garden and landscape design Indian

the development and decorative planting of gardens, yards, grounds, parks, and other types of areas. Gardening and landscape design is used to enhance the settings for buildings and public areas and in recreational areas and parks. It is one of the decorative arts and is allied to architecture, city planning, and horticulture.

The vegetated landscape that covered most of the Earth’s continents before humans began to build still surrounds and penetrates even the largest metropolises. Efforts to design gardens and to preserve and develop green open space in and around cities are efforts to maintain contact with the original pastoral, rural landscape. Gardens and designed landscapes, by filling the open areas in cities, create a continuity in space between structural urban landscapes and the open rural landscapes beyond. Moreover, gardens and designed landscapes have a special type of continuity in time. Buildings, paintings, and sculpture may survive longer than specific plants, but the constant cyclical growth and change in plants provide a continuous time dimension that static structures and sculpture can never achieve.

This article discusses the functional aspects of landscaping, the aesthetic and physical components of design, the various kinds of private and public design, and the role and development of gardening in human history.

Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.

Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.

Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.

English landscape designer who became the undisputed successor to Lancelot Brown as improver of grounds to the landed gentry of England. Of a well-to-do family, he was intended for a mercantile career but, failing in that, retired to the country, where he learned something of the management of land and had an opportunity to develop his talent as an amateur painter of watercolour landscapes.

In 1788 he set himself up as a landscape designer and wrote to his friends, who included the Duke of Portland and Coke of Norfolk, inviting their support. Contributing largely to his success was his method of making watercolour drawings of the grounds upon which he was asked to advise, with his proposed alterations displayed on an overlay. Like other landscape designers, Repton also tried his hand at architecture but usually worked in association with others who had the necessary professional qualifications. He quarrelled with one of these, John Nash, who, he claimed, stole from him the idea of using a Mughal style of architecture for the Royal Pavilion at Brighton and who in large part used his design. Later he collaborated with his own son, John Adey Repton, a trained architect.

Repton’s landscapes, seldom as large as those designed by Brown, were usually more thickly planted. Repton advocated a gradual transition between house and grounds by means of terraces, balustrades, and steps. He was influenced by the Picturesque movement, which admired wild landscapes.

Many of Repton’s grounds survive at least in part as he laid them out. Uppark in Sussex and Sheringham Hall, Norfolk, are admirable examples of house and grounds designed by both Reptons and of which the authenticity...