </cgi-bin/id/CE005653>'s Alexander's Ragtime Band. = Kid Info

17Sep1911 First transcontinental airplane flight (with numerous stops) by C P Rodgers, New York to Pasadena ends 05Nov time in air 82 hrs, 4 min. WorldAlman

1912 Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece attack the Ottoman Empire in the 1st Balkan War, resulting in, among other things, the creation of the nation of Albania. The Titanic <http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/titanic.html> sinks. For the first time mail is carried by airplane. A large Hindu immigrant population is expelled from the US West Coast by anti-Indian racial riots. Republic of China established with Sun Yat-sen as the president. = Christy's

1912 Balkan Wars </cgi-bin/id/CE004282> (1912-1913) resulting from territorial disputes: Turkey defeated by alliance of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro; London peace treaty (1913) partitions most of European Turkey among the victors. In second war (1913), Bulgaria attacks Serbia and Greece and is defeated after Romania intervenes and Turks recapture Adrianople. Titanic </cgi-bin/id/CE051987> sinks on maiden voyage; over 1,500 drown. New Mexico and Arizona admitted as states. = Kid Info

1912 Economic depression in BC= Canada
Province begins selling timber by auction (rights retained by the provincial crown)= Canada

1912 Ballod calculated that a US standard of life would support 2.333 billion people on Earth, a German standard would allow 5.6 billion, and a Japanese standard could underwrite 22.4 billion people. (Cohen, 1995) = PlantTrivia

1912 Tokyo gave cherry trees to be planted in Washington, DC. (Camp, Boswell, & Magness, 1957) = PlantTrivia

06Jan1912 47th state admitted into the union, New Mexico Jan. 6, 1912; having been settled by 1610 =infoplease

14Feb1912 48th state admitted into the union, Arizona Feb. 14, 1912; having been settled by 1776 =infoplease

14Aug1912 US sent marines to Nicaragua, which was in default of loans to US and Europe. WorldAlman

1913-1924 James Moffat Bible, 1st one man translation in almost 400 years = Christianity

1913 In February Francisco Madero, the new president of Mexico and his vice president are assassinated by the US embassy. Bulgaria attacks Serbia and Greece in a second Balkan War, but loses. France increase its army size by extending the required military service from two to three years. = Christy's

1913 Suffragists demonstrate in London. Garment workers strike in New York and Boston; win pay raise and shorter hours. Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line. 16th Amendment (income tax) </cgi-bin/id/A0005921> and 17th (popular election of U.S. senators) adopted. Bill creating U.S. Federal Reserve System </cgi-bin/id/CE018060> becomes law. Stravinsky </cgi-bin/id/CE049809>'s The Rite of Spring. Woodrow Wilson </cgi-bin/id/A0760612> becomes 28th U.S. president. Armory Show introduces modern art to U.S.; Duchamp </cgi-bin/id/CE015655>'s Nude Descending a Staircase shocks public. = Kid Info

1913 Eichenau, the last German colony in Bukovina, founded through the auspices of the Association of German Agricultural cooperatives (Verband deutscher landwirtschaftlicher Genossenschaften).= Bukovina

1913 Alaska Highway completed= Canada
Approximately one ninth of BC’s land mass surveyed to date= Canada
Approximately 500,000 acres in BC alienated for mining purposes= Canada
Approximately 8.5 million acres in BC alienated for timber purposes = Canada

1913 US blockaded Mexico in support of revolutionaries. WorldAlman

23Dec1913 Federal Reserve System was authorized in a major reform of US banking and finance. WorldAlman

1914-1922 Pope Benedict XV = Christianity

1914 Anti-american riots break out after the U.S. invades Mexico. Ford develops assembly line. Panama Canal completed. Heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, is executed. World War I breaks out in Europe. Britain passes the Home Rule Bill, which isn't put into effect because of the war. First ski tow, Woodstock VT. First transcontinental telephone call. US government excludes Indian citizens from immigration (the law is repealed in 1965). The Protectorate of South Nigeria and the Proctorate of North Nigeria are merged as the Colony and Proctorate of Nigeria, although administration of the proctorate remains divided as the colony of Lagos, and the two provinces. Kool-Aid drink mix first becomes available for sale, only through mail order. = Christy's

1914 Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo; outbreak of World War I.= Bukovina

1914: First World War begins. World War I Chronology <../World/WWI.html> = Imperial Russia

1914 World War I </cgi-bin/id/CE056344> begins: Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand </cgi-bin/id/CE019255> and wife Sophie are assassinated; Austria declares war on Serbia, Germany on Russia and France, Britain on Germany. (For detailed chronology see, World War I </cgi-bin/id/A0001284>.) Panama Canal </cgi-bin/id/CE039296> officially opened. Congress sets up Federal Trade Commission </cgi-bin/id/CE018065>, passes Clayton Antitrust Act </cgi-bin/id/CE011423>. U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz, Mexico, intervening in civil war to protect American interests. = Kid Info

1914 WW I begins in Europe. Pres.Wilson issues proclamations of neutrality / Frederick Weyerhaeuser, German-born lumber king, dies. His fortune: $300,000,000 = German American

1914 War Measures Act gives federal cabinet emergency powers= Canada
First World War begins (to 1918)= Canada
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway completes construction in Northern BC= Canada
Communities situated along railway lines are linked by telegraph= Canada

05Jan1914 Ford Motor Co raised basic wage rates from $2.40 for 9-hr day to $5 for 8-hr day. WorldAlman

09Apr1914 When US sailors were arrested at Tampico, Mexico, the Atlantic fleet was sent to Veracruz, occupied city. WorldAlman

04Aug1914 President Wilson proclaimed US neutrality in European War. WorldAlman

15Aug1914 Panama Canal was offically opened. WorldAlman

1915 Canadian National rail line reaches West Coast= Canada

1915 Lusitania </cgi-bin/id/CE031625> sunk by German submarine. Second Battle of Ypres. U.S. banks lend $500 million to France and Britain. Genocide of estimated 600,000 to 1 million Armenians by Turkish soldiers. D. W. Griffith </cgi-bin/id/CE021975>'s film Birth of a Nation. Albert Einstein </cgi-bin/id/CE016420>'s General Theory of Relativity. = Kid Info

1915 A German-American, Irish-American Alliance formed to keep the US out of the war = German American

1915 Italy enters World War 1 = Tour Italy

1915-1917 Intermittent Russian occupation of Bukovina.= Bukovina

25Jan1915 First telephone talk, New York to San Francisco by Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A Watson. WorldAlman

07May1915 British ship Lusitania sunk by German submarine; 128 American passengers lost (Germany had warned the passengers in advance). WorldAlman

28Jul1915 US troops landed in Haiti. Haiti became a virtual US protectorate under 16Sep treaty. WorldAlman

1916 Death of Francis Joseph I; accession of Charles I, last reigning Hapsburg monarch.= Bukovina

1916 Tank developed for use in WWI. In Ireland there is the Easter Rebellion <http://www.somemothersson.com/cmp/histch11.html> where for seven days the Sinn Fein rebels against Britain. (The British won the rebellion.) The U.S. invades Mexico again. = Christy's

1916 General John J Pershing entered Mexico to pursue Francisco (Pancho) Villa, who had raided US border areas. Forces withdrawn 05Feb1917. WorldAlman

1916 Congress expands armed forces. Battle of Verdun </cgi-bin/id/CE054027>. Battle of the Somme. Tom Mooney arrested for San Francisco bombing (pardoned in 1939 </year/1939.html>). Pershing </cgi-bin/id/CE040344> fails in raid into Mexico in quest of rebel Pancho Villa </cgi-bin/id/CE054257>. U.S. buys Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million. President Wilson re-elected with “he kept us out of war” slogan. “Black Tom” </cgi-bin/id/CE006288> explosion at munitions dock in Jersey City, N.J., $40,000,000 damages; traced to German saboteurs. Margaret Sanger </cgi-bin/id/CE045891> opens first birth control clinic. Easter Rebellion in Ireland </cgi-bin/id/CE025963> put down by British troops. Jeannette Rankin </cgi-bin/id/CE043282> becomes first woman elected to Congress. = Kid Info

04Aug1916 US bought Virgin Islands from Denmark. WorldAlman

29Nov1916 US established military govt in the Dominican Republic. WorldAlman

1917 Reported apparition of Mary in Fatima, Portugal, "miracle of the sun" witnessed by between 70,000 and 100,000 people, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1917 Mexico Revolution ends and a new consititution is written establishing an eight-hour work day, minimum wage, the right of peasants to own land, and denying foreigners the right to own land except under special situations. Riots in Russia = Kid Info<http://kuhttp.cc.ukans.edu/kansas/cienciala/342/ch2.html>. Nicholas II abdicates and the Bolshivks gain control. America enters WWI on April 6th. = Christy's

1917: The End of Imperial Russia = Imperial Russia

1917 First U.S. combat troops in France as U.S. declares war on Germany (April 6). Third Battle of Ypres. Russian Revolution </cgi-bin/id/CE045119> of 1917-climax of long unrest under czars. February Revolution-Nicholas II forced to abdicate, liberal government created. Kerensky becomes prime minister and forms provisional government (July). In October Revolution, Bolsheviks seize power in armed coup d'état led by Lenin </cgi-bin/id/CE030217> and Trotsky </cgi-bin/id/CE052704>. Kerensky </cgi-bin/id/CE028181> flees. Balfour </cgi-bin/id/CE004268> Declaration promises Jewish homeland in Palestine. U.S. declares war on Austria-Hungary (Dec. 7). Armistice between new Russian Bolshevik government and Germans (Dec. 15). Sigmund Freud </cgi-bin/id/CE019583>'s Introduction to Psychoanalysis.

1917 Defeat of Caporetto = Tour Italy

1917 The US enters the conflict. Anti-German hysteria throughout the country; German-language instruction ends in most states; hundreds of German-language publications cease to exist; many a Schmidt changes to Smith = German American

1917 Federal Soldier Settlement Act= Canada

31Jan1917 Germany, suffering from British blockade, declared almost unrestricted submarine warfare. WorldAlman

03Feb1917 US cut diplomatic ties with Germany. WorldAlman

05Feb1917 General John J Pershing withdraws forces from Mexico. WorldAlman

06Apr1917 US declares war on Germany. WorldAlman

18May1917 Conscription law was passed. WorldAlman

26Jun1917 First US troops arrived in Europe. WorldAlman

18Dec1917 The 18th (Prohibition) Admendment to the Constitution was submitted to the states by Congress. WorldAlman

1918 Defeat of Central Powers; collapse of Austria-Hungary; Romanian troops occupy Bukovina; German National Council (Deutscher Volksrat für die Bukowina) votes to support union with Romania.= Bukovina

1918 End of WW l; the imperial "Second Reich" ends / National German-American Alliance dissolved = German American

1918 Women over thirty win right to vote in Britain. All states in the US have passed compulsory education laws. Nicholas II and his family are killed. Brest-Litovsk Treaty signed between Germany and Russia, taking Russia out of WWI. Poland proclaimed itself an independed republic. Yugoslavia created. The Armistice signed, ending WWI. German Kaiser flees to Holland. = Christy's

1918 Russian revolutionaries execute the former czar and his family. Russian Civil War </cgi-bin/id/CE045119> between Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites (anti-Bolsheviks); Reds win in 1920. Allied troops (U.S., British, French) intervene (March); leave in 1919. Second Battle of the Marne (July-Aug.) German Kaiser abdicates (Nov.); hostilities cease on the Western Front. Japanese hold Vladivostok </cgi-bin/id/CE054491> until 1922. Worldwide influenza </cgi-bin/id/CE025618> epidemic strikes; by 1920, nearly 20 million are dead. In U.S. alone, 500,000 perish. = Kid Info

1918 Influenza epidemic killed an estimated 20,000,000 worldwide, 548,000 in the US. WorldAlman

1918 Spanish Flu (influenza) epidemic kills many Indian people in BC= Canada

1918 (high point year) Influenza Worldwide more people were hospitalized in WWI from this epidemic than wounds. US Army training camps became death camps, with 80% death rate in some camps. = Epidemic

Jul1918 Over 1,000,000 American troops were in Europe. WorldAlman

11Nov1918 War ended. WorldAlman

1918 First World War ends= Canada

1919 World's Christian Fundamentals Association founded = Christianity

1919 Treaty of St. Germain by which Bukovina passes to Romanian administration; although treaty contains provisions for the protection of ethnic and religious minorities, these are not incorporated into Romanian constitution.= Bukovina

1919 Versaille Treaty <http://ac.acusd.edu/History/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html>. Poland is reconstituted as a nation. The Sinn Fein declares Ireland a republic leading to three years of revolution. The Eighteenth Amendment to the US constitution outlaws the sale of alcohol. Political power in Germany is given to the democractic Weimar Republic. = Christy's

1919 Third International (Comintern </cgi-bin/id/CE012047>) establishes Soviet control over international Communist movements. Paris peace conference. Versailles Treaty </cgi-bin/id/CE054086>, incorporating Woodrow Wilson's draft Covenant of League of Nations </cgi-bin/id/CE029962>, signed by Allies and Germany; rejected by U.S. Senate. Congress formally ends war in 1921. 18th (Prohibition </cgi-bin/id/CE042311>) Amendment adopted. Alcock and Brown make first trans-Atlantic nonstop flight. Mahatma Gandhi </cgi-bin/id/CE020067> initiates satyagraha (“truth force”) campaigns, beginning his nonviolent resistance movement against British rule in India. = Kid Info

1919 Germany's "Weimar Republic" founded / German instruction banned in Indiana and Nebraska / Steuben Society founded = German American

1919-1923 Romanization of schools and civil service; those not competent in Romanian language are removed from their positions; German National Council works to promote and safeguard German cultural interests.= Bukovina

16Jan1919 The 18th (Prohibition) Amendment to the Constitution was ratified by the 36th state (Nevada). WorldAlman

08May1919 First transatlantic flight, by US Navy seaplane, left Rockaway, New York, stopped at Newfoundland, Azores, Lisbon 27May. WorldAlman

1920 Fourteenth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet lists the county as well as town or township. = Census

1920 Roughly 1.7 million German-born immigrants lived in the United States; the number of German-language publications fell to about 230. = GermansInAm

1920 Mohandas K. Gandhi became the leader of the Indian National Congress and led nonviolent disobedience against the British. Agatha Christie <http://www.mysterynet.com/history/christie/> published her first book, "The Mysterious Affair of Style". Italian Facists under Mussolini actively combat the communists. = Christy's

1920 League of Nations </cgi-bin/id/CE029962> holds first meeting at Geneva, Switzerland. U.S. Dept. of Justice “red hunt” nets thousands of radicals; aliens deported. Women's suffrage </cgi-bin/id/CE056216> (19th) amendment ratified. Treaty of Sèvres dissolves Ottoman Empire. First Agatha Christie </cgi-bin/id/A0154701> mystery. Sinclair Lewis </cgi-bin/id/CE030460>'s Main Street. = Kid Info

1920 Prohibition until 1933 = German American

1920 Federal legislation permits enfranchisement of Indians without their consent. Repealed= Canada
Duncan C. Scott makes it mandatory for Indian children (7-15 yrs) to attend school= Canada

1920s BC Indian population reaches lowest point= Canada

20Aug1920 First regular licensed radio broadcasting begun. WorldAlman

16Sep1920 Wall Street, NYC, bomb explosion killed 30, injured 100, did $2,000,000 damage. WorldAlman

Nov1920 James Middleton Cox, Democratic Presidential Candidate with Franklin Delano Roosevelt, vice presidential running mate, lost in the landslide election of Warren G Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Republican candidates. WorldAlman

1921 In Russia the New Economic Plan is instituted. Riza Shah Pahlevi, an army officer, marches his troops against the Iran government. Great Britain gives Ireland dominion status, starting a civil war in Ireland. The Washington Naval Conference leads to a treaty between the US, Great Britian, Japan, Italy and France agreeing on a freeze on the number of capital ships for ten years. Costa Rican troops invade Panama. = Christy's

1921 Mussolini forms Fascist Party; PCI formed = Tour Italy

1921 Reparations Commission fixes German liability at 132 billion gold marks. German inflation begins. Major treaties signed at Washington Disarmament Conference limit naval tonnage and pledge to respect territorial integrity of China. In U.S., Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti </cgi-bin/id/CE045270>, Italian-born anarchists, convicted of armed robbery murder; case stirs worldwide protests; they are executed in 1927. = Kid Info

1921 Pacific Great Eastern Railway (BC Rail) reaches Quesnel= Canada

1921 First Quota Law Limits immigration = German American

1921 Ku Klux Klan began revival with violence against blacks in North, South, and Midwest. WorldAlman

1921-1924 Agrarian reform carried out throughout Romania.= Bukovina

1921 George Washington Carver appeared before the US Congressional Ways and Means Committee, promoting a protective tariff on peanuts. He demonstrated the many potential products/uses of peanuts and came away from the meeting with national fame. Due to his promotional efforts, the peanut is a major crop in the Southeastern coastal plain today - and peanut butter has become an American classic. (Isely, 1994)[see 1890] = PlantTrivia

19May1921 Congress sharply curbed immigration, set quota system. WorldAlman

1922-1939 Pope Pius XI = Christianity

1922 March on Rome; Mussolini prime minister = Tour Italy

1922 Mussolini <http://www.sky.co.uk/history/classroom/alevel/musso.htm> takes power in Italy. King Tut's tomb is opened. In an attempt to end border disputes Sir Percy Cox, the British High Commissioner in Iraq draws out new borders between Iraq, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. = Christy's

1922 Mussolini </cgi-bin/id/CE036036> marches on Rome; forms Fascist </cgi-bin/id/CE017970> government. Irish Free State </cgi-bin/id/CE025973>, a self-governing dominion of British Empire, officially proclaimed. Kemal Atatürk </cgi-bin/id/CE003458>, founder of modern Turkey, overthrows last sultan. James Joyce's Ulysses. = Kid Info

1922 GTPR and Canadian Northern Railway merge to form the Canadian National Railway= Canada

1922 Reader's Digest founded. WorldAlman

1923 Riza Shah Pahlevi becomes the prime minister of Iran. Irish civil war ends, and the rebels sign a peace treaty. The Sinn Fein is split. The invention of neon advertising signs. France occupies the Ruhr valley in order to collect reparations from Germany for WWI. Hyper inflation in Germany. By December it takes 7000 German marks to buy an American dollar. Adolf Hitler attempts a coup in Munich. = Christy's

1923 Supreme Court rules prohibiting German in schools unconstitutional / Charles P Steinmetz, GE's wizard of electricity, dies / Inflation rocks young German republic / Hitler arrested after failing to seize power in Munich = German American

1923 Adolf Hitler </cgi-bin/id/CE024034>'s “Beer Hall Putsch” in Munich fails; in 1924 </year/1924.html> he is sentenced to five years in prison where he writes Mein Kampf; released after eight months. Occupation of Ruhr by French and Belgian troops to enforce reparations payments. Widespread Ku Klux Klan </cgi-bin/id/CE029072> violence in U.S. Earthquake destroys third of Tokyo. George Gershwin </cgi-bin/id/CE020664>'s Rhapsody in Blue. Bessie Smith </cgi-bin/id/CE048268>, known as “the Empress of the Blues,” makes her first record. Irish poet William Butler Yeats </cgi-bin/id/CE056638> wins Nobel Prize in Literature. = Kid Info

Apr1923 First sound-on-film motion picture, "Phonofilm" was shown by Lee de Forest at Rivoli Theatre, NYC. WorldAlman

1924 First Danish women elected to national post. Lenin <http://history.hanover.edu/modern/lenin.htm> dies in January. The American government establishes a law allowing the annual immigration of any nationality to be only 2 per cent of the number of that nationality that were residents in the US in 1890. The Dawes Plan is agreed upon to help the reconstrction in Germany. Chilean president Arturo Alessandri Palma is overthrown by a military coup; a second coup returns him to his position and allows him to push through a new consititution calling for the president to be elected by direct popular election = Christy's

1924 Death of Lenin; Stalin </cgi-bin/id/CE049295> wins power struggle, rules as Soviet dictator until death in 1953. Italian Fascists murder Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall and oilmen Harry Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny are charged with conspiracy and bribery in the Teapot Dome </cgi-bin/id/CE051051> scandal, involving fraudulent leases of naval oil reserves. In 1931, Fall is sentenced to year in prison; Doheny and Sinclair acquitted of bribery. Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb convicted in “thrill killing” of Bobby Franks in Chicago; defended by Clarence Darrow </cgi-bin/id/CE013988>; sentenced to life imprisonment. (Loeb killed by fellow convict in 1936; Leopold paroled in 1958, dies in 1971.) Robert Frost </cgi-bin/id/CE019684> wins first of four Pulitzers. = Kid Info

1924 All public schools removed from community control and placed under jurisdiction of the state.= Bukovina

1924 International Harvester Company introduced their gasoline powered tractor, the Farmall, which was fitted with removable attachments. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

15Jun1924 Law approved by Congress making all Indians citizens. WorldAlman

1925 Scopes Trial, caused division among Fundamentalists = Christianity

1925 Carlos Ibañez forces Chilean president Arturo Alessandri Palma out of power. Riza Shah Pahlevi becomes the Shah of Iran, and works to modernize Iran. "The Great Gatsby" is published. The United Church of Canada is founded. Al Capone <http://www.fbi.gov/famcases/capone.htm>takes over an illegal Chicago organization from Johnny Torrio. In Tennessee highschool teacher John Thomas Scopes was tried for teaching the theory of evolution. The Locarno Pact defines Germany's western borders with France and Begium. = Christy's

1925 Nellie Tayloe Ross elected governor of Wyoming; first woman governor elected in U.S. Locarno conferences </cgi-bin/id/CE031025> seek to secure European peace by mutual guarantees. John T. Scopes </cgi-bin/id/CE046593> convicted and fined for teaching evolution in a public school in Tennessee “Monkey Trial”; sentence set aside. John Logie Baird </cgi-bin/id/CE004163>, Scottish inventor, transmits human features by television </cgi-bin/id/CE051115>. Hitler </cgi-bin/id/CE024034> publishes Volume I of Mein Kampf. = Kid Info

1925 Centralization of government; Bukovina loses its provincial status and autonomy; divided into five administrative districts: Czernowitz, Storozynetz, Radautz, Suczawa, and Kimpolung, which are governed directly through Bucharest.= Bukovina

24Jul1925 John T Scopes found guilty of having taught evolution in Dayton, TN, high school, fined $100 and costs. WorldAlman

1926 Jozef Pilsudski made himself a semidictator of Poland <http://www.polmart.com/polsite/history.html>. Germany is admitted to the League of Nations. The French establish the Lebanese Republic (a step on the way to the independence of Lebanon). = Christy's

1926 General strike in Britain brings nation's activities to standstill. U.S. marines dispatched to Nicaragua during revolt; they remain until 1933. Gertrude Ederle </cgi-bin/id/CE016242> of U.S. is first woman to swim English Channel. Ernest Hemingway </cgi-bin/id/CE023479>'s The Sun Also Rises. = Kid Info

1926 Scientists began to formulate genetic solutions to long-known plant problems. In this year East and Manglesdorf resolved the issue of self-sterility in Nicotiana. Filzer and Lehmann conducted similar studies of Veronica. (C. Zirkle in Ewan, 1969) = PlantTrivia

1927 Chinese Nationalists carry out a purge of communists in Shanghai. = Christy's

1927 German economy collapses. Socialists riot in Vienna; general strike follows acquittal of Nazis </cgi-bin/id/CE036471> for political murder. Trotsky expelled from Russian Communist Party </cgi-bin/id/CE012119>. Charles A. Lindbergh </cgi-bin/id/CE030748> flies first successful solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris. Ruth Snyder and Judd Gray convicted of murder of Albert Snyder; they are executed at Sing Sing prison in 1928. Philo T. Farnsworth demonstrates working television model. Georges Lemaître proposes Big Bang Theory. Babe Ruth </cgi-bin/id/CE045142> hits 60 home runs in the season; record stands for next 34 years. The Jazz Singer, with Al Jolson </cgi-bin/id/CE027226>, first part-talking motion picture </cgi-bin/id/CE035618>. = Kid Info

1927 A Congressional bill directed the Secretary of Agriculture “to establish and maintain a national arboretum for purposes of reserach and education concerning tree and plant life.” (Skinner, in The Yearbook of Agriculture 1962) = PlantTrivia

20May1927 Capt Charles A Lindbergh left Roosevelt Field, NY, alone in plane "Spirit of St Louis" on first New York-Paris nonstop flight. Reached Le Bourget airfield 21May, 3610 miles in 33-1/2 hours. WorldAlman

1928 Soviet government announces first five year plan. ~Steamboat Willie <http://www.geocities.com/eutychus55/steam.htm> introduces ~Disney's <http://www3.islandnet.com/kpolsson/disnehis/disn1925.htm> Mickey Mouse. In the US there are about 26 million cars in use. The Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed. = Christy's

1928 Of the seventy-three German public schools in operation in 1913, only one remains open.= Bukovina

1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact </cgi-bin/id/CE028042>, outlawing war, signed in Paris by 65 nations. Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin </cgi-bin/id/CE040074>. Richard E. Byrd </cgi-bin/id/CE008302> starts expedition to Antarctic; returns in 1930. Anthropologist Margaret Mead </cgi-bin/id/CE033546> publishes Coming of Age in Samoa. Oxford English Dictionary published after 44 years of research. = Kid Info

1928 Influenza epidemic in Mackenzie Valley. Many deaths= Canada

1928 Fleming invents penicillin in Britain. WallChartB

1928 Herbert Hoover elected president against Alfred E Smith, the Catholic governor of New York. WorldAlman

1928 Herbert Hoover (Huber) elected -- first president of German ancestry = German American

1928 Following on similar work with Drosophila, Stadler used X-rays to produce mutations in corn (Zea mays). (C. Zirkle in Ewan, 1969) = PlantTrivia

17Jun1928 Amelia Earhart became first woman to fly the Atlantic. WorldAlman

1929 US stock crash leads to world-wide depression. ~Edwin Hubble <http://www.astro.virginia.edu/eww6n/bios/Hubble.html> observes that all galaxies are moving away from each other. The invention of the car radio. Iraqi Premier Sir Abdul Muhsin commits suicide. Hemmingway's "Farewell to Arms" is published. = Christy's

1929 Stock market crash. Beginning of the Great Depression (to World War Two)= Canada

1929 "Black Friday" on New York Stock Exchange leads to worldwide depression / baseball stars Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Honus Wagner, Frank Frisch. . . of German descent = German American

1929 Trotsky </cgi-bin/id/CE052704> expelled from U.S.S.R. Lateran Treaty </cgi-bin/id/CE029750> establishes independent Vatican </cgi-bin/id/CE053856> City. In U.S., stock market prices collapse, with U.S. securities losing $26 billion-first phase of Depression </cgi-bin/id/CE021718> and world economic crisis. St. Valentine's Day gangland massacre in Chicago. Edwin Powell Hubble proposes theory of expanding universe. = Kid Info

29Oct1929 Stock Market crash marked end of postwar prosperity as stock prices plummeted. Stock losses for 1929-1931 estimated at $50 billion; worst American depression. WorldAlman

1930 Fifteenth federal census taken for the United States. All persons in each household are listed by name. All dwellings in each census district were given a number. Each family was also assigned an identification number. Each census sheet lists the county as well as town or township. In 1920, the census asked "if naturalized, year of naturalization." In 1930, the Census asked only if the person were naturalized. The 1900, 1910, and 1920 censuses asked if a person owned or rented a house. In 1930, the schedules also included the value of the home or the amount of rent paid each month. The 1930 census asked if the home had a radio. The 1930 census asked a person's age at the time of his or her first marriage. In 1930, the census asked which specific war a man fought in. = Census

1930 Census shows 853,524 inhabitants of whom 8.9 percent are German.= Bukovina

1930 Japanese invade Manchuria. (1930s) Passenger airlines become common. Mahatma Gandhi defies British laws and makes salt. Chinese Nationalists embark on an attempt at getting rid of Mao's Red Army. = Christy's

1930 Britain, U.S., Japan, France, and Italy sign naval disarmament treaty. Nazis </cgi-bin/id/CE036471> gain in German elections. Cyclotron </cgi-bin/id/CE039645> developed by Ernest O. Lawrence, U.S. physicist. Pluto discovered by astronomers. = Kid Info

1930 Ruskin Dam operational= Canada

1930-1939 Great Depression; high tariffs and a policy of autarchy intensify economic problems.= Bukovina

1930 The Sanforizer Company introduced an ammonia-based process, devised by Sanford Cluett, that causes cotton fibers to swell, preventing shrinkage when washed. (OED) = PlantTrivia

1931 Statute of Westminister is passed. Japanese seize China's northeast provinces. Al Capone is sentenced to eleven years in prison for tax evasion. In El Salvador Arturo Araújo is elected president but overthrown by the military, led by Vice Presdient General Martínez. = Christy's

1931 Spain becomes a republic with overthrow of King Alfonso XIII </cgi-bin/id/CE001398>. German industrialists finance 800,000-strong Nazi party. British parliament enacts statute of Westminster </cgi-bin/id/CE055460>, legalizing dominion equality with Britain. Mukden Incident </cgi-bin/id/CE032525> begins Japanese occupation of Manchuria. In U.S., Hoover </cgi-bin/id/A0760615> proposes one-year moratorium of war debts. Harold C. Urey </cgi-bin/id/CE053471> discovers heavy hydrogen. Gangster Al Capone </cgi-bin/id/CE009030> sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion (freed in 1939; dies in 1947 </year/1947.html>). Notorious Scottsboro trial </cgi-bin/id/CE046642> begins, exposing depth of Southern racism. “The Star Spangled Banner” </cgi-bin/id/A0194015> officially becomes national anthem. = Kid Info

1931 Post Office closings... many small Post Offices are closed across the nation and the Rural Free Delivery (RFD) system is expanded to save operating costs. ILPlaceNames

01May1931 Empire State Building opened in New York City. WorldAlman

1932 Reported apparition of Mary in Beauraing, Belgium, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1932 a crude electron microscope invented in Germany, providing 400x magnification. In this year one out of every four families in the US were on relief. The Europeans agree to reduce Germany's reparation payments by 90% if America will do the same for their war debts. Japan takes control of Manchuria, and China calls to the League of Nations to sort things out - as a result Japan leaves the League of Nations. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is decreed by Ibn Saud. Iraq gains independence. Arturo Alessandri is elected president of Chile again. A peasant uprising in El Salvador fails after its leaders are arrested and 4,000 killed. The El Salvador military government massacres over 30,000 more people. Famine in Ukraine. <http://metalab.unc.edu/expo/soviet.exhibit/famine.html> = Christy's

1932 Nazis </cgi-bin/id/CE036471> lead in German elections with 230 Reichstag </cgi-bin/id/CE043654> seats. Famine in U.S.S.R. In U.S., Congress sets up Reconstruction Finance Corporation </cgi-bin/id/CE043478> to stimulate economy. Veterans march on Washington-most leave after Senate rejects payment of cash bonuses; others removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur </cgi-bin/id/CE031802>. U.S. protests Japanese aggression in Manchuria. Amelia Earhart </cgi-bin/id/A0192891> is first woman to fly Atlantic solo. Charles A. Lindbergh </cgi-bin/id/CE030748>'s baby son kidnapped, killed. (Bruno Richard Hauptmann </cgi-bin/id/CE023114> arrested in 1934, convicted in 1935, executed in 1936.) = Kid Info

1932 Fire at the Indian Affairs Lytton Agency office. All records are destroyed.= Canada

1932 Allis-Chalmers introduced rubber, pneumatic tires for their tractors, offering by 1934 a tractor designed specifically for rubber tires. By 1939, 90% of the tractors manufactured had pneumatic tires. (Williams, 1987) = PlantTrivia

01Mar1932 Charles Lindbergh Jr kidnapped. WorldAlman

12May1932 Charles Lindbergh Jr found dead. WorldAlman

29May1932 Bonus March on Washington by World War I veterans demanding Congress pay their bonuses in full. WorldAlman

1933 Reported apparition of Mary in Banneux, Belgium, considered "worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1933 Illinois Waterway opened. = ILGenWeb

1933-34 Century of Progress world's fair held at Chicago. = ILGenWeb

1933 Hitler appointed "Reichskanzler." Beginning of mass exodus of Jewish and non-Jewish intellectuals and artists from Nazi Germany, including Bauhaus members = German American

1933 Hitler <hitler.htm> comes to power in Germany. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is inaugurated on March 3. The Twenty-First Amendment to the US consitution repeals prohibition. King Faisal I of Iraq dies and is succeeded by his twenty-one year old son Ghazi. The Iraqi army commits atrocities against some 3,000 Kurdish people in northern Iraq. = Christy's

1933 Hitler </cgi-bin/id/CE024034> appointed German chancellor, gets dictatorial powers. Reichstag fire in Berlin; Nazi </cgi-bin/id/CE036471> terror begins. Germany and Japan withdraw from League of Nations </cgi-bin/id/CE029962>. Giuseppe Zangara executed for attempted assassination </cgi-bin/id/A0194022> of president-elect Roosevelt in which Chicago mayor Cermak is fatally shot. Roosevelt </cgi-bin/id/A0760616> inaugurated (“the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”); launches New Deal </cgi-bin/id/CE036963>. Prohibition </cgi-bin/id/CE042311> repealed. U.S.S.R. </cgi-bin/id/CE053299> recognized by U.S. = Kid Info

1933 The coming to power of Adolf Hitler in Germany caused a significant immigration of leading German scientists, writers, musicians, scholars, and other artists and intellectuals to the United States to escape persecution. Among them were such notables as Albert Einstein, Bruno Walter, Arnold Schoenberg, Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Hans Bethe, Thomas Mann, Marlene Dietrich, Kurt Weil, Billy Wilder, Hannah Arendt, and Hans Morgenthau. By the end of World War II, there were some 130,000 of these German and Austrian refugees living in America. = GermansInAm

06Mar1933 All banks in the US were ordered closed by FDR. WorldAlman

09Mar1933 In the "100 days" special session til 16Jun, Congress passed New Deal social and economic measures. WorldAlman

19Apr1933 Gold standard dropped by US; announced by FDR. WorldAlman

05Jun1933 Gold standard dropped ratified by Congress. WorldAlman

05Dec1933 The 18th (Prohibition) Amendment to the Constitution was repealed by ratification of the 21st Amendment ratified by the 36th state (Utah). WorldAlman

1934 The Steuben Society and most German-Americans oppose Nazi movement in the USA / the Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation (National Carl Schurz Association) publishes the "American-German Review" and assists refugees from Germany = German American

1934 USSR enters the League of Nations. Dionne Quintuplets <http://alvin.lbl.gov/bios/Dionne.html> born. Spanish civil war begins. 1934 - 1940, Batista, the head of the Cuban army, rules Cuba through a series of puppet presidents, with the United States supplying the army and training Cuban officers. Chinese Red Army makes it's Long March. = Christy's

1934 Chancellor Dollfuss </cgi-bin/id/CE015200> of Austria assassinated by Nazis. Hitler </cgi-bin/id/CE024034> becomes führer. U.S.S.R. admitted to League of Nations. Dionne sisters, first quintuplets to survive beyond infancy, born in Canada. Mao Zedong </cgi-bin/id/CE032718> begins the Long March </cgi-bin/id/CE031189> north with 100,000 soldiers. = Kid Info

1934 A major windstorm in the plains states removed 350 million tons of topsoil, scattering it over the eastern US and out into the Atlantic. It is estimated that 12 million tons fell on Chicago. The storms continued and by 1938 the top five inches of soil had been removed from 10,000,000 acres of land. In that year 850 million tons of soil were lost. By 1938 3.5 million people had abandoned farms on the great plains. One fifth of Oklahoma’s population moved to other states. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

06Aug1934 US troops pull out of Haiti. WorldAlman

1935 Nuremberg Laws deprive Jews of citizenship. The British government created a new Indian constitiution giving Indians more political power. The Seventh (and last) Comintern Congress of USSR ordered Communist parties through out the world to join the anti-fascist parties. = Christy's

1935-36 Abyssinian war; League of Nations sanctions = Tour Italy

1935 Saar </cgi-bin/id/CE045216> incorporated into Germany after plebiscite. Nazis repudiate Versailles Treaty </cgi-bin/id/CE054086>, introduce compulsory military service. Mussolini </cgi-bin/id/CE036036> invades Ethiopia; League of Nations invokes sanctions. Roosevelt opens second phase of New Deal </cgi-bin/id/CE036963> in U.S., calling for social security, better housing, equitable taxation, and farm assistance. Huey Long </cgi-bin/id/CE031163> assassinated in Louisiana. = Kid Info

1935-1938 Carothers invents nylon in US. WallChartB

1935 Analysis by botanist A. Koehler demonstrated that a homemade wooden ladder used during the abduction (resulting in murder) of the son of Charles and Anne Morrow Lindbergh was made from the same wooden planks that floored Bruno Hauptmann’s attic. Hauptmann was convicted of this crime. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1935 The Rural Electrification Administration (REA) was created through executive order by President F. D. Roosevelt, receiving Congressional authority the following year through passage of the Rural Electrification Act. REA offered loans to cooperatives and power districts in order to finance distribution, transmission, and generation of power to rural areas. In 1935 approximately one in ten US farms received electricity; by 1962 electricity was supplied to more than 97% of US farms. (Kelly, in The Yearbook of Agriculture 1962) = PlantTrivia

14Aug1935 Social Security Act passed by Congress. WorldAlman

15Aug1935 Comedian Will Rogers and aviator Wiley Post killed in Alaska plane crash. WorldAlman

08Sep1935 Senator Huey Long of Louisiana, a national political leader, was assassinated. WorldAlman

1936 Edward VIII King of England, acceeded and abdicated = Christianity

1936-1952 George VI King of England = Christianity

1936 Westminster NT, unofficial Catholic version (not commissioned by the Hierarchy) = Christianity

1936 Major purge of the Communist party in USSR. Edward VIII <http://www.camelotintl.com/heritage/edwviii.html> of Great Britain is crowned, and abdicates so he can marry a divorced women. His brother George VI is crowned. Spanish civil war ends. John Maynard Keynes' book "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" promotes demand-side economics. The Philippines recieve independence from the United States. = Christy's

1936-39 Intervention in favour of Franco in Spanish Civil War = Tour Italy

1936 Axis formed between Italy and Germany = Tour Italy

1936 The German-American Bund (Deutsch-Amerikanischer Volksbund) with Fritz Kuhn as "Fuehrer," a Nazi organization = German American

1936 Germans occupy Rhineland. Italy annexes Ethiopia. Rome-Berlin Axis </cgi-bin/id/CE003859> proclaimed (Japan to join in 1940 </year/1940.html>). Trotsky </cgi-bin/id/CE052704> exiled to Mexico. King George V </cgi-bin/id/CE020508> dies; succeeded by son, Edward VIII </cgi-bin/id/CE016306>, who soon abdicates to marry an American-born divorcée, and is succeeded by brother, George VI </cgi-bin/id/CE020509>. Spanish civil war </cgi-bin/id/CE048956> begins. Hundreds of Americans join the “Lincoln Brigades.” (Franco </cgi-bin/id/CE019268>'s fascist forces defeat Loyalist forces by 1939, when Madrid falls.) War between China and Japan </cgi-bin/id/CE047994> begins, to continue through World War II. Japan and Germany sign anti-Comintern </cgi-bin/id/CE012047> pact; joined by Italy in 1937. = Kid Info

1936 Boulder Dam completed. WorldAlman

1936 Margaret Mitchell published "Gone with the Wind." WorldAlman

1937 Japan invades China. James Hillier and Albert Prebus (of the University of Toronto) unveil an ~electron microscope <http://helios.physics.utoronto.ca/interact/microsco/microhist.htm> with 7000x magnification. Snow White <http://www.stiverson.com/home/snowwhite.htm> is the first feature-length cartoon. Carlson invents the photocopier. Opening of the Golden Gate bridge. = Christy's

1937 The American Nazi Party claims 200,000 members = German American

1937 Hitler </cgi-bin/id/CE024034> repudiates war guilt clause of Versailles Treaty </cgi-bin/id/CE054086>; continues to build German power. Italy withdraws from League of Nations </cgi-bin/id/CE029962>. U.S. gunboat Panay sunk by Japanese in Yangtze River. Japan invades China, conquers most of coastal area. Amelia Earhart </cgi-bin/id/A0192891> lost somewhere in Pacific on round-the-world flight. Picasso </cgi-bin/id/CE040846>'s Guernica mural. = Kid Info

1937 Demikhov invents artificial heart in USSR. WallChartB

1937 The Nobel Prize was awarded to Albert Szent-Gyögyi, the first person to isolate vitamin C. He extracted it from paprika. [See 1747] (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1937 Oil strikes in Marion County result in boom. = ILGenWeb

02Jul1937 Amelia Earhart, aviator, and co-pilot Fred Noonan lost near Howland Island, in the Pacific. WorldAlman

1938 Thorton Wilder publishes "Our Town". The ballpoint pen is invented. When American, Dutch and British owned oil companies refused to raise the wages for Mexican employees the oil fields are nationalized. = Christy's

1938 Hitler </cgi-bin/id/CE024034> marches into Austria; political and geographical union of Germany and Austria proclaimed. Munich Pact </cgi-bin/id/CE035882>-Britain, France, and Italy agree to let Germany partition Czechoslovakia. Douglas “Wrong-Way” Corrigan flies from New York to Dublin. Fair Labor Standards Act establishes minimum wage. Orson Welles </cgi-bin/id/CE055300>'s radio broadcast War of the Worlds. = Kid Info

Mar1938 Anschluss (annexation) of Austria to Germany.= Bukovina

25Jun1938 National minimum wage enacted. WorldAlman

Sep1938 Munich Agreement paves way for Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland.= Bukovina

30Oct1938 Orson Welles radio dramatization of "War of the Worlds" caused nationwide scare. WorldAlman

1939-1958 Pope Pius XII = Christianity

1939 Pact of Steel with Germany; occupation of Albania = Tour Italy

1939 Fritz Kuhn jailed for misappropriation of Bund funds / Hitler starts WW II with his Blitzkrieg against Poland = German American

1939 German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact; fourth partition of Poland in modern times; World War II; ethnic Germans permitted to leave Soviet-occupied Baltic States and eastern Poland for resettlement in the Third Reich.= Bukovina

1939 On August 23, the Nazi-Soviet Pact between Germany and Russia is signed. Officially it's just a nonagression agreement. Two weeks later WWII <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm> begins when Germany invades Poland. The Fins and Russians fight. Russians win. Poland is divided between Germany and Russia. Television first broadcast publicly, from the Empire State Building <http://www.esbnyc.com/html/empire_state_building.html>. = Christy's

1939 Germany invades Poland; occupies Bohemia and Moravia; renounces pact with England and concludes 10-year non-aggression pact with U.S.S.R. Russo-Finnish War </cgi-bin/id/CE018413> begins; Finns to lose one-tenth of territory in 1940 </year/1940.html> peace treaty. World War II begins.(For detailed chronology, see World War II </cgi-bin/id/A0001288>.) In U.S., Roosevelt </cgi-bin/id/A0760616> submits $1,319-million defense budget, proclaims U.S. neutrality, and declares limited emergency. Einstein </cgi-bin/id/CE016420> writes FDR about feasibility of atomic bomb. New York World's Fair opens. DAR refuses to allow Marian Anderson to perform. Gone with the Wind premieres. = Kid Info

1939 Second World War begins (to 1945)= Canada

1939 Swiss chemist Paul Müller discovered the insecticidal qualities of DDT, a compound first synthesized by German chemist Othmar Zeidler in 1874. [See 1972](Busbey, in The Yearbook of Agriculture 1962) = PlantTrivia

05Sep1939 US declares its neutrality in European War. WorldAlman

08Sep1939 FDR proclaimed a limited national emergency, an unlimited emergency 27May1941. Both ended by Pres Truman 28Apr1952. WorldAlman

1940 Italy enters World War II on German side = Tour Italy

1940 Radar used in the Battle of Britain. The Moslem league demands a separate Moslem country (Pakistan) be created. The ~Red Army <http://www.clinet.fi/pkr01/history/molotov.html> (of USSR) capture Estonia, Latvai, and Lihuania. Opening of the Pasadena Freeway (the first in America). The Japanese occupy Indo-China. = Christy's

1940 Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina; Germans in northern and southern Bukovina permitted to immigrate en masse to Germany; some 95,000, or all but 7,000, avail themselves of this opportunity.= Bukovina

1940 Most of the 114,058 Germans coming to the USA between 1931 and 1940 are opposed to, or escape from, Nazi tyranny = German American

1940 Hitler </cgi-bin/id/CE024034> invades Norway, Denmark (April 9), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg (May 10), and France (May 12). Churchill </cgi-bin/id/CE011086> becomes Britain's prime minister. Trotsky assassinated in Mexico (Aug. 20). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania annexed by U.S.S.R. U.S. trades 50 destroyers for leases on British bases in Western Hemisphere. Selective Service </cgi-bin/id/CE046891> Act signed. The first official network television broadcast is put out by NBC. = Kid Info

1940 An estimated 1.2 million German-born immigrants lived in the United States. = GermansInAm

1940 Steroids discovered in yam (Dioscorea) proved useful for the manufacture of cortisone and sexual hormones. Consequently, the cost of hormones dropped from $80 to $2 per gram. [See 1956] (Heiser, 1981) This was amplified through the work of Russell Marker, who while assigned to study steroids during a research fellowship at Pennsylvania State University discovered he could manufacture progesterone from steroids in the yam. Unable to receive support to further this work, he moved to Mexico City and formed a joint venture named Syntex. Though Marker abandoned his research, Syntex continued work with other chemists. Eventually Syntex manufactured testosterone and 19-norprogesterone, an analog of progesterone that was even more effective at inhibiting ovulation. Administered in an oral version, this became “The Pill.” (Cobb & Goldwhite, 1995) [See 1956] = PlantTrivia

03Jun1940 US okayed sale of surplus war material to Britian; announced transfer of 50 overaged destroyers 03Sep. WorldAlman

14Sep1940 First peacetime draft approved. WorldAlman

1941-43 Italians fight in Yugoslavia, Russia and Africa; defeat in Africa; Allies land in Sicily; anti-Fascist action; Badoglio delares war on
Germany = Tour Italy

1941 Japan enters WWII on the German side. Germany attacks Russia. Russian and Britain occupy Iran and force Riza Shah to abdicate. His son Mohammed Riza Shah becomes Shah and signs a peace treaty with Britain and Russia. = Christy's

1941 Following Pearl Harbor, Hitler declares war on the USA = German American

1941 Germany attacks the Balkans and Russia. Japanese surprise attack on U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor </cgi-bin/id/CE039908> brings U.S. into World War II; U.S. and Britain declare war on Japan. Manhattan Project </cgi-bin/id/CE032574> (atomic bomb research) begins. Roosevelt enunciates “four freedoms,” </cgi-bin/id/CE019143> signs Lend-Lease </cgi-bin/id/CE030214> Act, declares national emergency, promises aid to U.S.S.R. Orson Welles </cgi-bin/id/CE055300>'s Citizen Kane. = Kid Info

1941-1944 Germany attacks Soviet Union; Bukovina reoccupied by German and Romanian troops.= Bukovina

11Mar1941 Lend-Lease Act signed, providing $7 billion in military credits for Britain. WorldAlman

Nov1941 Lend-Lease Act approved for USSR. WorldAlman

07Dec1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 7:55am Hawaiian time, 19 ships sunk or damaged, 2300 dead. WorldAlman

08Dec1941 US declared war on Japan. WorldAlman

11Dec1941 US declared war on Germany and Italy, after those countries declared war. WorldAlman

1942 Stephen Hawkings <http://www.psyclops.com/hawking/> is born. = Christy's

1942 Gen. Eisenhower commands US Forces in the European theater. Like "Ike," Adm. Nimitz, Gen. Spaatz and others are also of German descent = German American

1942 Declaration of United Nations </cgi-bin/id/CE053332> signed in Washington (Jan. 1). Nazi </cgi-bin/id/CE036471> leaders attend Wannsee Conference to coordinate the “final solution to the Jewish question,” the systematic genocide of Jews known as the Holocaust </cgi-bin/id/CE024213>. (For detailed chronology of the Holocaust, see The Holocaust </cgi-bin/id/A0001286>.) Women's military services established. Enrico Fermi </cgi-bin/id/CE018183> achieves nuclear chain reaction. More than 120,000 Japanese and persons of Japanese ancestry living in western U.S. moved to “relocation centers,” some for the duration of the war (Executive Order 9066). Coconut Grove nightclub fire in Boston kills 492 (Nov. 28). = Kid Info

1942 Federal government forcibly moved 110,000 Japanese-Americans (including 75,000 US citizens) from West Coast to detention camps. Exclusion lasted 3 years. WorldAlman

08Nov1942 US, Britain invaded North Africa. WorldAlman

1943 Iran declares war on Germany, but does no active fighting. Lebanon gains independence from France. = Christy's

1943 About 3,000,000 people died from famine-based starvation in Bengal. (Ponting, 1991) = PlantTrivia

1943 Churchill and Roosevelt hold Casablanca Conference </cgi-bin/id/CE009407> (Jan. 14-23). Mussolini </cgi-bin/id/CE036036>deposed.
President freezes prices, salaries, and wages to prevent inflation. Income tax withholding introduced. = Kid Info

09Sep1943 US troops invaded Italy. WorldAlman

1944 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) created at a conference at Bretton Wood, USA. Syria gains independence from France. General Martínez of El Salvador is forced from power but the military government continues. = Christy's

1944 Allies invade Normandy on D-Day </cgi-bin/id/CE037549> (June 6). G.I. Bill of Rights enacted. Bretton Woods Conference </cgi-bin/id/CE007417> creates International Monetary Fund </cgi-bin/id/CE025828> and World Bank </cgi-bin/id/CE025801> (July 1-22). Dumbarton Oaks Conference-U.S., British Commonwealth, and U.S.S.R. propose establishment of United Nations </cgi-bin/id/CE053332> (Aug. 21-Oct. 7). Battle of the Bulge </cgi-bin/id/CE004928> (Dec. 16). Gunnar Myrdal </cgi-bin/id/CE036110>'s An American Dilemma. = Kid Info

1944 Evacuation of Germans seeking to escape advancing Soviet armies begins.= Bukovina

1944 Anzio landings; Allies take Rome = Tour Italy

06Jun1944 US, Allied forces invaded Europe at Normandy. WorldAlman

1945-1955 Knox Version, from Vulgate, asked for by English Hierarchy = Christianity

1945 Resistance movement; liberation of Florence; German surrender = Tour Italy

1945 Atomic bombs dropped on two Japanese cities. In June the United Nations is formed. In August WWII ends. Russia controls Poland. About this time the International Maritime Consultive Organization is organized, and the UN establishes the International Law Commission. ~Mussolini <http://www.gvn.net/lowe/mussolini> is shot then hung. = Christy's

1945 Yalta Conference </cgi-bin/id/CE056562> (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) plans final defeat of Germany (Feb. 4-11). FDR </cgi-bin/id/A0760616> dies (April 12). Hitler </cgi-bin/id/CE024034>commits suicide (April 30); Germany surrenders (May 7); May 8 is declared V-E Day. Potsdam Conference (Truman, Churchill, Stalin) establishes basis of German reconstruction (July-Aug.). U.S. drops atomic bombs </cgi-bin/id/CE003546> on Japanese cities of Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9). Japan signs official surrender on V-J Day (Sept. 2). United Nations established (Oct. 24). First electronic computer, ENIAC, built. = Kid Info

1945 May 8, WW II in Europe ends with Germany's unconditional surrender / CARE packages and other American assistance during post war hunger period in West Germany-a big help = German American

Feb1945 Yalta Conference sanctions Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina; northern Bukovina incorporated into Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.= Bukovina

12Apr1945 FDR, 63, died of cerebral hemorrhage in Warm Springs, GA. V.P. Harry S Truman became pres. WorldAlman

07May1945 Germany surrendered. WorldAlman

Jul1945 Potsdam Conference sanctions "humane and orderly" transfer of indigenous German population in eastern and southeastern Europe; over 12,000,000 German refugees and expellees stream westward; transfer results in death to tens of thousands due to massacre and privations. Many Germans forcibly repatriated to Soviet Union and Bukovina.= Bukovina

06Aug1945 First atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. WorldAlman

09Aug1945 Second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki. WorldAlman

15Aug1945 Japan surrendered. WorldAlman

1945 Second World War ends= Canada

1946-1952 Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew text" for OT and best available
texts for NT, done in response to changes in English usage = Christianity

1946- Christian Democrat domination of government = Tour Italy

1946 Moslems riot in India. Prime minister of Iran, Ahmad Qavan signs an agreement with Russia allowing the Russians to develop the oil fields. Russian troops leave Iran, and the Azerbaijan <http://azer.com/> and Krurdistan republics collapse, letting Iran gain control of them again. The treaty between Russia and Iran never was used. First meeting of United Nations General Assembly in London. Paramahamsa Yogananda <http://www.yogananda-srf.org/py-life/index.html> publishes the book "Autobiography of a Yogi." Civil war in China between the Communists and the Nationalists. The Dead Sea Scrolls are discovered. Chinese and British withdraw from Vietnam, returning it to the French. The French re-establish their own control over parts of Vietnam, refusing to recognize Ho Chi Minh's government. The last French troups are evacuated from Lebanon. Oil is first exported from Kuwait. = Christy's

1947 Mashall Plan <http://www.usis.usemb.se/topical/pol/marshall/mp-toc.htm> proposed to help rebuild Western Europe. Roswell incident (alien landing in New Mexico). India becomes an independent dominion of the British Commonwealth, as does Pakistan. GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) is signed. The first of a series of short-lived consitutions in Nigeria are formed, giving limited native participation in provincial legislatures. The National Security Act creates the CIA. = Christy's

1947 Thor Heyerdahl sailed a raft made of balsa logs, the Kon Tiki, from South America far into the Pacific Ocean, to support his contention that prehistoric people could have made such journeys. Heyerdahl would use the presence in the Easter Islands of a plant called totara (Scirpus) that is native to coastal South America as suggesting ancient travel. A closely related plant, also called totara, is used extensively by inhabitants of the area around Lake Titicaca - for thatching, for construction of mats, even for building boats. (Heiser, 1985) = PlantTrivia

1948 Mohandas K. Gandhi is shot and killed by a member of the high Hindu caste. World Council of Churches <http://www.wcc-coe.org/> formed. The Jewish state of Israel is created, causing the Arab-Israeli War. The International Law Commission holds their first conference on the law of the sea. The Berlin Blockade is put into affect. = Christy's

1948 The Displaced Persons Act made general provisions for the immigration of displaced persons in Eastern Europe, including ethnic Germans, to the United States. = GermansInAm

1948 The Marshall Plan, in conjunction with currency reform, jump starts the German economy into the "economic miracle" of postwar recovery = German American

1949 Basic English Bible, only 1000 words, simple and direct style = Christianity

1949 Discovery of Qumran (Essenes?) scrolls, aka Dead Sea scrolls (see 68) = Christianity

1949 The Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic founded; Germany divided until 1990 = German American

1949 ~Newfoundland <http://www.cs.mun.ca/dylan/links/history.html> becomes (the tenth) province of Canada. Mao proclaims the creation of the People's Republic of China. NATO pact is signed. Indonesia is declared independent. A coup is led in Lebanon to try and promote union with Syria. = Christy's

1949 Italy becomes a member of NATO = Tour Italy

1950s Between 1951 and 1960, 580,000 Germans immigrated to the United States. = GermansInAm

1950 128,600 Germans immigrate = German American

1950 India becomes a republic. Turkey has it's first free election. the Chinese occupy Tibet <http://perso.wanadoo.fr/tibetmap/>. North Korea invades South Korea-Red China assists North; U.N. troops aid the South. Jordon annexes West Bank. = Christy's

1950 Korean War (to 1953).= Canada

27Aug1950 Army seized all railroads on Truman's order to prevent a general strike; roads returned to owners in 1952. WorldAlman

01Nov1950 Two members of a Puerto Rican nationalist movement tried to kill Pres. Truman. WorldAlman

1951 the Mossadeq government of Iran nationalizes it's oil industry. Britain and the US impose sanctions on Iran. Ireland is declared an independent republic. Computers are sold commercially. = Christy's

29Mar1951 Julius Rosenberg, his wife Ethel, and Morton Sobell, all US citizens, were found guilty of conspiracy to commit wartime espionage. Rosenbergs were sentenced to death, Sobell to 30 years. Rosenbergs were executed 19Jun1953. Sobell released 14Jan1969. WorldAlman

11Apr1951 Gen. Douglas MacArthur was removed from his Korea command by Pres. Truman for unauthorized policy statements. WorldAlman

04Sep1951 Transcontinental television inaugurated with Pres. Truman's address at the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco. WorldAlman

1952-Present Elizabeth II Queen of England = Christianity

1952 Poland adopts a constitution similar to Russia's. Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain is crowned. Egypt is declared a republic. The Bolivian government (the Movimento NaCional Revolucionario) nationalizes a large number of mines formerly belonging to tin barons, and produces the state mining coporation, the COMIBOL. Fuller designs his dome. West Berlin reports taking in 16,000 refugees from East in August. Peking reports 40% of farm workers have been organized into cooperatives. In Cuba Castro is imprisoned after a failed uprising. Matyas Rakosi, the Hungarian Communist party's general secretary, becomes prime minister. Viet Minh guerrilla forces gain control of the countryside, in Vietnam. = Christy's

1952 Gen. Eisenhower elected President = German American

08Apr1952 US seizure of nation's steel mills was ordered by Pres. Truman to avert a strike. Ruled illegal by Supreme Court 02Jun. WorldAlman

1953 Oil production in Iran stopped because it couldn't be sold on the world market. US overthrows the Iran Mossadeq government calling it's leader "the madman". Rosa Parks <http://www.grandtimes.com/rosa.html> refuses to move to back of the bus (Montgomery, AL). Korean War <http://www.koreanwar.org/index.html> ends. Stalin dies. The French establish a garrison camp at Dien Bien Phu (in Vietnam). = Christy's

1954 Iran signs an oil agreement with companies from Britain, US, France and Netherlands. U.S.S.R. launches Sputnik. Cathy Settle is born. Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes president of Egypt. The British sign an agreement to withdraw their troops from Egypt. Nigeria becomes a federation. The Americans paid about 78% of the French war effort in Indo-China. The French are defeated in Dien Bien Phu. In August there is a conference at Geneva about Korea and Vietnam, with nine-powers meeting. The government of Guatemala is overthrown in a US backed coup. = Christy's

1954 City of Trieste returned to Italy = Tour Italy

01Mar1954 Five members of Congress were wounded in the House by four Puerto Rican independence supporters who fired at random from a spectator's gallery. WorldAlman

22Apr1954 Sen. Joseph McCarthy led televised hearings until 17Jun into alleged Communist influence in the Army. WorldAlman

17May1954 Racial segregation in public schools was unanimously ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court as a violation of the 14th Admendment clause guaranteeing equal protection of the laws. WorldAlman

02Dec1954 Condemnation of Sen. Joseph R McCarthy (R WI) voted by Senate, 67-22 for contempt of a Senate elections subcommittee, for abuse of its members and for insults to the Senate during his Army investigation hearings. WorldAlman

1955 Iran, Iraq, Britian, Turkey, and Palestine signs the Baghdad Pact. Martin Luther King Jr., leads black boycott of Montgomery buses. Castro is released from prison in Cuba but flees to Mexico. The Warsaw pact is signed. Indonesian President Sukarno organized the Afro-Asian conference in Bandung, starting the Non-Aliance Movement between third world countries that did not wish to align to either side of the Cold War. Ngo Dinh Diem became prime minister in South Vietnam. = Christy's

1955 Ayn Rand writes her masterpiece novel "Atlas Shrugged" (original title "The Strike") it soon becomes a classic and is voted as the most inspirational book of the ten most inspirational books amongst the American public in a 2000 nationwide poll of the US Library of Congress. USLC Talking Book Program

31May1955 Supreme Court ordered "all deliberate speed" in integration of public schools. WorldAlman

01Dec1955 Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white man on a bus in Montgomery, AL. Bus segragation ordinance declared unconstitutional by a federal court following boycott and NAACP protest. WorldAlman

1956 Nikita Khrushchev, head of the USSR Communist party, takes control of the government. After anti-Russian riots, Polish communist Wladislaw Gomulka became the head of the government of Poland <http://ciesin.ci.uw.edu.pl/poland/polhistory.html>. Seat belts first added to cars. Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal. Israel invades Egypt. The Hungarian revolution is suppressed by Soviet troups. = Christy's

1956 Italy joins European Community = Tour Italy

1956 G. Pincus disclosed that a drug derived from the yam, Dioscorea, could stop ovulation, therefore preventing conception - allowing production of a birth control “pill” to replace the previous need for an injection. (Heiser, 1981) [See 1940] = PlantTrivia

12Mar1956 Massive resistance to Supreme Court desegregation rulings was called for by 101 Southern congressmen. WorldAlman

29Jun1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act signed inaugurating interstate highway system. WorldAlman

25Sep1956 First transatlantic telephone cable in operation. WorldAlman

1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans = Christianity

1957 John George Diefenbaker <http://diefenbaker.ottawa.com/> is elected Prime Minister of Canada. Russia launches the first artificial satellite, Sputnik. The Eastern and Western regions of Nigeria receive internal self-governing status. = Christy's

1957 Viet Nam War (to 1975). = Canada

1957 Extracts from the common periwinkle were found effective in the treatment of childhood leukemia. (Simpson, 1989) = PlantTrivia

1957 Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, activates first experimental nuclear power generating system in United States. First privately financed nuclear plant in United States dedicated in Morris in 1960. = ILGenWeb

29Apr1957 Congress approved first civil rights bill for blacks since Reconstruction, to protect voting rights. WorldAlman

04Sep1957 National Guardsmen, called out by Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus, barred nine black students from entering previously all-white Central High School in Little Rock. Faubus complied 21Sep with a federal court order to remove the National Guardsmen. The blacks entered school 23Sep but were ordered to withdraw by local authorities because of fear of mob violence. Pres. Eisenhower sent federal troops 24Sep to enforce the court's order. WorldAlman

1958-1963 Pope John XXIII = Christianity

1958 J. B. Phillip's NT, uses only commonly spoken language = Christianity

1958 Mexican women allowed to vote in a presidential election for the first time. On July 14 the Hashemite monarchy (of Iraq) is overthrown in a bloody coup headed by General Abd al-Karim Qassem. In December 33 year old ~Fidel Castro <http://www.fiu.edu/fcf/castro_year1/castro_year1.html> becomes ruler of Cuba. The US launches its first satellite. The Shell Oil company first starts drilling in Ogoni. The U.S. intervenes in Lebanon when Pro-Nasser Arabs lead a revolution. = Christy's

1958 The US established its main seed bank, the National Seed Storage Laboratory, in Ft. Collins, Colorado, where over 250,000 seed samples are maintained. This is one of the 19 seed-storage facilities in the US that constitute the National Plant Germplasm System. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1958 Illinois Tollway opened. = ILGenWeb

31Jan1958 First US earth satellite to go into orbit, Explorer I, launched by Army at Cape Canaveral, FL; discovered Van Allen radiation belt. WorldAlman

10Dec1958 First domestic jet airline passenger service in US opened by National Airlines between NY and Miami. WorldAlman

1959 Statement of Faith (United Church of Christ) = Christianity

1959 Chinese forces conqueror Tibet. Red China and Russia quarrel over communist policies toward the West. The Northern region of Nigeria recieves internal self-governing status. Barbie dolls go on sale for the first time. = Christy's

1959 Opening of St. Lawrence Seaway makes Chicago an ocean port. = ILGenWeb

03Jan1959 49th state admitted into the union, Alaska Jan. 3, 1959; having been settled by 1784 =infoplease

03Jan1959 Alaska admitted as 49th state. WorldAlman

25Apr1959 St Lawrence Seaway opened. WorldAlman

21Aug1959 50th state admitted into the union, Hawaii Aug. 21, 1959; having been settled by 1820=infoplease

21Aug1959 Hawaii admitted as 50th state. WorldAlman

15Sep1959 Soviet Premier Khrushchev paid unprecedented visit to US until 27Sep, made transcontinental tour. WorldAlman

1960 Belgian Congo (Zaire) is granted its independence, and five days later the Congolese army mutinied and the UN is called in. Nigeria wins independence from Britian and is admitted membership to the United Nations. OPEC is formed by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. = Christy's

1960s Between 1961 and 1970, 210,000 Germans immigrated to the United States. = GermansInAm

1960s High-voltage power transmission lines begin to be erected in BC= Canada

01Feb1960 Sit-ins began when four black college students in Greensboro, NC refused to move from a Woolworth lunch counter when denied service. By Sep1961 more than 70,000 students, whites and blacks, had participated in sit-ins. WorldAlman

01Apr1960 US launched first weather satellite, Tiros I. WorldAlman

21Apr1960 Congress approved a strong voting rights act. WorldAlman

01May1960 A U-2 reconnaisance plane of the US was shot down in the Soviet Union. The incident led to cancellation of an imminent Paris summit conference. WorldAlman

17Sep1960 Mobs attacked US embassy in Panama in dispute over flying of US and Panamanian flags. WorldAlman

1961 New English Bible, renders original Basic English Bible for private use = Christianity

1961 Poland started a five-year program to increase production. The Berlin wall <http://members.aol.com/johball/berlinwl.htm> is built, dividing East and West Berlin. Famine in Red China after three years of crop failure and floods. Amnesty International <http://www.oneworld.org/amnesty/> is founded, to promote human rights and protect the rights of political prisoners. America invades Cuba in the unsuccessful Bay of Pigs invasion. Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human to travel in space. The northern section of the British Cameroons votes to become part of Nigeria. Kuwait gains independence. British troops stop Iraqi attempt to annex Kuwait. Another coup is launched in Lebanon to try and promote union with Syria. The Central American Common Market is formed providing a "free trade zone"in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. = Christy's

03Jan1961 The US severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba, after disputes over nationalizations of US firms, US military presence at Guantanamo base, etc. WorldAlman

17Apr1961 Invasion of Cuba's "Bay of Pigs" by Cuban exiles trained, armed, and directed by the US, attempting to overthrow the regime of Premier Fidel Castro, was repulsed. WorldAlman

05May1961 Commander Alan B Shepard Jr was rocketed from Cape Canaveral, FL, 116.5 miles above the earth in a Mercury capsule in the first US manned sub-orbital space flight. WorldAlman

1962-1965 Second Vatican Council, 21st ecumenical, announced by Pope John XXIII in 1959, produced 16 documents which became official
after approval by the Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us" (Pope John XXIII) = Christianity

1962 an earthquake in Iran kills more than 12,000 people. Chinese communist forces invade India and then withdraw. The General Assembly of the United Nations calls for sanctions to be imposed on South Africa. Cuban Missile Crisis. American Airlines inaugurate a system (SABER) for airline reservation, thus linking thousands of agencies, reservation terminals and ticket desks. = Christy's

14Feb1962 Pres. Kennedy said US military advisers in Vietnam would fire if fired upon. WorldAlman

20Feb1962 Lt Col John H Glenn Jr became the first American in orbit when he circled the earth three times in the Mercury capsule Friendship 7. WorldAlman

Jul1962 First US communications satellite launched. WorldAlman

01Oct1962 James Meredith became the first black student at Univ. of Mississippi after 3000 troops put down riots. WorldAlman

22Oct1962 A Soviet offensive missile buildup in Cuba was revealed by Pres. Kennedy, who ordered a naval and air quarantine on shipment of offensive military equipment to the island. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Khrushchev reached agreement 28Oct on a formula to end the crisis. Kennedy announced 02Nov that Soviet missile bases in Cuba were being dismantled. WorldAlman

1963-1978 Pope Paul VI = Christianity

1963 Women are allowed to vote in Iran. Lester Bowles Pearson <http://nobel.sdsc.edu/laureates/peace-1957-bio.html> is elected Prime Minister of Canada. John F. Kennedy shot in Dallas, Texas. Nigeria adopts a republican form of government with Nnamdi Azikiwe as president. In Vietnam Buddhist monks burned themself in the streets to protest the corrupt government. The American government turned against the Ngo Dnh Diem (prime minister of South Vietnam) and helped with a coup to over throw him. The Ba'th Party in Iraq overthrows Qassem (executing him) and seizes power. = Christy's

1963 New federal prison opened at Marion. = ILGenWeb

17Jul1963 Supreme Court ruled, 8-1, that laws requiring recitation of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools were unconstitutional. WorldAlman

28Aug1963 Washington demonstration by 200,000 persons in support of black demands for equal rights. Highlight was speech in which Dr Martin Luther King said: "I have a dream that this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of the creed, 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.'" WorldAlman

02Nov1963 South Vietnam Pres. Ngo Dinh Diem assassinated; US had earlier withdrawn support. WorldAlman

22Nov1963 President John F Kennedy was shot and fatally wounded as he rode in a motorcade through downtown Dallas, TX. Vice President Lyndon B Johnson was inaugurated president shortly after in Dallas. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested and charged with the murder. Oswald was shot and fatally wounded 24Nov by Jack Ruby, 52, a Dallas nightclub owner, who was convicted of murder 14Mar1964 and sentenced to death. Ruby died of natural causes 03Jan1967 while awaiting retrial. WorldAlman

31Dec1963 US troops in Vietnam totalled over 15,000 by year-end; aid to South Vietnam was over $500 million in 1963. WorldAlman

1964 In USA poll taxes for Federal elections are finally ended. Indian Prime Minister Nehru dies, and his power is passed to the Syndicate (five chief ministers), Lal Bahadur Shastri becomes prime minister. Red China challenges Russia for leadership of the communist bloc of nations. Revolts against Portuguese rule begin in Mozambique (Southeast Africa). Fighting in Vietnam extends into North Vietnam after an American destroyer was allegedly attacked by Vietnamese gunboats. The CIA funnels up to $20 million dollars into Chile to insure that Eduardo Frei is elected as President instead of Allende (a Marxist). = Christy's

1964 The Surgeon General’s Report connected smoking with lung cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and other diseases. [See 1761](Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

09Jan1964 Panama suspended relations with US after riots. The US offered 18Dec to negotiate a new canal treaty. WorldAlman

17Feb1964 Supreme Court ordered that congressional districts have equal populations. WorldAlman

27May1964 US reported it was sending military planes to Laos. WorldAlman

22Jun1964 Three civil rights workers were reported missing in Mississippi; found buried 04Aug. Twenty-one white men were arrested. On 20Oct1967, an all-white federal jury convicted 7 of conspiracy in the slayings. WorldAlman

07Aug1964 US Congress passed Tonkin Resolution, authorizing presidential action in Vietnam, after North Vietnam boats reportedly attacked two US destroyers 02Aug. WorldAlman

11Aug1964 Congress approved War on Poverty bill. WorldAlman

27Sep1964 The Warren Commission released a report concluding that Lee Harvey Oswald was solely responsible for the Kennedy assassination. WorldAlman

1965 Canada adopts the Maple Leaf as it's flag. <http://mypage.direct.ca/s/skeldale/Flagday.html> Pakistanis and India fight over the border. In Indonesia there is a mass murder of communists by General Suharto. Generals Nguyen Ky and Ngyen Van Thieu gain control of the government in South Vietnam. Nicolae Ceasescu gains power in Romania. = Christy's

Feb1965 Pres. Johnson ordered continuous bombing of North Vietnam below the 20th parallel. WorldAlman

28Apr1965 Some 14,000 US troops sent to Dominican Republic during civil war. All troops withdrawn by next year. WorldAlman

06Aug1965 New Voting Rights Act signed. WorldAlman

11Aug1965 Los Angeles riot until 16Aug by blacks living in Watts area resulted in death of 34 persons and property damage estimated at $200 million. WorldAlman

21Sep1965 Water Quality Act passed to meet pollution, shortage problems. WorldAlman

03Oct1965 National origins quota system of immigration abolished. WorldAlman

09Nov1965 Electric power failure blacked out most of north-eastern US, parts of 2 Canadian provinces at night. WorldAlman note: There was a large population boom in Aug1966

1966 RSV Catholic Edition, a joint effort between Catholics and the Church of England, a big step towards a common Catholic/Protestant Bible = Christianity

1966 Floods in Venice and Florence = Tour Italy

1966 Jerusalem Bible, translation from original languages based on Bible de Jerusalem, Catholic version = Christianity

1966 Cleve Backster <http://www.fringeware.com/anathema/AR/web/backster.html> starts performing his experiments on plant consciousness. <http://www.tznet.com/busn/unusual/cellbook.htm> Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri dies of a heart attack, and Indira Gandhi (daughter of Nehru) becomes prime minister. The man, Walt Disney, dies of lung cancer at age 65. General Suharto establishes a dictatorship in Indonesia. A military dictatorship is established in Nigeria. On February 23 a military coup gives power in Damascus (Syria) to a radical Marxist faction. France withdraws from NATO, and NATO headquarters are moved from Paris to Brussels. = Christy's

1966 Weston designated site for world's largest atomic research facility. = ILGenWeb

01May1966 US forces began firing into Cambodia. WorldAlman

29Jun1966 Bombing of Hanoi area of North Vietnam by US planes. WorldAlman

01Jul1966 Medicare, government program to pay part of the medical expenses of citizens over 65 began. WorldAlman

08Nov1966 Edward Brooke (R Mass) elected as first black US senator in 85 years. WorldAlman

31Dec1966 385,300 US troops were stationed in South Vietnam, plus 60,000 offshore and 33,000 in Thailand. WorldAlman

1967 First successful human heart transplant lead by Dr. Barnard. Grissom, White and Chaffe burned to death in Apollo 1. A national election in India leaves the Congress party with only 55% of the seats, and no longer the one-party system it had before. The Six Day War <http://www.idf.il/English/HISTORY/sixday.htm>. The "Treaty of Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space" is made law by the United Nations. = Christy's

1967 High-fructose corn syrup was introduced commercially by Clinton Corn Processing Co. (of Clinton, Iowa.) Manufactured using their patented enzyme Isomerose, the fructose sweetness of corn syrup was raised from 14% to 42%. With rising sugar prices, “Isosweet” became the sweetener for all major soft drinks. (Fussell, 1992) = PlantTrivia

12Jul1967 Black riots in Newark, NJ until 17Jul killed 26, injured 1500; over 1000 arrested. WorldAlman

23Jul1967 Until 30Jul at least 40 died; 2000 injured, 5000 homeless by rioting, looting, burning in city's black ghetto. Quelled by 4700 federal paratroopers and 8000 National Guardsmen. WorldAlman

31Dec1967 475,000 US troops were in South Vietnam, all North Vietnam was subject to bombing. Protests against the war mounted in US during the year. WorldAlman

1968 In February the Iraqi Ba'th party holds establishes its own pan-Arab National Command, seperate from the Ba'th party in Syria. Pierre Elliott Trudeau <http://cnet.unb.ca/achn/pme/petdb.htm> is elected Prime Minister of Canada. Soviets invade Czechoslovakia to prevent the Czechoslovakian government from carrying through with their reforms. The Viet Cong attack all American bases in Vietnam - the Tet Offensive. Polish leader Wladyslaw Gomulka helps stir up anti-Semetic feelings, and within the next two years most of Poland's 30,000 Jews are forced to leave. The US, USSR and Britian sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. = Christy's

1968 Head of the US Foreign Aid Program, W. Gaud, coined the term “Green Revolution.” [See 1970] (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1968-69 Student and workers’ struggle = Tour Italy

1968 Society for German-American Studies established = German American

30Jan1968 "Tet offensive": Communist troops attacked Saigon, 30 provincial capitals, suffer heavy casualities. WorldAlman

31Mar1968 Pres. Johnson curbed bombing of North Vietnam. Peace talks began in Paris 10May. All bombing of North halted 31Oct. WorldAlman

04Apr1968 Martin Luther King, 39, assassinated in Memphis, TN. James Earl Ray, an escaped convict, pleaded guilty to the slaying, was sentenced to 99 years. WorldAlman

05Jun1968 Sen. Robert F Kennedy (D, NY) 42, shot in Hotel Ambassador, Los Angeles, after celebrating presidential primary victories. Died 06Jun. Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, Jordanian, convicted of murder. WorldAlman

Nov1968 Rep. Shirley Chisholm (D NY) became the first black woman elected to Congress. WorldAlman

1969 Fascist bomb at Piazza Fontana, Milan; anarchist Pietro Valpreda arrested; autunno caldo = Tour Italy

1969 Wernher von Braun and other German-American scientists provide leadership for US space program and moon landing = German American

1969 Apollo 11 lands on the moon. Soviet troops near Damansky Island are ambushed by the Chinese. The Soviets start reinforcing their border wtih more guards. War between the Honduras and El Savador is brought on largely by economic problems. = Christy's

18Jan1969 Expanded four-party Vietnam peace talks began. US force peaked at 543,000 in April. Withdrawal started 08Jul. Pres. Nixon set Vietnamization policy 03Nov. WorldAlman

20Jul1969 US astronaut Neil A Armstrong, 38, commander of the Apollo 11 mission, became the first man to set foot on the moon. Air Force Col. Edwin E Aldrin Jr accompanied Armstrong. WorldAlman

15Nov1969 Anti-Vietnam War demonstrations reached peak in US; some 250,000 marched in Washington, DC 15Nov. WorldAlman

16Nov1969 Massacre of hundreds of civilians at Mylai, South Vietnam in 1968 was reported. WorldAlman

1970 Confraternity Version, new Catholic translation from the originals which began before 1939 as a translation from the Vulgate, but ending up as a new translation from the Hebrew (OT) and Greek (NT). = Christianity

1970 in the 1970s Victor Crewe, a physicist promotes the use of a scanning electron microscope. Also in the seventies ~Iraq <http://achilles.net/sal/iraq_history.html> nationalizes it's oil industry. Libya also nationalizes it's oil, building up a better health care, and education system. US President Nixon calls the Libyan leader a "Hitler", "terrorist" and a "mad dog". E.M. Forester, a British writer, dies. Civil war in Nigeria ends when Biafram resistance is overcome. Economic problems cause price increases in Poland. Allende is elected President of Chile despite efforts of the CIA to see that he is not. Greenpeace is founded in Vancouver, Canada to protest nuclear testing in the Pacific. In March Prince Norodom Shianouk of Cambodia is driven out of power and General Lon Nol takes over. General Lon Nol attempts to drive the Vienamese Communist troops out of Cambodia. American and South Vietnamese forces enter Cambodia and protests in America, against that move, end up causing the closure of 75 American colleges for the rest of the term. Egyptian President Nasser dies on September 28th. On September 16 Jordan's King Hussein launches an attempt to drive the Palestinian Liberation Organization out of Jordan. = Christy's

1970s Between 1971 and 1980, 65,000 Germans immigrated to the United States. = GermansInAm

1970s Metric system of land measurement comes into use in Canada= Canada
Feet become the standard unit of land measurement= Canada

1970 New state constitution adopted. = ILGenWeb

18Feb1970 A federal jury found the "Chicago 7" innocent of conspiring to incite riots during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. However, 5 were convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite riots. WorldAlman

22Apr1970 Millions of Americans participated in anti-pollution demonstrations to mark the first Earth Day. WorldAlman

30Apr1970 US and South Vietnamese forces crossed Cambodian borders to get at enemy bases. WorldAlman

04May1970 Four students were killed at Kent St Univ in Ohio by National Guardsmen during a protest against the war. WorldAlman

1971 New American Standard Bible, updated the ASV using recent Hebrew and Greek textual discoveries = Christianity

1971 An American table-tennis team is invited to compete in Red China - a sign of improving relations between Red China and US. = Christy's

08Feb1971 US air and artillery forces aided a 44-day incursion by South Vietnam forces into Laos. WorldAlman

26Dec1971 US bombers struck massively in North Vietnam for 5 days in retaliation for alleged violations of agreements reached prior to the 1968 bombing halt. WorldAlman

31Dec1971 US forces at year-end were down to 140,000. WorldAlman

1972 In January British soldiers open fire on an unarmed civilian demonstration in Ireland <http://larkspirit.com/bloodysunday/>. US President Nixon visits Red China. Watergate <http://vcepolitics.com/wgate.htm> scandal. The United States and the Soviet Union sign the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreement (SALT I). = Christy's

1972 DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane) usage was banned in the US. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

21Feb1972 Pres. Nixon arrived in Peking for an 8-day visit to Red China, which he called a "journey for peace." The unprecedented visit ended with a joint communique pledging that both powers would work for "a normalization of relations." WorldAlman

22Mar1972 By a vote of 84 to 8, the Senate approved a Constitutional Admendment banning discrimination against women because of their sex and sent the measure to the states for ratification. WorldAlman

30Mar1972 North Vietnamese forces launched the biggest attacks in 4 years across the demilitarized zone. WorldAlman

15Apr1972 The US resumed bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong after a 4-year lull. WorldAlman

08May1972 Nixon announced the mining of North Vietnam ports. WorldAlman

15May1972 Alabama Gov. George C Wallace, campaigning at a Laurel, MD shopping center was shot and seriously wounded as he greeted a large crowd. Arthur H Bremer, 21, was sentenced 04Aug to 63 years for shooting Wallace and three bystanders. WorldAlman

22May1972 In the first visit of a US president to Moscow, Nixon arrived for a week of summit talks with Kremlin leaders which culminated in a landmark strategic arms pact. WorldAlman

17Jun1972 Five men were arrested for breaking into the offices of the Democratic National Committee in the Watergate office complex in Washington, DC. WorldAlman

11Aug1972 Last US combat troops left South Vietnam. WorldAlman

18Dec1972 Full-scale bombing of North Vietnam resumed after Paris peace negotiations reached an impasse. WorldAlman

1973 Fuerth-born Henry A. Kissinger becomes Secretary of State and receives Nobel Peace Prize = German American

1973 The Who's "Tommy" premieres in London. Vietnam War cease-fire signed. Anwar Sadat fights October war with Israel; Arabs cut oil supplies to supporters of Israel. The Afghanistan monarchy is overthrown by the king's cousin, Mohammad Daoud Khan. Allende, the President of Chile is killed in a coup d'état aided by the American government, and his Marxist government is replaced by a military junta. Military coup in Uruguay. = Christy's

1973 Sears Tower, world's tallest building at 1,450 feet, completed in Chicago. = ILGenWeb

11Jan1973 Five of seven defendants in the Watergate break-in trial pleaded guilty today and 15Jan, and the other two were convicted 30Jan. WorldAlman

22Jan1973 The Supreme Court ruled 7-2 that a state may not prevent a woman from having an abortion during the first six months of pregnancy, invalidating abortion laws in Texas and Georgia, and, by implication, overturning restrictive abortion laws in 44 other states. WorldAlman

27Jan1973 Four-party Vietnam peace pacts were signed in Paris. WorldAlman

27Jan1973 The end of the military draft was announced. WorldAlman

29Mar1973 Last US troops left South Vietnam. WorldAlman

01Apr1973 North Vietnam released some 590 US Prisoners to date. WorldAlman

25Jun1973 John Dean, Former Nixon counsel, told Senate hearings that Nixon, his staff and campaign aides, and the Justice Department all had conspired to cover up Watergate facts. WorldAlman

23Jul1973 Nixon refused to release tapes of relevant White House conversations. WorldAlman

10Oct1973 Vice Pres. Spiro T Agnew resigned and pleaded "nolo contendere" (no contest) to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him by Maryland contractors when he was governor of that state. WorldAlman

12Oct1973 Gerald Rudolph Ford became first appointed vice president under the 25th Admendment; sworn in 06Dec. WorldAlman

19Oct1973 A total ban on oil exports to the US was imposed by Arab oil-producing nations after the outbreak of an Arab-Israeli war. The ban was lifted 18Mar1974. WorldAlman

20Oct1973 Atty. Gen. Elliot Richardson resigned, and his deputy William D Ruckelshaus and Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox were fired by Pres. Nixon when Cox threatened to secure a judicial ruling that Nixon was violating a court order to turn tapes over to Watergate case Judge John Sirica. WorldAlman

01Nov1973 Leon Jaworski, conservative Texas Democrat, was named by the Nixon administration to be special prosecutor to succeed Archibald Cox. WorldAlman

26Nov1973 Some tapes were turned over to the court by Nixon. WorldAlman

1974 Referendum approves divorce = Tour Italy

1974 Crack cocaine makes its first documented appearance in California. US President Richard Nixon resigns. On November 12, South Africa is expelled from the United Nations. = Christy's

04Feb1974 Patricia (Patty) Hearst kidnapped in San Francisco. WorldAlman

18Mar1974 OPEC ban on oil imports to US was lifted. WorldAlman

09May1974 Impeachment hearings were opened against Nixon by the House Judiciary Committee. WorldAlman

24Jul1974 The US Supreme Court ruled 8-0 that Nixon had to turn over 64 tapes of White House conversations sought by Watergate Special Prosecutor Leon Jaworski. WorldAlman

24Jul1974 The House Judiciary Committee, in televised hearings recommended 3 articles of impeachment against Nixon. WorldAlman

30Jul1974 The first, voted 27-11 27Jul, charged Nixon with taking part in a criminal conspiracy to obstruct justice in the Watergate cover-up. The second, voted 28-10 29Jul charged he "repeatedly" failed to carry out his constitutional oath in a series of alleged abuse of power. The third, voted 27-17 30Jul, accused him of unconstitutional defiances of committee subpoenas. WorldAlman

05Aug1974 Nixon's support began eroding when he released three tapes, admitting he originated plans to have the FBI stop its probe of the Watergate break-in for political as well as national security reasons. WorldAlman

09Aug1974 Nixon resigned; Vice President Gerald R Ford was sworn in as the 38th US president. WorldAlman

20Aug1974 The House of Representatives voted without debate by 412-3, to accept the House Judiciary Committee report, which included the recommended impeachment articles. WorldAlman

08Sep1974 An unconditional pardon to ex-Pres. Nixon for all federal crimes that he "committed or may have committed" while president was issued by Pres. Gerald Ford. WorldAlman

1975-77 Decentralization through regional laws = Tour Italy

1975 Microsoft is founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. ~Mozambique <http://dana.ucc.nau.edu/nm5/Chronology.html> becomes an independent country. SEATO is dissolved. Fighting breaks out in Lebanon between Lebanese Muslims and the Maronite-dominated Phalange faction. In the Honduras, news that American owned fruit company - United Brands - had bribed the government leads to a coup by Colonel Juan Alberto Melgar Castro. = Christy's

01Jan1975 Found guilty of Watergate cover-up charges were ex-Atty. Gen. John N Mitchell, ex-presidential advisers H R Haldeman and John D Ehrlichman. WorldAlman

29Apr1975 US civilians were evacuted from Saigon as communist forces completed takeover of South Vietnam. WorldAlman

16May1975 Congress voted $405 million for South Vietnam refugees; 140,000 were flown to the US. WorldAlman

18Sep1975 FBI agents captured Patricia (Patty) Hearst, with others. She was kidnapped 04Feb1974 in San Francisco. She was indicted for bank robbery, a San Francisco jury convicted her 20Mar1976. WorldAlman

1976 US Bicentennial also marks beginning of "roots" awareness = German American

1976 Apple Computer founded by college drop outs Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. In September Mao Tse-tung, leader of Red China since 1949, dies of Parkinson's disease. = Christy's

04Jul1976 The US celebrated its Bicentennial, marking the 200th anniversary of its indepedence with festivals, parades, and NYC's Operation Sail, a gathering of tall ships from around the world viewed by 6 million people. WorldAlman

1977 The five rings around Uranus are discovered. Elvis Presley dies (although a few still see him?). = Christy's

1977 The perfectly preserved corpse (from the 2nd century B.C.) of the wife of the Marquis of Tai was found in Ch’ang-sha, China. In addition to melon seed discovered in her intestines, the tomb contained a bowl of peaches. Belief since the Ch’in Dynasty held that peaches “eaten in time” would preserve the body from deterioration forever. This custom survives today in the tradition of shoutao - the long life peach - a steamed roll served on birthdays. (Root, 1980) = PlantTrivia

21Jan1977 Pres. Jimmy Carter pardoned most Vietnam War draft evaders, who numbered some 10,000. WorldAlman

1978 Pope John Paul I = Christianity

1978 New International Version, used eclectic Greek text, Massoretic Hebrew text, and current English style = Christianity

1978-Present Pope John Paul II, reaffirmed conservative moral traditions (The Splendor of Truth) and the forbidding of women in the priesthood = Christianity

1978 Sweden becomes the first nation to curb aerosol sprays to halt destruction of the ozone. First test-tube baby born in London. Mass murder-suicide <http://www.icehouse.net/zodiac/> in Jonestown, Guyana. Afghanistan dictator Mohammad Daoud Khan is arrested, forced from office, and executed. Karol Wojtyla becomes Pope John Paul II, the first non-Italian to be chosen as pope since 1522. Israel invades Lebanon. In the Honduras Colonel Melgar is ousted in a military coup led by General Policarpo Paz García. = Christy's

18Apr1978 US Senate voted to turn over the Panama Canal to Panama on 31Dec1999; 16Mar vote had given approval to a treaty guaranteeing the area's neutrality after the year 2000. WorldAlman

06Sep1978 The House Select Committee on Assassinations opened hearings into assassinations of Pres. Kennedy & Martin Luther King Jr; the committee recessed 30Dec after concluding conspiracies likely in both cases, but with no further hard evidence for further prosecutions. WorldAlman

1979-1982? New King James Bible, complete revision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms while retaining style = Christianity

1979 in ~Nicaragua the Sandinista <http://www.tezcat.com/juanyen/redstar/sanrev.html> army overthrew dictator Anastasio Somoza. Margaret Thatcher is elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Alhaji Shehu Shagari is elected President of Nigeria, and starts on his plan to increase agriculture and lessen the demand for imported food. Mother Teresa accepts the Nobel Peace Prize. = Christy's

1979 Liquid balsam produced by species of Copaifera (copaiba tree) was found to be so similar in composition to diesel fuel that it could be utilized (with no further processing) to power a diesel engine. (Lewington,1990) = PlantTrivia

28Mar1979 A major accident occurred at a nuclear reactor on Three Mile Island near Middletown, PA. WorldAlman

04Nov1979 Some 90 people, including 63 Americans, were taken hostage at the American embassy in Teheran, Iran, by militant student followers of Ayatollah Khomeini who demanded the return of former Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who was undergoing medical treatment in NY City. WorldAlman

1980 Earthquake in Campania; fascist bomb at Bologna station = Tour Italy

1980 John Lennon is shot and killed in New York City. Zimbabwe gains independence from Britain. Iran-Iraq war begins. Voyager I sends back first pictures of Saturn. Ronald Reagan is elected President of the United States and following the ideas of supply-side economics begins to cut away at the federal spending and reduces income tax to the wealthy. Mrs. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi becomes the prime minister of India again, after having lost her seat in 1977. Saddam Hussein becomes President of Iraq. Between 1980 - 1985 the US defence budget rose by 51%. Oil prices drop during the early 80s, throwing the economies of oil dependant countries like Nigeria into recession. General Policarpo Paz of the Honduras signs a peace treaty with El Savador. = Christy's

1980s Under the Ceausescu regime, Romania emerges as the poorest country in Europe; food shortages, rationing, power outages, and political surveillance become a way of life; Germans wishing to immigrate to Federal Republic of Germany must pay high sums for an exit visa in a process that may take years.= Bukovina

04Jan1980 Pres. Carter announced punitive measures against the USSR, incorporating an embargo on the sale of grain and high technology, in retaliation for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. WorldAlman

12Apr1980 At Carter's request, the US Olympic Committee voted not to attend the Moscow Summer Olympics. WorldAlman

24Apr1980 Eight Americans were killed and five wounded in an ill-fated attempt to rescue the hostages held by Iranian militants at the US Embassy in Teheran. WorldAlman

18May1980 In Washington, Mt St Helens erupted in a violent blast estimated to be 500 times as powerful as the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The blast, followed by others on 05Jun and 12Jun, left about 60 dead, and economic losses estimated at nearly $3 billion. WorldAlman

04Nov1980 In a sweeping victory, Ronald Wilson Reagan was elected 40th President of the United States, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter. The stunning GOP victory extended to the US Congess where Republicans gained control of the Senate and wrested 33 House seats from the Democrats. WorldAlman

08Dec1980 Former Beatle John Lennon was shot and killed outside his apartment in New York City. WorldAlman

1981-? Reported apparitions of Mary in Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, not yet approved/disapproved by the Catholic Church = Christianity

1981 AIDS is first recognized. Mammals are first cloned by Swiss scientists. American president Reagan gives the CIA permission to begin paramilitary operations against the Sandinista government (in Nicaragua <http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/nicaragua_0398_bgn.html>). = Christy's

1981 Hundreds of people in Spain became sick and died from consuming cheap olive oil that had been adulterated with French rapeseed oil. The rapeseed oil contained industrial aniline dyes and was manufactured only for use in steel mills. (Visser, 1986) = PlantTrivia

20Jan1981 Minutes after the inauguration of Pres. Ronald Reagan the 52 Americans who had been held hostage in Iran for 444 days were flown to freedom following an agreement in which the US agreed to return to Iran $8 billion in frozen assets. WorldAlman

30Mar1981 President Reagan was shot in the chest by a would-be assassin in Washington, DC as he walked to his limousine following an address. WorldAlman

03Aug1981 Federal air traffic controllers began an illegal nationwide strike after their union rejected the government's final offer for a new contract. Most of the 13,000 striking controllers defied the back-to-work order, and were dismissed by President Reagan 05Aug. WorldAlman

21Sep1981 In a 99-0 vote, the Senate confirmed the appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor as an associate justice of the US Supreme Court. She was the first woman appointed to that body. WorldAlman

1982 Economic recession= Canada

1982 Britain gives Canada the power to ammend it's own constitution. The first permanent artificial heart is transplanted in Cape Town, South Africa. Directed by the CIA, the Contras blow up two bridges in Nicaragua and begin the Contra revolution. Newly elected Lebanese president Bashir Gemayel is assasinated, and his brother Amin Gemayel is elected to replace him. IBM first introduces the personal computer. = Christy's

1982 The first genetically engineered crop was developed at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. By 1994 the Flavr-Savr tomato became the first such plant approved for commercial marketing. The Flavr-Savr tomato was designed for slow fruit ripening and increased shop life. (Levetin & McMahon, 1996) = PlantTrivia

1983 U.S. President Reagan calls the Soviet Union an "evil empire". OPEC <http://www.opec.org/> agrees to cut crude oil prices for the first time in it's 23 year history. Start of the cellular phone networks in US. Sweden's trade balance goes from a deficit of 6 billion krona in 1982 to a surplus of 11 billion krona. The government of Nigeria expels at least a million "unskilled" foreigners. After winning a re-election Nigerian president Shagari is deposed of in a coup led by Major General Buhari <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ng0049)>. Western forces pull out of Lebanon. Scientists studying the South Pole find a decrease in the ozone layer. In late October American President Reagan sends an invasion force to Grenada after a coup of pro-Cuban Marxists. First computer "mouse". = Christy's

1983 The United States and Germany celebrated the German-American Tricentennial, marking the 300th anniversary of German immigration to Pennsylvania. = GermansInAm

1983 Tricentennial of German Immigration (landing of the "Concord" with 13 Krefeld families and founding of Germantown in 1683). German-
American Day, Oct. 6, reinstated = German American

1984 Brian Mulroney is elected Prime Minister of Canada. Mrs. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi, the prime minister of India, is assassinated by her Sikh guards. Her son Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister. The United States signs a free-trade agreement with Israel that includes, amoung other things, a requirement that Israel would have to discuss all its industrial policies with the US before carrying them out. The Labour Party comes to power in New Zealand, winning an election by promising to protest French nuclear testing in the South Pacific. = Christy's

1985 The price of tin on the international market falls by half. Between 1985 and 1988 the American national deficit tripled. Mikhail Gorbachev becomes the leader of the Soviet Union. In November Reagan and Gorbachev meet in Geneva. Nigerian dictator Major General Buhari is overthrown in a coup led by Major General Babangida. José Azcona Hoyo is elected president of the Honduras. The luxury liner Titanic is found. In July a Greenpeace ship docked at New Zealand is blown up by the French, and New Zealand forbids ships armed with nuclear weapons from entering its waters. The US withdraws intelligence and military cooperation from New Zealand, and France threatens New Zealand with economic sanctions unless the agents responsible for blowing up the Greenpeace ship, whom have now been arrested, are released. New Zealand is forced to release them. = Christy's

1986 Space Shuttle Challenger <http://www.jlhs.nhusd.k12.ca.us/Classes/Social_Science/Challenger.html/Challenger.html> (51-L) explodes 74 seconds after liftoff. US (supported by Britain) bombs Libya. Olof Palme, leader of the Social Democratic Party in Sweden is assassinated. A nuclear accident at a power plant in Chernobyl releases radioactive pollution. US president Ronald Reagan admits to having sold arms to Iran and using some of the profits to support the rebel Contras in Nicaragua. The "Single European Act" is signed. = Christy's

1987 Giovanni Goria youngest ever prime minister at the age of 44; II sorpasso , Italian GNP greater than that of the UK; general election,
recovery of DC, decline of PCI = Tour Italy

1987 Popular Chicago Mayor Harold Washington dies in office. = ILGenWeb

1987 Gorbachev introduces the term "glasnost". Syrian troops occupy the Muslim sector in parts of Lebanon. Gorbachev travels to America and signs the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) banning intermediate range nuclear missiles. = Christy's

1987 German-American Day was established by Congressional resolution and presidential proclamation. = GermansInAm

1988 Nicaraguan Contras and the Sandinista government reach a cease-fire agreement. End of Iran-Iraq war. Gorbachev introduces "perestroika <http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/Elberg/Yakovlev/yak-elb1.html>". Iraq attacks Curdish villages. The Geneva Accords on the war in Afghanistan are signed by Pakistan and Afghanistan. Benazir Bhutto (35) becomes the first female prime minister of a Muslim country when, on Dec. 2nd, she becomes prime minister of Pakistan. Prozac is first marketed by Eli Lilly. = Christy's

1989 ~Tenzin Gyatso <http://www.nw.com.au/jbauer/solutions_gyatso.htm>, the 14th Dalai Lama (1935- ) recieves the Nobel Peace Prize. A US delegation demands that Iraq privatize it's oil industry, and Iraq refuses. Rajiv Gandhi loses his attempt at a re-election (to be prime minister of India again). Rwanda <http://www.oneworld.org/jubilee2000/rwanda.html>, having gone into debt when the price of coffee fell, is forced to turn to the IMF for help. Rafael Leonardo Callejas is elected president of the Honduras. Student protests in China <history/china.htm> are ended by government violence. = Christy's

1989 Peaceful dismantling of the Communist regimes begins in Eastern Europe following massive protests in Leipzig, Prague, Warsaw, Budapest, and Sofia; Berlin Wall comes down amidst great fanfare and celebrations, its pieces sold internationally as souvenirs of a bygone era. In Romania government resistance to demonstrators results in at least 70,000 deaths. After a dictatorship of twenty-four years, the rule of President and Party Secretary General Nicolae Ceausescu ends as he and his wife Eleana are executed after a summary trial.= Bukovina

1990 US Census: German-Americans are largest ethnic group / October 3, Germany reunited = German American

1990 Nelson Mandela <http://www.obs-us.com/obs/english/books/Mandela/Mandela.html> is freed after 27 years in prison. East and West Germany reunite. Hubble Space Telescope is launched. Bush and Gorbachev agree to cut nuclear arms and chemical weapons. Yeltsin is elected president of Russia. Ukraine declares it's sovereignty. Iraq invades Kuwait. British prime minister Margaret Thatcher resigns and is succeeded by John Major. Fighting begins between the Rwandan Patriotic Front and the Rwandan government. Mozambique <www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Mozambique.html> (a country in Southeast Africa) begins working towards a mutli-party democracy. Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen merge. Chile returns to democracy after 17 years under a dictator, and Augusto Pinochet is replaced by Patricio Awlyn Azocar. = Christy's

1990 Tornado kills 28 people and injures more than 300 when it destroys neighborhoods in Joliet, Oswego, and Plainfield area. = ILGenWeb

1990 According to the Bureau of the Census, 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent. German Americans were highly assimilated, and the use of German in the United States had declined dramatically. Some German language newspapers continued to be published in the United States, for example the California Staats-Zeitung <http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/calzeit.html>. = GermansInAm

1991 Italian warplanes participate in Gulf war = Tour Italy

1991 Six republics of Yugoslavia, including Slovenia and Croatia declare themself independent. Allied forces launch a six week air attack on Iraq. Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated while campaigning for an election in India. A coup is launched against Mikhail Gorbachev, and although the coup fails to take over, the president resigns. Boris Yeltsin gains control of the USSR government and USSR breaks down. The Moderate Party of Carl Bildt assumes power in Sweden. = Christy's

1992 World population is 5.2 billion. Rwandan farmers uproot 300,000 coffee trees because they can no longer make a living from the little money paid for coffee. The World Bank's International Development Association orders privatization of Rwanda's <http://www.incore.ulst.ac.uk/cds/countries/rwanda.htm> Electorogaz and telecommunications company, with the money from the privatization going toward the national debt. First post-occupation elections held in Kuwait. First multi-party elections in Kenya. French farmers riot against proposed cuts to subsidies - cuts which the US government had been encouraging. Peace accords are signed between the National Republican Alliance and the leftist rebels of Frabundo Marti National Liberation Front in El Salvador. Brazilian president Fernando Collor de Mello resigns after impeachment processes are started against him. The Second Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty was signed. = Christy's

1993 Kim Campbell becomes Canada's first female Prime Minister. Nigerian leader Major General Babangida declares the countries elections void and refuses to give up power. = Christy's

1993 The worst upper Mississippi River flood of the century inundates many river towns and thousands of acres of farmland. = ILGenWeb

1994 Declaration of cooperation between Evangelicals and Catholics= Christianity

1994 Zapatista uprising in Mexico. Hundreds of thousands of Rwandans die in a brutal civil war. Mozambique has its first multi-party election <http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/SG-Rpt/ch4d-17.htm>. The Social Democrats resume power in Sweden. Nelson Mandela is made president of South Africa after South African blacks are allowed, for the first time, to vote. The Channel Tunnel, connecting England and Europe, is opened on May 6th. = Christy's

1995 Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is gunned down at a peace ralley on November 4th. = Christy's

1996 The American government passes the Helms-Burton Libertad law denying admission to the US to top executives that used or invested in property that was confinscated by Cuba's <http://www.closeup.org/cuba.htm> communist government (presidential directives postponing action for six month intervals have regulary been signed for the next six years) . The United Nations General Assembly denounces the law as being a violation of international law. = Christy's

1997 On August 30th Princess Diana dies in a car accident. Mother Teresa <http://www.tisv.be/mt/life.htm> dies on September 5th. Hong Kong
is returned to Red China after 156 years of British rule. = Christy's

1997 Control of Hong Kong was returned to China in response to treaty conditions negotiated following the Opium Wars with Great Britain [See 1840] = PlantTrivia

1998 Indonesia dictator General Suharto resigns. General Abubakar becomes the Head of State in Nigeria after the death of General Abacha in June. = Christy's

1999

2000

11Sep2001 Fundamental Islamic terrorists had secretly planned for months to conduct a jihad, or holy war, against the United States. Hijacking four fully fuelled passenger airliners they took over control and flew two jets into the World Trade Center (WTC) twin towers, in downtown NYC soon bringing them both down resulting in about 3,000 deaths, a third jet was flown into the Pentagon, US military headquarters and the world's largest office building, resulting in about 200 deaths, while the fourth jet was heroically brought down in Pennsylvania farmland, resulting in less than 50 deaths. No Source, may contain errors

2002
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

2) Sources of information used in the timeline


Abbreviation=Bibliography of Sources

1920Census=1920 US Census for a particular county

35thTXCav=Thirty-Fifth (Brown's) Texas Cavalry faxed by Frances Trimble 30Jun1999

AIS=Accelerated Index System (index of US Censuses prior to 1910)

Bukovina=Bukovina url is http://members.aol.com/LJensen/saw13-1.html

Cahokia=Cahokia Public Library url is http://216.125.204.247/Cahokia_Beginnings/countiesof%20illinois.htm

Canada=url is http://www.ubcic.bc.ca/part4.htm

Census=url is http://1930census.archives.gov/FAQ.html#questions

Christianity=Christianity Chronology url is http://www.cwo.com/~pentrack/catholic/chron.html

Christy's=Christy's Ultimate History Timeline Project url is http://www.smokylake.com/Christy/ultimate.htm

CWglance=Civil War at a Glance by National Park Service 387-038/001117

Digital=http://www.digitalhistory.org/timeline.htm

Disciple=Text from Nathaniel S. Haynes, History of the Disciples in Illinois 1819-1914, pages 259 - 264. This online edition © 1997, James L. McMillan. The Restoration Movement in Illinois: Livingston County

1911 Encyclopedia Brit=1911 Encyclopedia Brittania http://10.1911encyclopedia.org/I/IL/ILLINOIS.htm

EncycloTX=Encyclopedia of Texas on LDS fiche 6046992

Epidemic=url is http://www.rootsweb.com/~okcoal/epidemic.htm

FHLCatalog=LDS Family Search progam "Family History Library Catalog"

Finland= Finland url is

German American=German American Chronology url is http://www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/adams/chrono.html

GermansInAm= Germans In America url is http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html

HandyBook=The Handy Book for Genealogists US 8th Edition by G B Everton

ILGenWeb=ILGenWeb : Illinois History: Notable Events url is http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilhistor/events.html

ILPlaceNames=Illinois Place Names by James N Adams

Imperial Russia=Imperial Russia: 1613-1917 urk is http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/EastEurope/EastEurope.html

infoplease=source is infoplease.com at http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0763770.html

Kid Info=source is Kid Info at http://www.kidinfo.com/Geography/USA.html

LDS=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

LDSAncFile=LDS Family Search program "Ancestral File"

LDSIGI=LDS Family Search progam "International Genealogical Index"

Origin=The Origin of Illinois Counties: http://www.iltrails.org/ilcohx.htm

People=via Internet People Behind the Names L at:
http://www.armed-guard.com/pbtnl.html

PlantTrivia=Plant Trivia TimeLine URL is http://www.huntington.org/BotanicalDiv/Timeline.html

Social Security=Social Security Chronology http://www.ssa.gov/history/chrono.html
StofIL1902=State of Illinois Blue Book of 1902

TheSource=The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy by Ancestry Publ

Tour Italy url is http://touritaly.org/magazine/chronology02.htm

USLC Talking Book Program=US Library of Congress Talking Book Program

WallChartB=Wall Chart of World History by Barnes & Noble

WorldAlman=World Almanac and Book of Facts 1993 (ISBN 0-88687-658-3)

WSJ=Wall Street Journal

Copyright 2002 by Dennis V Carter, all rights reserved



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