Asia Heavy industry and engineering

The British faced a similar problem on a much larger scale in India, whose population included 250,000,000 Hindus, 90,000,000 Muslims, and 60,000,000 distributed among various ethnic and religious minorities. Between the wars Mohandas Gandhi’s passive-resistance campaigns had crystallized Indian nationalism, which was nurtured in part by the relative leniency of British rule. Parliament set in...

...to build the power and wealth of great families and even to determine the frontiers and policies of states. The use of dowries more or less disappeared in Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. In South Asia, however, dowries actually grew in popularity at the end of the 20th century, even if illegal in certain places. Some parents of the groom demanded compensation (in the form of cash or...

South Asia

South Asia, in the limited sense of the term, consists of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, peninsular India, and Sri Lanka. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is formed from the combined alluvial plains of the Indus, Ganges (Ganga), and Brahmaputra rivers, which lie in a deep marginal depression running north of and parallel to the main range of the Himalayas. It is an area of subsidence into which thick...

...percent annually in some Arab countries. In part this reflects Muslim traditions, which have frowned on birth control and granted women less control over fertility. The next fastest-growing area is South Asia. The growth rate in the region’s largest country, India, though high, fell significantly during the 1990s, as did that in Bangladesh, although Pakistan maintained a high rate of growth....

West Asia includes the highlands of Anatolia, the Caucasus, and the Armenian and Iranian highlands.

In West Asia naturally wild vegetation no longer occurs in clearly defined zones but is dispersed in small areas. The region is predominantly arid; desertlike depressions such as the Kyzylkum Desert of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, the Karakum Desert of Turkmenistan, and the Rubʿ al-Khali (Empty Quarter) of the Arabian Peninsula contrast with the moist, forested mountains that lie between...

Southwest Asia, like much of southern Asia, is made up of an ancient platform—the northern fragments of Gondwanaland—in which sloping plains occur in the marginal downwarps. Its principal components are the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia.

The two primary prehistoric centres from which migrations of modern human populations over the continent took place were Southwest Asia and a region comprising the Mongolian plateaus and North China.

Southwest Asia (the Middle East) is the cradle of three great monotheistic systems: Judaism and its offshoots Christianity and Islam. Judaism, founded in the eastern Mediterranean region some 4,000 years ago, posits a covenant relationship between God—the source of divine law—and humankind. Most Asian Jews now live in Israel, although there are small Jewish communities in various...

Alpine Asia—sometimes known as High Asia—includes the Pamirs and the eastern Hindu Kush, the Kunlun Mountains, the Tien Shan, the Gissar and Alay ranges, the Plateau of Tibet, the Karakoram Range, and the Himalayas. The Pamirs and the eastern Hindu Kush are sharply uplifted mountains dissected into ridges and gorges in the west. The Kunlun Mountains, the Tien Shan, and the Gissar...