Frequently
Asked Questions
What
is your email address? What
is the German Propaganda Archive?
What
do you mean by propaganda?
Who
are you?
Why
are you doing this?
Where does the material come from?
Could
you include the original German texts?
Don't
Neo-Nazis use your material?
Are
you looking for more material?
How may I use the material?
Where
can I learn more?
Do
you speak on the subject?
Can
you provide reproductions of images?
What
is your email address?
- I used to have my email address on every page. The growth of spam
led to me getting hundreds of spam messages, both because of software
that "harvests" email from web pages as well as viruses that
look for email addresses in the web cache of the infected computer.
Thus, my email address is available only here.
bytw2calvin.edu
[Replace the "2" with a "@"]
What
is the German Propaganda Archive?
- It is a growing collection of English translations of propaganda material
from Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic.
The GPA got started on a whim. I had some translations of material
I had done for my students, and thought it might be worth the trouble
to put them on the web. Calvin College then decided to encourage faculty
to use the Web by providing student assistance. Robert Veenstra, a
Calvin College student, joined me in February 1998 in working on the
project. He did a general site redesign, and put many images on the
site. Calvin student Julie Vugteveen also worked with me to build
the GPA during 1999. During summer of 2000, Katie Lynch, a Calvin
student, worked with me preparing translations and pages, supported
by a grant to Calvin College from the McGregor Foundation.
- There are two primary kinds of material. First, I include a variety
of propaganda material designed to influence the citizenry. Second,
I have included "behind the scenes" material designed for
propagandists themselves. It was rarely all that secret, but gives an
idea of the strategies being followed. I am avoiding material otherwise
available. For example, I do not plan to put many of Hitler's speeches
on the GPA, since English translations of most of them are available
in a four-volume edition by Max Domarus.
- Remember that this is propaganda! Its makers did not hesitate
to stretch the truth or lie outright in pursuit of their persuasive
goals. Even today, there are people who are so impressed by Leni Riefenstahl's
film Triumph of the Will that they imagine that that is really
the way Nazi Germany looked. I usually provide some background information
for each item, but if you still have questions don't hesitate to email
me.
What
do you mean by propaganda?
Propaganda is a tricky matter to define. My favorite, but not very
useful, definition is F. M. Cornford's: "Propaganda is the art
of very nearly deceiving one's friends without quite deceiving one's
enemies."
My own approach to propaganda follows the work of Jacques Ellul,
whose book Propaganda:
The Formation of Men's Attitudes remains to my mind
the best book on the subject. Ellul views propaganda as part of a larger
system. His definition is:
Propaganda is a set of methods employed
by an organized group that wants to bring about the active or passive
participation in its actions of a mass of individuals, psychologically
unified through psychological manipulation and incorporated in an
organization. (p. 61)
However, he insists that propaganda is not something done by evil propagandists
to ignorant citizens:
But in order for propaganda to be so far-ranging,
it must correspond to a need. The State has that need: Propaganda
is obviously a necessary instrument for the State and the authorities.
But while this fact may dispel the concept of the propagandist simply
as an evil-doer, it still leaves the idea of propaganda as an active
power vs. passive masses. And we insist that this idea, too, must
be dispelled: For propaganda to succeed, it must correspond
to a need for propaganda on the individual's part. One can lead a
horse to water but cannot make him drink; one cannot reach through
propaganda those who do not need what it offers. The propagandee is
by no means just an innocent victim. He provides the psychological
action of propaganda, and not merely leads himself to it, but even
derives satisfaction from it. Without this previous, implicit consent,
without this need for propaganda experienced by practically every
citizen of the technological age, propaganda could not spread. There
is not just a wicked propagandist at work who sets up means to ensnare
the innocent citizen. Rather, there is a citizen who craves propaganda
from the bottom of his being and a propagandist who responds to this
craving. Propagandists would not exist without potential propagandees
to begin with. To understand that propaganda is not just a deliberate
and more or less arbitrary creation by some people in power is therefore
essential. It is a strictly sociological phenomenon, in the sense
that it has its roots and reasons in the need of the group that will
sustain it. (p. 121)
That is a rather tangled statement, and perhaps a bit overdone, as
is Ellul's tendency, but his point is that modern society is such as
to render propaganda almost necessary, a fact he does not like at all.
If you find the argument interesting or annoying, I urge you to read
his book.
For the purposes of the German Propaganda Archive, I define propaganda
as the systematic attempt to persuade a public to accept the views of
its leaders. Sometimes this is easy, sometimes difficult. In practice,
that means I am choosing material that clearly encouraged people to
follow the party line. That does not mean other material was not propaganda.
However, I am looking for material that meets the everyday definition
of propaganda: moving the masses. As Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart
once said about pornography:
"I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description; and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it...."
Who
are you?
- My
name is Randall Bytwerk. I am a Professor of Communication Arts and
Sciences at Calvin College
in Grand Rapids, Michigan (USA). I've been interested in Nazi propaganda
since 1970, and developed an interest in East German propaganda around
1980. I have published a
variety of books and articles on the subject, and recently published
a book comparing Nazi and East German propaganda, published by Michigan
State University Press in August 2004. Its title is Bending
Spines: The Propagandas of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic.
Amazon.com sells the paperback
edition for $15.72 and the hardcover
for $37.77.
-
- A new edition of my book Julius
Streicher was published in September 2001. My most
recent book is titled Paper
War, a study of Nazi propaganda leaflets dropped on
Allied troops during the Battle of Monte Cassino, was published in May 2005.
-
Why
are you doing this?
- My goal is to make available the actual material that persuaded Germans
to accept two quite different dictatorships. Nearly all the material
in the GPA was previously available only in German, and even then was
difficult to see.
-
- My hope is that people interested in the subject will benefit from
being able to read and see the primary sources. My own students at Calvin
College use it in courses I teach.
Where
does the material come from?
- All over the place. Some is from materials I own. Since the Berlin
Wall came down in 1989, for example, I have bought a variety of East
German propaganda materials. Interesting Nazi items sometimes show up
from used book dealers. Interlibrary loan is also a wonderful thing.
- Some is translated from archival material, most often from the German
Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv) in Berlin, which holds many
records of the Nazi and East German periods..
- Sometimes I sell items when I've finished with them. If you are interested,
visit my page of Nazi-era
books for sale.
Could
you include the original German texts?
Sorry, no. I am providing the material primarily for those who do
not read German. It would take a lot more effort to include the German
texts. However, I do provide the source data for each item. If you
read German and want the original, a good library should be able to
secure most items via interlibrary loan.
Don't
Neo-Nazis use your material?
- Yes. I've been plagiarized by a number of them, in fact.
- Every now and then I get an unhappy surfer
who believes that putting this material on the web must mean I am sympathetic
to it. I encourage such people to read my published works on the topic.
Are you looking for more material?
- Not really. I have a big collection of material waiting to get translated.
How
may I use the material?
- It is there to be used. However,
it is copyrighted material.
Rather than downloading it for your own site, please use a link unless
you have my express permission. Since your site might interest me as
well, please drop me an email note (my address is at the top
of the page). if you link to anything on the German Propaganda Archive.
I have no claim to the images on the site.
- Teachers and university faculty members may reproduce the material
for use in their classes. Students may use it for their work as well. You do not need to ask my permission for classroom use. It may not be reprinted for a larger
audience without my permission.
Where
can I learn more?
- I maintain a list of good English-language
books on Nazi propaganda. Major libraries will have a good selection
of these, and even smaller libraries can secure them via interlibrary
loan. Some are currently in print.
-
- There is not a great deal in English on GDR propaganda. For general
information on the GDR, see the home page of the Eastern German Studies
Association, another site I maintain. The EGSA is now defunct,
but the web site will remain useful for a while.
Do
you speak on this subject?
Yes. I speak on many aspects of propaganda, including anti-Semitism,
Nazi film, and East German propaganda. Contact me if you are interested.
Can
you provide reproductions of images?
- Often. I have originals of much, but not all of the material on the
GPA. If I have an original, I can usually provide higher resolution
scans for a price that depends on the purpose and the number of images
needed. I also have a large collection of material that is not on the
site. If you need a particular image, let me know what you are looking
for. I may be able to find it, since I have a lot of material not yet
on the site.
Go to the 1919-1933
Page.
Go to the 1933-1945
Page.
Go to the Joseph
Goebbels Page.
Go to the GDR
Page.
Go to the German
Propaganda Archive Home Page. |