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Over the next few years China concluded a series of similar treaties with other powers; the most important treaties were the Treaty of Wanghia with the United States and the Treaty of Whampoa with France (both 1844). Each additional treaty expanded upon the rights of extraterritoriality, and as a result the foreigners obtained an independent legal, judicial, police, and taxation system within......

city in southern Anhwei sheng (province), China. Huang-shan lies along the navigable Hsin-an River, in the centre of the river basins occupying the southern section of Anhwei. Huang-shan is in the centre of a mountainous area with comparatively little cultivated land. In recent centuries it has been essentially an area of tea and timber production. The city’s name ...

city in southeastern Hupeh sheng (province), China. It is situated on the south bank of the Yangtze River about 60 miles (96 km) southeast of Wu-han. The nucleus of the present city was a small market town called Shih-tan-yao, or Shih-hui-yao; Huang-shih was the name of the landing on the Yangtze serving the town. When the nearby Ta-yeh iron mines began to be exploited at...

highland area in north-central China, covering much of Shanxi, northern Henan, Shaanxi, and eastern Gansu provinces and the middle part of the Huang He (Yellow River) basin. Averaging about 4,000 feet (1,200 metres) in elevation and covering some 154,000 square miles (400,000 square km...

...and others to compile an accurate atlas of the empire; after long and laborious trigonometric surveys that covered every corner of the empire, starting in 1708, the atlas Huangyu quanlantu was completed in 1717. The famous Nouvel Atlas de la Chine, de la Tartarie chinoise et du Thibet (“New Atlas of China, of Chinese Tartary, and......

...great actor friend Wei Liangfu developed a new, subtler, and quieter style of dramatic singing, he asked Liang to create a showcase for his new style. Liang complied by writing the Huanshaji (“Washing the Silken Gauze”), a kunqu drama that initiated the type of theatre that was to dominate the Chinese stage until the ...

city, central Peru. It is located on the bank of the Huallaga River in a cool, dry intermontane basin. In 1539 the Spaniard Gómez Alvarado founded the town of León de Los Caballeros de Huánuco (“Lion of the Gentlemen of Huánuco”) on the site of the Inca regional centre now known as Huánuco Viejo (“Old Huánuco...

tropical shrub, of the family Erythroxylaceae, the leaves of which are the source of the drug cocaine....

city, central Peru, on the Quilca River at its junction with the Santa River. It lies at 10,011 feet (3,052 m) above sea level in the scenic Callejón de Huaylas, against a backdrop of the snowcapped peaks of the Cordillera Blanca. Founded upon remains of a pre-Columbian civilization, it is inhabited by highland Indians, noted for their colourful dress. In 1823 the liberat...

city, central Peru, on the Quilca River at its junction with the Santa River. It lies at 10,011 feet (3,052 m) above sea level in the scenic Callejón de Huaylas, against a backdrop of the snowcapped peaks of the Cordillera Blanca. Founded upon remains of a pre-Columbian civilization, it is inhabited by highland Indians, noted for their colourful dress. In 1823 the liberat...

archaeological site located in the central highland region of present-day Peru that gives its name to an Andean civilization of the central and northern highlands of the Middle Horizon (c. ad 600–1000). Huari is closely linked in its art style to the monuments of the great site of Tiwanaku, located on Lake Titicaca in northwestern Bolivia. Huari was probably...

...have been described as three cordilleras, which come together at the Vilcanota, Pasco, and Loja (Ecuador) knots. The Pasco Knot is a large, high plateau. To the west it is bounded by the Cordillera Huarochirí, on the west slope of which the Rímac River rises in a cluster of lakes fed by glaciers and descends rapidly to the ocean (15,700 feet in 60 miles). Ticlio Pass,......

extinct Indian people of South America who inhabited an area bounded on the west by the Andes and on the east by the Pampas, in the present-day province of Mendoza, Argentina. They engaged in hunting and gathering to supplement their marginal agriculture. Huarpe settlements were usually found along rivers and lakes or in places where irrigation was possible. Each settlement was...

...and petroleum refining. Nearby is the large steel mill at Huachipato, the San Vicente chemical complex and resort, and Chilean Naval zone headquarters. In Talcahuano harbour is moored the Huáscar, the Peruvian ironclad captured by Chile in 1879, during the War of the Pacific. Talcahuano is linked by both road and railroad to Concepción. Pop. (2002) 161,692....

Inca chieftain, legitimate heir to the Inca empire, who lost his inheritance and his life in rivalry with his younger half brother Atahuallpa, who in turn was defeated and executed by the Spanish conquerors under Francisco Pizarro....

mountain peak of the Andes of west-central Peru. The snowcapped peak rises to 22,205 feet (6,768 m) above sea level in the Cordillera Blanca, east of the Peruvian town of Yungay. It is the highest mountain in Peru and is a favourite of mountaineers and tourists. In 1962 a thaw caused a portion of the sheer north summit to break off, resulting in an avalanche that destroyed several villages and kil...

...Guayasamín (1919–99); of mestizo-Indian parentage, he earned an international reputation depicting the social ills of his society. Jorge Icaza’s indigenist novel Huasipungo (1934), which depicts the plight of Andean Indians in a feudal society, also received international attention. Many novelists have come from the coast, including those of the......

...Guayasamín (1919–99); of mestizo-Indian parentage, he earned an international reputation depicting the social ills of his society. Jorge Icaza’s indigenist novel Huasipungo (1934), which depicts the plight of Andean Indians in a feudal society, also received international attention. Many novelists have come from the coast, including those of the......

Mayan Indians of Veracruz and San Luís Potosí states in east-central Mexico. The Huastec are independent both culturally and geographically from other Mayan peoples. They are farmers, corn (maize) being the staple crop. Coffee and henequen are also grown, as well as a variety of fruits and vegetables. Poultry, pigs, donkeys, horses, and cattle are also kept. Settlements of several h...

...Lacandón, Itzá, and Mopán, are sometimes also classed as Western Maya languages; Yucatec, the most important, is spoken in Yucatán, northern Guatemala, and Belize. The Huastec group is composed of the Huastec and Chicomuceltec languages....

In east China the Liulin and Huating sites in northern Jiangsu (first half of 4th millennium) represent regional cultures that derived in large part from that of Qingliangang. Upper strata also show strong affinities with contemporary Dawenkou sites in southern Shandong, northern Anhui, and northern Jiangsu. Dawenkou culture (mid-5th to at least mid-3rd millennium) is characterized by the......

...cave systems in which many vertical infeeders join to form master streams that descend to base level as waterfalls plunging down pits. One of the largest such systems is the group of caves on the Huautla Plateau in Mexico. The greatest relief from the highest known entrance of the Sistema Huautla to the lowest point of exploration is 1,252 metres in a cave measuring 33.8 kilometres long (1985.....

Mesoamerican Indian peasants of the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The exact relationship of the Huave language to other Mesoamerican languages is a matter of scholarly dispute. Fishing and agriculture are the main subsistence activities, but the Huave also depend on markets in nearby towns to meet their needs for staple foods and manufactured go...

Mesoamerican Indian peasants of the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The exact relationship of the Huave language to other Mesoamerican languages is a matter of scholarly dispute. Fishing and agriculture are the main subsistence activities, but the Huave also depend on markets in nearby towns to meet their needs for staple foods and manufactured goods. Patrilocal family units occupy......

Mesoamerican Indian peasants of the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The exact relationship of the Huave language to other Mesoamerican languages is a matter of scholarly dispute. Fishing and agriculture are the main subsistence activities, but the Huave also depend on markets in nearby towns to meet their needs for staple foods and manufactured go...

Huang Xing founded the Huaxinghui (“Society for the Revival of China”), a revolutionary group dedicated to the overthrow of the Qing government. After several abortive attempts at revolution, Huang was forced to flee to Japan. In 1905 the revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen organized the Tongmenghui (“Alliance Society”) as a union of all Chinese revolutionary groups, and.....

Buddhist philosophical tradition introduced into Japan from China during the Nara period (710–784). Although the Kegon school can no longer be considered an active faith teaching a separate doctrine, it continues to administer the famous Tōdai Temple monastery at Nara....

valley along the upper Santa River in Ancash department, west-central Peru. Overlooking the valley to the west is the snowless Cordillera Negra, with peaks rising to 17,000 feet (5,200 m); and to the east is the spectacular, snowcapped Cordillera Blanca, containing many of Peru’s highest mountains, including Mount Huascarán....

valley along the upper Santa River in Ancash department, west-central Peru. Overlooking the valley to the west is the snowless Cordillera Negra, with peaks rising to 17,000 feet (5,200 m); and to the east is the spectacular, snowcapped Cordillera Blanca, containing many of Peru’s highest mountains, including Mount Huascarán....

...fact that he fathered a large number of sons, one of whom, Yahuar Huacac (Yawar Waqaq), was kidnapped by a neighbouring group when he was about eight years old. The boy’s mother, Mama Mikay, was a Huayllaca (Wayllaqa) woman who had been promised to the leader of another group called the Ayarmaca (’Ayarmaka). When the promise was broken and Mama Mikay married Inca Roca, the Ayarmac...

Topa Inca Yupanqui’s unexpected death in about 1493 precipitated a struggle for the succession. It appears that Topa Inca Yupanqui had originally favoured the succession of Huayna Capac (Wayna Qhapaq), the youngest son of his principal wife and sister. Shortly before his death, he changed his mind and named as his successor Capac Huari (Qhapaq Wari), the son of another wife. Capac Huari,......

couple dance of the Quechua and Aymara Indians and of many mestizos (people of Spanish-Indian descent) of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. It antedates the Spanish conquest and was possibly an Inca funeral dance; today it is purely festive. A circle of dancing couples surrounds the musicians, whose instruments may be flutes, drums, harps, and guitars. The music is in 24...

couple dance of the Quechua and Aymara Indians and of many mestizos (people of Spanish-Indian descent) of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. It antedates the Spanish conquest and was possibly an Inca funeral dance; today it is purely festive. A circle of dancing couples surrounds the musicians, whose instruments may be flutes, drums, harps, and guitars. The music is in 24...

...he saw ancient styles more as knowledge to be expanded upon than as material to be exploited. Shitao’s independent spirit is also found within his theoretical writings, such as the Huayu Lu (“Comments on Painting”); he speaks of “a style of no style” and the importance of “the single stroke.”...

American professional baseball (left-handed) pitcher who popularized the screwball pitch. In this pitch the ball, which is thrown with the same arm motion as a fastball, has reverse spin against the natural curve and, when thrown by a left-hander, breaks sharply down and away from right-handed batters....

...passengers are referred to as hubbing airports. At a hub, aircraft arrive in waves, and passengers transfer between aircraft during the periods when these waves are on the ground. By using a “hub-and-spoke” network, airlines are able to increase the load factors on aircraft and to provide more frequent departures for passengers—at the cost, however, of inconvenient......

Hungarian violinist, teacher, and composer, noted especially for his teaching....

New attitudes toward love, too, were being gradually developed in poetry. Eventually, what was to become a classic theme, that of ḥubb ʿudhrī (“ʿUdhrah love”)—the lover would rather die than achieve union with his beloved—was expounded by the Ẓāhirī theologian Ibn Dāʾūd (died 910) in his poetic...

...(1949), many colleges (notably engineering and agricultural teachers’ training), a detention home for juveniles, and a mental hospital. In 1961 Dhārwād was incorporated with industrial Hubli, 13 miles (21 km) southeast, to form one of the state’s most populous urban areas. Pop. (1991 prelim.) 647,640....

professional American League baseball umpire and collegiate and professional U.S. football player who is the only person elected to both the Baseball Hall of Fame (1976) and the collegiate and professional football halls of fame (1962, 1963)....

American editor, publisher, and author of the moralistic essay “A Message to Garcia.”...

American editor, publisher, and author of the moralistic essay “A Message to Garcia.”...

international movement that emerged in the 1950s in response to the thought of Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (b. March 13, 1911 Tilden, Nebraska, U.S.—d. January 24, 1986San Luis Obispo, California), a writer who introduced his.....

international movement that emerged in the 1950s in response to the thought of Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (b. March 13, 1911 Tilden, Nebraska, U.S.—d. January 24, 1986San Luis Obispo, California), a writer who introduced his.....

Other Nominees...

professional American League baseball umpire and collegiate and professional U.S. football player who is the only person elected to both the Baseball Hall of Fame (1976) and the collegiate and professional football halls of fame (1962, 1963)....

American professional baseball (left-handed) pitcher who popularized the screwball pitch. In this pitch the ball, which is thrown with the same arm motion as a fastball, has reverse spin against the natural curve and, when thrown by a left-hander, breaks sharply down and away from right-handed batters....

American professional baseball (left-handed) pitcher who popularized the screwball pitch. In this pitch the ball, which is thrown with the same arm motion as a fastball, has reverse spin against the natural curve and, when thrown by a left-hander, breaks sharply down and away from right-handed batters....

American geophysicist and geologist known for his theory of the migration of fluids in subsurface rock strata. He became an authority on the migration and entrapment of petroleum and the social implications of world mineral-resource exploitation....

Airports that receive a large number of transferring and transiting passengers are referred to as hubbing airports. At a hub, aircraft arrive in waves, and passengers transfer between aircraft during the periods when these waves are on the ground. By using a “hub-and-spoke” network, airlines are able to increase the load factors on aircraft and to provide more frequent departures......

In The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies (1961), the American astronomer Allan R. Sandage drew on Hubble’s notes and his own research on galaxy morphology to revise the Hubble classification scheme. Some of the features of this revised scheme are subject to argument because of the findings of very recent research, but its general features, especially the coding of types, rem...

American astronomer who is considered the founder of extragalactic astronomy and who provided the first evidence of the expansion of the universe....

...to the Virgo cluster is 5 × 107 light-years and if the Virgo galaxies can be assumed to be far enough away to partake in the general Hubble flow, then the application of the Hubble law, v = H0r, yields Hubble’s constant as H0 = 20 km/sec per million light-years. The reciprocal of Hubble’s constant is called the Hu...

...to the Local Group. If the distance r to the Virgo cluster is 5 × 107 light-years and if the Virgo galaxies can be assumed to be far enough away to partake in the general Hubble flow, then the application of the Hubble law, v = H0r, yields Hubble’s constant as H0 = 20 km/sec per million light-years. The reciprocal...

...to the Virgo cluster is 5 × 107 light-years and if the Virgo galaxies can be assumed to be far enough away to partake in the general Hubble flow, then the application of the Hubble law, v = H0r, yields Hubble’s constant as H0 = 20 km/sec per million light-years. The reciprocal of Hubble’s constant is called the Hu...

...irregular, slowly varying variables. One of the irregulars was exceedingly bright; it is among the most luminous stars in the galaxy and is a prototype of a class of high-luminosity stars now called Hubble-Sandage variables, which are found in many giant galaxies. Eighty-five novae, all behaving very much like those in the Milky Way Galaxy, were also analyzed. Hubble estimated that the true......

the most sophisticated optical observatory ever placed into orbit around the Earth. The Earth’s atmosphere obscures ground-based astronomers’ view of celestial objects by absorbing or distorting light rays from them. A telescope stationed in outer space is entirely above the atmosphere, however, and receives images of much greater brightness, clarity, and detail than do ground-based ...

...starting from an initial state about 2,000,000,000 years ago in which all matter was contained in a fairly small volume. Revisions of the distance scale in the 1950s and later increased the “Hubble age” of the universe to more than 10,000,000,000 years....

in cosmology, constant of proportionality in the relation between the velocities of remote galaxies and their distances. It expresses the rate at which the universe is expanding. It is denoted by the symbol H0, where the subscript denotes that the value is measured at the present time, and named in honour of Edwin Hubble, the American astronomer who attempted in 1929 to measure i...

...to the Virgo cluster is 5 × 107 light-years and if the Virgo galaxies can be assumed to be far enough away to partake in the general Hubble flow, then the application of the Hubble law, v = H0r, yields Hubble’s constant as H0 = 20 km/sec per million light-years. The reciprocal of Hubble’s constant is called the Hu...

sheng (province) lying in the heart of China and forming a part of the middle basin of the Yangtze River. Until the reign of the great K’ang-hsi emperor (1661–1722) of the Ch’ing dynasty, Hupeh and its neighbour Hunan formed a single province, Hukuang. They were then divided and given their present names: Hupeh, meaning, “North of the Lakes” (of t...

Canadian-born American neurobiologist, corecipient with Torsten Nils Wiesel and Roger Wolcott Sperry of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. All three scientists were honoured for their investigations of brain function, Hubel and Wiesel in particular for their collaborative discoveries concerning information processing in the vis...

Swiss jurist and author of the Swiss civil code of 1912....

German biochemist who, along with Johann Deisenhofer and Hartmut Michel, received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1988 for their determination of the structure of a protein complex that is essential to photosynthesis in bacteria....

Austrian painter, draftsman, and printmaker who was one of the principal artists associated with the Danube school of landscape painting....

...in prehistoric times and was known to the Romans as Leodium. A chapel was built there to honour St. Lambert, bishop of Maastricht, who was murdered there in 705. Liège became a town when St. Hubert transferred his see there in 721....

...attached to a concrete compression ring at the perimeter. The system of the Osaka Pavilion was adapted for two large sports stadiums built in the 1980s: the Silverdome at Pontiac, Mich., and the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis. Air-supported structures are perhaps the most cost-effective type of structure for very long spans....

...is well documented. One of the best descriptions of the nature and structure of sacrifice is to be found in Essai sur la nature et le fonction du sacrifice, by the French sociologists Henri Hubert and Marcel Mauss, who differentiated between sacrifice and rituals of oblation, offering, and consecration. This does not mean that sacrificial rituals do not at times have elements of......

archbishop of Canterbury, papal legate, justiciar of King Richard I of England, and chancellor of King John of England. Hubert was an administrator whose position in church and state was unmatched until the time of Cardinal Wolsey in the 16th century....

...Russia out of the conflict and France defeated throughout the world, Maria Theresa and her advisers could see no alternative but to negotiate a settlement with Prussia based on the status quo ante (Treaty of Hubertusburg, 1763), meaning that once again Prussia retained Silesia....

...Russia out of the conflict and France defeated throughout the world, Maria Theresa and her advisers could see no alternative but to negotiate a settlement with Prussia based on the status quo ante (Treaty of Hubertusburg, 1763), meaning that once again Prussia retained Silesia....

American film animator (b. Sept. 16, 1924, New York, N.Y.—d. Dec. 7, 2001, New Haven, Conn.), made films that combined music, magic, and myth in their celebration of life and humanity. Of the many animated works on which she collaborated with her husband, John Hubley, three won Academy Awards—in 1959, 1962, and 1966....

The international success of McLaren’s work (he won an Oscar for Neighbours) opened the possibilities for more personal forms of animation in America. John Hubley, an animator who worked for Disney studios on Snow White, Pinocchio, and Fantasia, left the Disney organization in 1941 and joined...

...(1949), many colleges (notably engineering and agricultural teachers’ training), a detention home for juveniles, and a mental hospital. In 1961 Dhārwād was incorporated with industrial Hubli, 13 miles (21 km) southeast, to form one of the state’s most populous urban areas. Pop. (1991 prelim.) 647,640....

city, western Karnātaka (formerly Mysore) state, southwestern India....

early German Reformation figure and leader of the Anabaptists, advocates of adult baptism....

...(“New Scientific and Curious, Sacred-Profane Dictionary”; 1746–51), avoided the subject of history, whereas the German writer Philipp Balthasar Sinold von Schütz’s Reales Staats- und Zeitungs-Lexicon (“Lexicon of Government and News”; 1704) concentrated on geography, theology, politics, and contemporary history and had to be supplemented b...

manganese-rich variety of the mineral wolframite....

in classical Greek ethical and religious thought, overweening presumption suggesting impious disregard of the limits governing human action in an orderly universe. It is the sin to which the great and gifted are most susceptible, and in Greek tragedy it is usually the hero’s tragic flaw. Perhaps the simplest example occurs in the Persians of ...

...1839 that the Celtic languages were Indo-European, as had been asserted by Jones. In 1850 the German philologist August Schleicher did the same for Albanian, and in 1877 another German philologist, Heinrich Hübschmann, showed that Armenian was an independent branch of Indo-European, rather than a member of the Iranian subbranch. Since then, the Indo-European family has been enlarged by t...

lake in northern Mongolia. With an area of 1,012 square miles (2,620 square km), it is Mongolia’s largest freshwater lake, with depths exceeding 800 feet (244 m). It lies near the Russian border at an elevation of 5,397 feet (1,645 m), at the southern foot of the east Sayan Range. The lake is drained southward by the Egiyn River, which feeds the Selenge River in the Lake Baikal drainage bas...

French missionary of the Vincentian (Lazarist) order whose account of his journey through China and Tibet provides a vivid picture of China on the verge of modern times....

medieval French musical theorist, scholar, and humanist....

...distinctive languages that are unaffiliated with any other known language. The four Yuki groups were the Yuki-proper, who lived along the upper reaches of the Eel River and its tributaries; the Huchnom of Redwood Valley to the west; the Coast Yuki, who were distributed farther westward along the redwood coast; and the Wappo, who occupied an enclave among the Pomo, some 40 miles (65 km)......

American politician, who served as governor of Arkansas (1996–2007) and who ran for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination....

American politician, who served as governor of Arkansas (1996–2007) and who ran for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination....

According to most recent theories, the two repertories represent variant rites developed in different locales, rather than coming from different historical periods. Helmut Hucke of Frankfurt University maintained that the Old Roman chant was the Roman rendition of Gregorian chant and that the latter originated in the Frankish kingdom with the introduction of the Roman liturgy during the empire......

...where the ions are so far apart that they exert negligible influence on one another. For small concentrations of electrolyte, the theory of Peter Debye, a Dutch-born American physical chemist, and Erich Hückel, a German chemist, relates γ± to the ionic strength, which is the sum of the products of the concentration of each ion (in moles per litre) and the....

small, fruit-bearing, branching shrub of the genus Gaylussacia (family Ericaceae), resembling in habit the English bilberry (Vaccinium), to which it is closely allied. The huckleberry bears fleshy fruit with 10 small stones, differing in this respect from the blueberry, so that the fruits, although tasty, are rather crunchy. The common huckleberry of the eastern Un...

...preceded Tom Sawyer by seven years, offered a model for many later stories of small-town bad boys, and is a fair example of the second-class classic. But it took Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn to change the course of American writing and give the first deeply felt vision of boyhood in juvenile literature....

...Knows, Mr. Allison [1957] and The Sundowners [1960]). Black Narcissus became an international hit and led to an MGM contract and the opportunity to play opposite Clark Gable in The Hucksters later that year....

Other Nominees...

...especially women, accompanied the warriors, inciting them by their songs, and those who fell in battle benefited from the elegies of the singer-poets. Musically, these elegies resembled the ḥudāʾ (“caravan song”), possibly used by camel drivers as a charm against the desert spirits, or jinn....

...Most of these writers came from Christian Lebanese families. A feeling of nostalgia often led them to form literary circles or launch magazines or newspapers. (The Arabic-language newspaper al-Hudā [or Al-Hoda, “The Guidance”], established in 1898, was published in New York City as al-Hudā al-jadīdah [Al-Hoda Aljadidah, or......

city, western Yemen. It is situated on the Tihāmah coastal plain that borders the Red Sea. It is one of the nation’s chief ports and has modern facilities. Al-Ḥudaydah, first mentioned in Islamic chronicles in 1454/55, became important in the 1520s when the Yemeni Tihāmah was taken by the Ottomans. In succeeding centuries the city displaced Mocha (Al-...

(628), compromise that was reached between Muḥammad and Meccan leaders, in which Mecca gave political and religious recognition to the growing community of Muslims in Medina. Muḥammad had been approaching Mecca with approximately 1,400 followers in order to perform the ʿumrah (pilgrimage) as directed in a dream. The Meccans, however...

(628), compromise that was reached between Muḥammad and Meccan leaders, in which Mecca gave political and religious recognition to the growing community of Muslims in Medina. Muḥammad had been approaching Mecca with approximately 1,400 followers in order to perform the ʿumrah (pilgrimage) as directed in a dream. The Meccans, however...

city, western Yemen. It is situated on the Tihāmah coastal plain that borders the Red Sea. It is one of the nation’s chief ports and has modern facilities. Al-Ḥudaydah, first mentioned in Islamic chronicles in 1454/55, became important in the 1520s when the Yemeni Tihāmah was taken by the Ottomans. In succeeding centuries the city displaced Mocha (Al-...

Dutch mathematician and statesman who promoted Cartesian geometry and philosophy in Holland and contributed to the theory of equations....

town, Kirklees metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, England. Huddersfield lies in the valley of the River Colne 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Leeds. It grew in the 18th century from a large village, one of several that had a domestic weaving industry, and benefited from construction of th...