The Timeline of Art History   The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Credits

Executive Producers
Philippe de Montebello, Director and Chief Executive Officer
Kent Lydecker, Frederick P. and Sandra P. Rose Associate Director for Education

Project Director
Deborah Howes

Editorial Director
Teresa Russo

Editor-in-Chief
Teresa Lai

Managing Editor
J. Lasley Poe Steever (1999–2006)

Chief Editor
Philomena Mariani

Associate Editor
Laura Anne Tedesco (1999–2005)

Content Editors
Eleanor S. Hyun (2004–2005)
Justin Marquis

Production Directors
Edward Gray (2004–2005)
J. Hamilton Leithauser (1999–2004)
Daniel Shields

Imaging Directors
Paul Caro
Jackie Neale Chadwick

Art Director
Sung Kevin Park

Designer
Adam Squires

Technical Producers
Paul Caro
Vincent Falivene (2001–2004)
Phoebe Ford (2006–2007)
J. Lasley Poe Steever (1999–2006)

Chief Photographer
Karin L. Willis

Map Designers
Adam Hart
Anandaroop Roy

Editorial Assistants
Ashira Loike, Lisa Mariani, Jean Sorabella, and Ann Stepanek

Project Interns
Laura Davidson, Madeleine Evans, Jane Fischer, Agnés Gallifa, Alexis Gorby, Ellen Leszynski, Raechel Lutz, Sean McDonough, Sarah Mercurio, Jamie Morra, Melanie Pollock, Katia Setzer, and Chinyan Wong




Project Advisors (through 1999)
Stefano Carboni, Susan Chun, Nina McN. Diefenbach, Helen C. Evans, Peter M. Kenny, Amy O'Reilly, Doralynn Pines, Nicholas Ruocco, Teresa Russo, and Kenneth Soehner

Curatorial Advisors
Maryan Ainsworth, Dita Amory, Kim Benzel, Andrew Bolton, Dirk H. Breiding, Thomas P. Campbell, Stefano Carboni, Helen C. Evans, Kathryn Calley Galitz, Seán Hemingway, Melanie Holcomb, Alisa LaGamma, Soyoung Lee, Lisa M. Messinger, J. Kenneth Moore, Amelia Peck, Catharine H. Roehrig, Jeff L. Rosenheim, and Perrin Stein

Former members: Andrea Bayer (2005–2006), Paul Collins (2005), Malcolm Daniel (2005–2006), Denise Patry Leidy (2005–2006), and Nadine M. Orenstein (2005)

Conservation and Science Advisors
Julie Arslanoglu, Charlotte Hale, Edward A. Hunter, Nora Kennedy, Marco Leona, Marijn Manuels, Rachel Mustalish, Elena Phipps, Deborah Schorsch, Marjorie Shelley, Jack Soultanian, Richard E. Stone, and Florica Zaharia

Education Advisors
Rika Burnham, William Crow, Merantine Hens, Deborah Seid Howes, Christopher Noey, Teresa Russo, Masha Turchinsky, John Welch, Nancy Wu, and Lyn Younes

Former members: Susan Eddy (2005–2006) and Laura Anne Tedesco (2005–2006)

Library Advisors
Emily Roth, Kenneth Soehner, Daniel A. Starr, and Deborah Vincelli

Design Advisors
Jeffrey L. Daly and Masha Turchinsky

Editorial Advisors
Susan Chun, Merantine Hens, and Daniel A. Starr

Technical Advisors
Douglas C. Hegley, Colin Kennedy, and Jonathan Munar

Chief Curatorial Advisor on Asian Art
Denise Patry Leidy

Chief Curatorial Advisor on Medieval Art
Melanie Holcomb

Chief Curatorial Advisor on European Art in the Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo
Andrea Bayer

Chief Curatorial Advisor on European Art in the Nineteenth Century
Kathryn Calley Galitz

Image Rights Advisors
Cristina del Valle and Julie Zeftel

Evaluators
Serena Totman Bechtel, Deborah Howes, and Jeffrey Smith




Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas
Julie Jones, Sylvie Kandé, Heidi King, Eric Kjellgren, Alisa LaGamma, Virginia-Lee Webb, and Emma George Ross

American Decorative Arts
Morrison H. Heckscher, Alice Cooney Frelinghuysen, Peter M. Kenny, Amelia Peck, Frances Gruber Safford, Matthew Thurlow, and Beth Carver Wees

American Paintings and Sculpture
Morrison H. Heckscher, Kevin J. Avery, Carrie Rebora Barratt, Thayer Tolles, and H. Barbara Weinberg

Ancient Near Eastern Art
Joan Aruz, Kim Benzel, Paul Collins, Geoff Emberling, Jean Evans, Shoki Goodarzi, Ronald Wallenfels, and Oscar White Muscarella

Arms and Armor
Stuart W. Pyhrr, Dirk H. Breiding, Edward A. Hunter, and Donald J. LaRocca

Asian Art
James C.Y. Watt, Kurt Behrendt, Joyce Denney, Barbara B. Ford, Maxwell K. Hearn, Steven M. Kossak, Soyoung Lee, Denise Patry Leidy, Miyeko Murase, Judith G. Smith, Jason Sun, Suzanne G. Valenstein, and Masako Watanabe

The Costume Institute
Harold Koda, Shannon Bell Price, Andrew Bolton, Elizabeth Bryan, Beth Dincuff Charleston, Elyssa Da Cruz, Joyce Fung, Jessica Glasscock, and Jessa Krick

Drawings and Prints
George R. Goldner, Carmen Bambach, Elizabeth E. Barker, Colta Ives, Constance McPhee, Nadine M. Orenstein, Michiel C. Plomp, Samantha Rippner, Perrin V. Stein, Geoffrey Taylor, Wendy Thompson, and Linda Wolk-Simon

Education
Kent Lydecker, Rebecca Arkenberg, Vincent Falivene, Elizabeth Hammer, Deborah Krohn, Joseph Loh, Anne Murphy, Michael Norris, Stella Paul, Elena Pischikova, Alice W. Schwarz, Jean Sorabella, Laura Anne Tedesco, Edith Watts, and Suzan Yalman

Egyptian Art
Dorothea Arnold, James Allen, Susan Allen, Dieter Arnold, Marsha Hill, Adela Oppenheim, Diana Craig Patch, and Catharine H. Roehrig

European Paintings
Everett Fahy, Maryan Ainsworth, Katharine Baetjer, Andrea Bayer, Keith Christiansen, Ross Finocchio, Walter Liedtke, Jennifer Meagher, Mary Sprinson de Jesús, and James Voorhies

European Sculpture and Decorative Arts
Ian Wardropper, Thomas P. Campbell, James David Draper, Johanna Hecht, Cybèle Gontar, Daniëlle O. Kisluk-Grosheide, Wolfram Koeppe, Jessie McNab, Jeffrey Munger, William Rieder, Clare Vincent, and Melinda Watt

Greek and Roman Art
Carlos A. Picón, Seán Hemingway, Christopher S. Lightfoot, Joan R. Mertens, and Elizabeth J. Milleker

Islamic Art
Michael Barry, Qamar Adamjee, Stefano Carboni, Maryam Ekhtiar, Navina Haidar, Trinita Kennedy, Elizabeth Marwell, and Daniel Walker

Medieval Art and The Cloisters
Peter Barnet, Barbara Drake Boehm, Sarah Brooks, Julien Chapuis, Helen C. Evans, Robert Hallman, Melanie Holcomb, Timothy B. Husband, Annie Labatt, Charles T. Little, Wendy A. Stein, Emma Wegner, and Nancy Wu

Musical Instruments
J. Kenneth Moore, Herbert Heyde, and Stewart S. Pollens

Nineteenth-Century, Modern, and Contemporary Art
Gary Tinterow, Jane Adlin, Magdalena Dabrowski, Kathryn Calley Galitz, Jared Goss, J. Stewart Johnson, Lisa M. Messinger, Nicole Myers, Jessica Murphy, Rebecca A. Rabinow, Sabine Rewald, Nan Rosenthal, Susan Alyson Stein, and Anne L. Strauss

Objects Conservation
Lawrence Becker, Mark B. Abbe, Marijn Manuels, Deborah Schorsch, Jack Soultanian, and Richard Stone

Paintings Conservation
Michael Gallagher and Charlotte Hale

Paper Conservation
Marjorie Shelley and Rachel Mustalish

Photograph Conservation
Nora Kennedy and Nancy Reinhold

Photographs
Malcolm Daniel, Douglas Eklund, Mia Fineman, Lisa Hostetler, Jeff L. Rosenheim, and Lucy von Brachel

Robert Lehman Collection
Laurence B. Kanter, Dita Amory, and Pia Palladino

Scientific Research
Marco Leona, Julie Arslanoglu, and Tony Frantz

Textile Conservation
Florica Zaharia and Elena Phipps





Molly Aitken, Daniel Kurt Ackermann, Charlotte Appleyard, Atteqa Ali, Alice Apley, Jeffrey Arkenberg, Laura Auricchio, Michele Bambling, Geoffrey Blundell, Alexander Ives Bortolot, Kathryn Selig Brown, Emily Caglayan, Danielle Carrabino, Neela Chatterjee, Megan Cifarelli, Jean Clottes, Oriole Cullen, Jayson Kerr Dobney, Christopher Dueker, Lauren Ebin, Monique Fowler-Paul, Sigrid Goldiner, Alexandra Griffith Winton, Suzanne Heim, Colette Hemingway, Paul Hemple, Lyle Humphrey, Eileen Hsu, Eleanor S. Hyun, David Jaffee, Susan Jones, Laura S. Klar, Alison Langmead, Katherine Manthorne, Philomena Mariani, Justin Marquis, Taryn Matusik, Salwa Mikdadi, Rachel Mundy, Yoshinori Munemura, Maya B. Muratov, Jessica Murphy, Kevin Murphy, Monica Obniski, Sara Oshinsky, Maddalena Paggi, Rebecca Peabody, Wendy Powers, Matthew Robb, Jason Rosenfeld, Karen Rubinson, Margaret Samu, Marika Sardar, Ruth Schenkel, Wendy Schoenfeld, Vanessa Sellers, Suzan Slominski, Nicole Slovak, Catherine Springer, Geoffrey Taylor, Rosemarie Trentinella, Jennifer Udell, Jennifer Wagelie, Emma Wegner, Melinda Webber, Veronica White, Elizabeth Williams, Margaret Williams, Jacob Wisse, and Aida Wong



Archives
Jeanie M. James and Elizabeth R. Baldwin

The Image Library
Andrew Gessner, Rebecca Akan, Deanna D. Cross, Claire Dienes, Carol E. Lekarew, Joan Anne Maxham, Lucinda K. Ross, Anna Seroff, Donna C. Smidt, Sandra Wiskari-Lukowski, and Julie Zeftel

The Photograph Studio
Barbara Bridgers, Einar Brendalan, Susan Melick Bresnan, Rona Chang, Teresa Christiansen, Joseph Coscia, Jr., Robert Goldman, Anna-Marie Kellen, Paul Lachenauer, Oi-Cheong Lee, Wallace Lewis III, Thomas Ling, Mark Morosse, Bruce Schwarz, Eugenia Tinsley, Juan Trujillo, and Karin L. Willis


Photographs of works of art in the Museum on the Timeline of Art History were taken by The Photograph Studio, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, unless otherwise noted.



Special Thanks to Ariel Algus, Christina Alphonso, Ian Alteveer, Sofie Andersen, Peter Antony, Mary Arendt, Anthony Askin, Damien Auerbach, Michael J. Baran, Kit Basquin, Kay Bearman, Lawrence Becker, Lisa Beidel, Michael Belkin, Jennifer C. Bernstein, Evelyn Bhatnagar, Deemendra Bheer, Miriam Blieka, Elizabeth Block, Stephen J. Bluto, Christine E. Brennan, Lisa Cain, Lisa Candage, Denise Canniff, Cindy Caplan, Andrew Caputo, Cristina B. Carr, Mary Jo Carson, Sarah Cartwright, Fred A. Caruso, Tim Caster, Sondra Castile, Margaret Chace, Amy Yen-Lung Chen, Jennie Choi, Elizabeth Cleland, Carly Cohen-Bradshaw, Karen Cornwall, Sharon H. Cott, Nicole Cuenot, Pete Dandridge, Martin Davis, Rob Davis, James Ross Day, David del Gaizo, Annick Des Roches, Predrag Dimitrijevic, Shauna Doyle, Marian Eines, Amy Ettinger, Claudia Farias, Sean Farrell, Tom Fichter, Rebecca Fifield, Barbara File, Elisabetta Valtz Fino, Giovanna Fiorino-Iannace, Tavia Fortt, Mikel Frank, Josephine Freeman, Pamela J. Freeman, Elisa Frohlich, Manus Gallagher, William M. Gagen, Michael Gallagher, Barbara Garces, Sophia Geronimus, Christine Giuntini, Jessica Glass, Alan Greenwood, Aaron Griffin, Roger Haapala, Charles Hansen, Connie Harper-Castle, Tim Healing, Grace Hernandez, Medill Higgins Harvey, Megan Holloway, Harold Holzer, Crystal Horn, Ellen Howe, Cynthia Iavarone, Michael Jenkins, Marilyn Jensen, Michael Johnson, Dennis Kaiser, Lorraine Karafel, Marcie Karp, Daniel Kershaw, Theresa King-Dickinson, Hermes Knauer, Sue Koch, Carl W. Koivuniemi, Larry Kooper, Gary Kopp, Ruth Kozodoy, Debbie Kuo, Margaret Lawson, Luz Liebeskind, John Lindaman, Daniel Lipcan, Eric Longo, Annette Luba-Lucas, Ricky Luna, Nancy Mandell, Robert Theo Margelony, Patrice Mattia, Ruth McCormack, Missy McHugh, John McKanna, Laura Melnyczenko, Joan R. Mertens, Kathy Miller, Katherine Blaney-Miller, John F. Morariu, Jr., Matt Morgan, Matthew Noiseux, Connie Norkin, Marina Nudel, John P. O'Neill, Morihiro Ogawa, Karen Ohland, Nykia Omphroy, Shawn Osborne, Adam Padron, Vika Paranyuk, Kendal K. Parker, Christine Paulocik, Derrick Peart, Sarah Pedry, Joseph Peknik III, DeWayne Phillips, Erin E. Pick, Beatrice Pinto, Diana Pitt, Faith Pleasanton, Stephanie Post, Sue Potter, Sara Rabold, Emily Rafferty, Nancy Reinhold, Robie Rogge, Gwen Roginsky, Kamu Romero, David Russell, Nancy Rutledge, Nancy M. Sanford, Wilson Santiago, Catharine Scandalis, Suzanne Rubin Schein, Lesley Schorpp, Robin Schwalb, Linda Seckelson, Wren Sellers, Lita Semerad, Suzanne Shenton, Tatiana Shluger, Amy Silva, Joyce Sitzer, Koven Smith, Soo Hee Song, Jennifer Slocum Soupios, Victoria Vandzandt-Southwell, Adam Squires, Denny Stone, Evalyn Stone, Hannah Surujdeo, Nina Sweet, Jane Tai, Osamu Takahashi, Don E. Templeton, Elyse Topalian, Dale Tucker, Marilynn T. Van Dunk, Emily C. Vanderpool, Thomas C. Vinton, Lucy von Brachel, Alice Walker, Elizabeth Wallace, Mary Walsh, Joshua Waterman, Carol Renée Watson, Danielle Watson, Robert Weisberg, Barbara Weiss, Vivian Wick, Betsy Wilford, Allison Williams, Eileen Willis, Gretchen Wold, Linda Wolk-Simon, Janice Yablonski, Hwai-Ling Yeh-Lewis, Lori Zabar, Elizabeth Zanis, and Mary Zuber



Special Thanks to Anna Abney, Catherine Allen, Kathleen Arffmann, Rebecca Akan, Stephanie Oratz Basta, Rachel Bean, Rachel Becker, Chad Beer, Steven Bentkowski, Sarah Bergh, Jennifer Turner Bitterman, Anne Boberski, Eti Bonn, Sarah Buchwald, Gary Burnett, Christopher W. Carden, Molly Carrott, Polly Clark, Linda Colet, Terri Constant, Helen Cook, Clemence Delannoy, Carolyn Deluca, Lisbeth M. Diringer, Mary F. Doherty, James Dowtin, Richard Duttwyler, Amze Emmons, Lisa Evancavich, Lisa Faibish, Priscilla F. Farah, Andrew Ferren, Mark Filip, Eileen Flanagan, Meredith Fluke, Ethan Fugate, Johanna Goldfield,, Lawrence Goldner, Michael Grantland, Holly Grinnell, Geaninne Gutierrez-Guimaraes, Maria Morris Hambourg, Melanie Hatz, Megan Heuer, Sohail Hines, Therese Hom, Lena Howansky, John K. Howat, Matthew Imberman, Debra Jackson, Dennis Kois, William Kopp, Edith Kutscher, Bonnie Laesig, Fatima Mahdi, Benjamin Mandel, Tom McCabe, Kendall McWilliam, Esther Morales Cacchione, Anne Murphy, Elizabeth A. Nogrady, Martin Lerner, Karen L. Leskly, William S. Lieberman, Jody Malordy, David E. McKinney, Alyson Moss, Christina Park, Eric Peluso, Adina Popescu, Pamela Raboy, Rajan Raj, Kirsten Rendina, Michael Rendina, Laura Riley, Jeffrey Russian, Jeanna Salchli, Diana Salzburg, Roland Samieske, Tanya Savickey, Jeremy Stynes, Irma Torres, Denise Vargas, Jeri L. Wagner, Renice Wernette, Nathaniel Wilcox, Cynthia Wilder, Deborah Winshel, Karen Zimmerman, and Hillit Zwick



Thanks also to Florence Aalbers, Helen Abbott, Philip Abbot, Samir Abillama, Yousuf Ahmad, Brahim Alaoui, Gillian Belnap, Anatasia Ahn, Sheherezade Alam, Sofie Andersen, Suad Al Attar, Yousuf Al-Homad, Wijdan Ali, Rafa Al-Nasiri, Paulla Al-Subah, Renata Antoniou, Charlotte Appleyard, Zeina Arida, Azar Ashraf, Mouna Atassi, Beth Bahls, Fabio Barry, Jennifer Bartle, Sarina Basta, Trish Battistin, Andrea Begel, Lindsey Belcher, Nadjib Ben Bella, Catherine Belloy, Amy Berman, Sara Bertrand, Paola Berzanti, Shishir Bhattacharjee, Stacy Bomento, Kamal Boullata, Ines Fialho Brandaon, David E. Bright, Kay Broker, Meredith Brosnan, Carsten Bruun, Jaroslavia Brychtová, Peter C. Bunnell, Francesco Buranelli, Chris Burnside, Bruce Burton, Mary Cain, Christine Campbell, Lydia Carr, Daniel Cheek, Robert Chlala, Wasma'a Chorbachi, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Jean Clottes, Haley Cohen, Angelica Condrau, Jennifer Congregane, Jane Coper, Jennifer Cutler, Sawsan Dajani, Jean-Pierre Dalbera, Ziad Dalloul, Margaret Daly, DeAnn M. Dankowski, Alison Deeprose, Agnes Denes, Bert Denker, Anne de Henning, Katie Dobson, Deirdre Donohue, Sally Dummer, Hoda Ebeid, Jumana El-Husseini, Anna Erickson, Ali Omar Ermes, Ekpo Eyo, Barbi Eysselinck, Anna Fárová, Mark Faurer, Elizabeth Feld, David I. Ferber, Leila Feuer, Mary Field, Dorothee Fischer, Ausilia Fortis, Melissa Fournier, Holly Frisbee, Jane E. Fujimoto, Georgina Gauntlett, Katherine Gerlough, Fedaa Ghanem, Jon Gibson, Megan McKinney Gillespie, Melissa Gold, Amy Gotzler, Andrea Green, Roger Green, Devin Grosz, Amin Gulgee, Andrew Gunther, Karen Haas, Leanne Handreck, Haydn Hansell, Joann Harrah, Fathi Hassan, Dee Vitale Henle, Andreas Heese, Janice Herrmann, Scott Hisey, Lindsay Hooper, Samantha Hoover, Valerie Host, Diane Hudson, Tom Huffman, Rumana Hussein, Sarah Emily Indyk, Ruth Janson, Manon Janssens, Dana Jensen, Ilse Jung, Abbas Kadhim, Paul Kahn, Chiaki Kako, Liliane Karnouk, Mark Katzman, Joumana Kawar, Duryea Kemp, Amalyah Keshet, Christine Kim, You-Kyoung Kim, Claudia Kishler, Hala Kittani, Khalid Khreis, Charles Kline, Tom Lasanté, Ghilraen Laue, Jeong Jin Lee, Krzysztof Lenk, Andrea Lermer, David Lewis-Williams, Judy Liu, Eric Longo, Judy Lopez, Honey Luard, Glenn Ludwig, Tim Mackrell, Philippe Maillard, Gordon Maitland, Nalini Malani, Erin Markey, Shaaron Marrero, Edward Matenga, Vladimir Matveyev, Timothy McCarthy, Bill McMorris, Keith Mendenhall, Andrie Meyer, Andrea Mihalovic, Pamela Miller, Naeem Mohaiemen, Ariele Monzo, Mariko Munro, Victoria Munroe, Nabil Nahas, Moataz Nasr, Amy Neff, Robert Nelson, Eva Neumannová, Susan Newton, Justyna Niewiara, Dianne Nilsen, Lorie Novak, Mirta Oblak, Eva M. Panek, Marilyn Holtz Patti, David Pearce, Daniel Perrier, Joanne Pillsbury, Mikhail B. Piotrovsky, Barbara Porter, Sue Pregartner, Tracy Puklowshi, James Putnam, Joyce Raab, Nigel Raab, Khalil Rabah, Brandie Ratliff, Chris Rawlings, Michelle Reyes, Faith Ringgold, Nicole Rivette, Cheryle T. Robertson, Harvey Robinson, Gudrun Rüb, Edmund Ryder, Faisal Samra, Ana Garcia Sanz, Mona Saudi, Bertha Saunders, Tamara Sawaya, Julie Scaillet, Hala Schoukair, Mark Schurman, Alisa Schwartz, Elizabeth Schwartz, Elke Schwichtenberg, Zeinab Sedira, Manfred Sellink, Mohammed Shammarey, Ismail Shammout, Subhi el Sharouni, Arian M. Sheets, Deema Shehabi, Raja Shehadeh, Gwang-Seop Shin, Suha Shoman, Michael Shulman, Bruce Silverstein, Gazbia Sirry, Bianca Slowik, Benjamin Smith, Souvati Louden Smith, Thyrza Smith, Jeanne Solensky, Trisha Sorrells, Shelley Souza, Lou Stancari, Karen Stella, Sarah Stout, Emma Stower, Vivan Sundaram, Deepak Talwar, Tandees Tanavoli, Sian Tiley, Kylie Timmins, Rona Tuccillo, Stephen Urgola, Sarah Urist, Matthew Valentine, Kristina Van Dyke, Kathryn Van Steenhuyse, Christian Vogel, Melania Ortiz Volio, Stephanie Wada, Emma Wagner, Myra Walker, Sara B. Walsh, George Wang, David Waters, Norma Watt, Teresa Watts, Claudia Weber, James Weinberger, Murray Weiss, Fred Wendorf, Katherine Westphal, Randall White, Brad Whitermore, Sarah Louise Wilkinson, Elizabeth Williams, Marije Wissink, Richard Wittman, Monica Wolf, Aysin Yoltar, Jaeyoon Yoon, and Elias Zayat