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The Universität Hamburg, founded in 1919, is one of the largest in Germany, with some 46,000 students and faculties covering virtually every discipline except certain technological subjects. A second university, the Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, began classes in 1982. Hamburg also has state schools for music and interpretative art and for the sculptural arts, as well as som...

The Universität Hamburg, founded in 1919, is one of the largest in Germany, with some 46,000 students and faculties covering virtually every discipline except certain technological subjects. A second university, the Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, began classes in 1982. Hamburg also has state schools for music and interpretative art and for the sculptural arts, as well as som...

ground beef. The term is applied variously to (1) a patty of ground beef, sometimes called hamburg steak, Salisbury steak, or Vienna steak, (2) a sandwich consisting of a patty of beef served within a split bread roll, with various garnishes, or (3) the ground beef itself, which is used as a base in many sauces, casseroles, terrines, and the like. The origin of hamburger is unknown, but the hambur...

art gallery in Hamburg, founded in 1850, with paintings and sculptures of all periods, drawings (notably by German Romantics), prints, coins, and medals. The collection of paintings is strongest in works of the later 19th and the 20th centuries. The building that originally housed the gallery dates from 1869. A new building opened in 1919....

American writer (b. July 2, 1914, Wheeling. W.Va.—d. April 23, 2004, New York, N.Y.), worked under all five editors of The New Yorker magazine beginning in 1939. Hamburger, who was a reporter-at-large, wrote about all manner of subjects and people in pieces that included U.S. city portraits, coverage of the political realm, presidential and other profiles, and reflections on New York...

German-born American embryologist (b. July 9, 1900, Landeshut, Ger. [now Kamienna Gora, Pol.]—d. June 12, 2001, St. Louis, Mo.), was a pioneer in the field of neuroembryology; he was noted for having defined and classified the different stages of embryonic development and for having helped identify a chemical substance called nerve growth factor, which stimulates the growth of nerve cells a...

...river deposits. Several late Magdalenian sites (hunting stands) were discovered in southern (Belgian and Dutch) Limburg. A wide uninhabited area separated the Magdalenian sites from sites of the Hamburgian tradition (emanating from western Germany) in the northern Netherlands. The latter included reindeer-hunting peoples who were the first colonists of the North European Plain at the end of......

...a German national theatre was not yet ripe. Even so, his reviews of more than 50 performances were published, in the form of 104 brief essays on basic principles of the drama, under the title of Hamburgische Dramaturgie (1767–69). Here, too, Lessing argued against tragedy modeled on that of Corneille and Voltaire, although he praised the realism of the contemporary French writer.....

...by the jurist Justus Brinckmann, has one of the most significant collections of ancient artifacts in Germany and is also famous for its examples of Asian art and of Jugendstil (Art Nouveau). The Museum für Hamburgische Geschichte, which has grown from a collection of local antiquities started in 1839, contains a wide range of exhibits, from costumes to parts of old buildings and from......

...is ordinarily used by the Bedouin for bushes in the desert that furnish grazing for his animals and firewood for his tent. The leaves of varieties called hamd have enough salinity to satisfy the camel’s need for salt. The tough perennials are as essential to life as the tender annuals nourished by the rains of winter and spring. The rains......

...have a maximum elevation of nearly 9,500 feet. The elevation decreases to the south, with an occasional upward surge such as Mount Raḍwā west of Medina (Al-Madīnah). Wadi Al-Ḥamḍ, an intermittent river drawing water from the Medina Basin on the inner side of the escarpment, breaks through the mountains to reach the Red Sea. Another pass leads to Mecca and......

Ḥamdān ibn Ḥamdūn brought the family, already well established in Al-Jazīrah, to political prominence by taking part in uprisings against the ʿAbbāsid caliph late in the 9th century. His sons, however, became ʿAbbāsid officials, al-Ḥusayn serving as a military commander and Abū al-Hayjāʾ ʿAbd All...

...the Shīʿite Muslim sect known as the Ismāʿīlites. The Qarmatians flourished in Iraq, Yemen, and especially Bahrain during the 9th to 11th centuries, taking their name from Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ, who led the sect in southern Iraq in the second half of the 9th century. The Qarmatians became notorious for an insurrection in Syria and Iraq in 903...

Arab geographer, poet, grammarian, historian, and astronomer whose chief fame derives from his authoritative writings on South Arabian history and geography. From his literary production al-Hamdānī was known as the “tongue of South Arabia.”...

Muslim Arab dynasty of northern Iraq (Al-Jazīrah) and Syria (905–1004) whose members were renowned as brilliant warriors and as great patrons of Arabic poets and scholars....

urban town (township), New Haven county, southwestern Connecticut, U.S. It lies immediately north of the city of New Haven. The area, which was settled in 1664, was named for John Hampden, an English parliamentarian. It was separated from New Haven and incorporated as a town in 1786. Eli Whitney, inventor of the cotton gin...

Turkish statesman and art expert who asserted the right of Constantinople to receive the finds made by various archaeological enterprises in the Ottoman Empire....

...officers have often involved themselves in political affairs: in the north the military played the dominant role in the political system following the overthrow of the civilian government by Col. Ibrāhīm al-Ḥamdī in 1974. Internal security is a major concern of the government. The Political Security Organization is the major intelligence organ of the state; police......

...in the Codex Regius and were probably the earlier of the two. Many of the legends on which they were based originated in Germany or even among the Goths. Oldest of all was perhaps the Hamdismál (“Lay of Hamdir”), which forcefully expressed the heroic ideals of Germanic tribal life. The story closely resembled one told by Jordanes, a Gothic historian of the......

...writing, which is also manifest in the work of a number of Arab historians, can be observed in the cosmographical books and in some of the historical books produced in medieval Iran. Ḥamdollāh Mostowfī’s (died after 1340) cosmography, Nuzhat al-qulūb (“Pleasure of the Hearts”), like many earlier works of this genre, underlined the......

historic region, southwestern Finland. It lies north of Helsinki and includes part of Lake Päijänne, which serves as much of its eastern boundary. The region produces lumber, rye, oats, barley, and potatoes; livestock and dairy cows are also important. It is the home of the Hämäläiset (Tavastians, or Tavast...

...appeared in Summer Olympic competition in 1984 and South Yemen in 1988; the unified country has sent teams to the Summer Games since 1992. Two Yemeni boxers living abroad enjoyed great success: Naseem Hamed, a British boxer of Yemeni ancestry, held the world featherweight title during the late 1990s and early 21st century; and Isra Girgrah, a female boxer born in Yemen and fighting out of......

...appeared in Summer Olympic competition in 1984 and South Yemen in 1988; the unified country has sent teams to the Summer Games since 1992. Two Yemeni boxers living abroad enjoyed great success: Naseem Hamed, a British boxer of Yemeni ancestry, held the world featherweight title during the late 1990s and early 21st century; and Isra Girgrah, a female boxer born in Yemen and fighting out of......

historic region, southwestern Finland. It lies north of Helsinki and includes part of Lake Päijänne, which serves as much of its eastern boundary. The region produces lumber, rye, oats, barley, and potatoes; livestock and dairy cows are also important. It is the home of the Hämäläiset (Tavastians, or Tavast...

city, southwestern Finland. It lies on the shore of Lake Vanaja, northwest of Helsinki. The city’s name is derived from the castle of Häme, parts of which date from about 1250. The town, originally chartered in 1639, was first located north of the castle but moved to its present site, a little to the south, in 1779. In 1862 Hämeenlinna became the northern te...

...Jewish law, and physician, who died in Egypt in 1204; and those of the Talmudic sages Yoḥanan ben Zakkai and Akiba ben Joseph. Just south of the city are the hot springs of Tiberias (Hebrew H̱ammat or H̱amei Teverya; from ḥam, “hot”), known for over 2,000 years for their supposed medicinal qualities, and the adjacent tomb of Rabbi Meir,......

...Asia in the mid-16th century. In 1656 a Dutch merchant ship went aground off the southern shore of Cheju Island, and its 36 surviving crewmen were taken to Seoul for detention. Thirteen years later Hendrik Hamel and seven others escaped and returned home. Hamel wrote an account of his experiences—the first book on Korea published in Europe....

landlocked salt lake between Israel and Jordan, which lies some 1,300 feet (400 metres) below sea level—the lowest elevation and the lowest body of water on the surface of the Earth. Its eastern shore belongs to Jordan, and the southern half of its western shore belongs to Israel. The northern half of the western shore lies within the Palestinian ...

city, Lower Saxony Land (state), north-central Germany. It lies along the Weser River, southwest of Hannover. Originating around the Abbey of St. Boniface, which was founded by monks from Fulda at the end of the 8th century, Hameln was a market centre dependent on t...

French naval officer who was an early advocate of armour for naval vessels....

...of the Princes Charming”; Eng. trans. Some Night My Prince Will Come), he gives a very candid account of the coming-of-age of a young homosexual. Sometimes referred to as Generation X writers, Louis Hamelin (La Rage [1989; “Rabies”]) and Christian Mistral (Vamp [1988]) began in the late 1980s to focus literary attention on the social concerns of th...

city, Lower Saxony Land (state), north-central Germany. It lies along the Weser River, southwest of Hannover. Originating around the Abbey of St. Boniface, which was founded by monks from Fulda at the end of the 8th century, Hameln was a market centre dependent on t...

In rebellion against Dutch intervention in Javanese politics, Sultan Hamengkubuwana I moved his court from Kuta Gede to Yogya in Mataram in 1755 and renamed the town Yogyakarta. The British captured Yogyakarta in 1811, and Sultan Hamengkubuwana II was deposed and exiled. In 1816 the Dutch repossessed the island of Java, and by 1830 Dutch colonial rule was firmly established in the sultanate.......

...in Javanese politics, Sultan Hamengkubuwana I moved his court from Kuta Gede to Yogya in Mataram in 1755 and renamed the town Yogyakarta. The British captured Yogyakarta in 1811, and Sultan Hamengkubuwana II was deposed and exiled. In 1816 the Dutch repossessed the island of Java, and by 1830 Dutch colonial rule was firmly established in the sultanate. After the period of Japanese......

African-American civil rights activist who worked to desegregate the Mississippi Democratic Party....

(Scopus umbretta), African wading bird, the sole species of the family Scopidae, within the order Ciconiiformes, which also includes herons, flamingos, and storks. The hammerhead ranges over Africa south of the Sahara and occurs on Madagascar and in southwestern Arabia. It is about 60 cm (2 feet) long, nearly uniform umber or earthy brown in colour, and bears a conspicuous horizontal crest...

Austrian poet remembered chiefly for his epics....

...deposits are remarkable. First, individual thin bands have enormous continuity. During the 1980s, A.F. Trendall, working for the Geological Survey of Western Australia, studied deposits in the Hamersley Basin and found that individual thin layers could be traced for more than 100 kilometres. Such continuity suggests that evaporation played a major role in precipitating both the iron......

mountains in the Pilbara region, northwestern Western Australia, extending east-southeast for 160 miles (260 km) south of the Fortescue River. Part of an ancient tableland broken by faults and gorges, the range terminates in rocky headlands and coral islets at the Indian Ocean. It includes the highest peak in Western Australia, Mount Meharry (4,111 feet [1,253 m]), which lies southeast of Witteno...

...Saʿīd’s economy in due course became less dependent upon the export of slaves, and he therefore showed himself more ready than he might otherwise have been to accept the so-called Hamerton Treaty of 1845, by which the export of slaves to his Arabian dominions was forbidden....

...are attached, used to hitch the animal to a wagon or plow. A Dutch collar consists of a broad band across the chest and a narrow band over the withers; traces are attached to the broad band. A hames collar is heavily padded; iron projections (hames) at its top contain eyepieces for the traces....

Leaven (seʾor) and foods containing leaven (ḥametz) are neither to be owned nor consumed during Pesaḥ. Aside from meats, fresh fruits, and vegetables, it is customary to consume only food prepared under rabbinic supervision and labelled “kosher for Passover,” warranting that they are......

...environment and historical background. Of the eight Korean provinces of the Chosŏn (Yi) dynasty (1392–1910), North Korea contains the three provinces of P’yŏngan, Hwanghae, and Hamgyŏng and the northern parts of Kangwŏn and Kyŏnggi provinces. Each province not only was a political unit but also had characteristics of a cultural region in terms of...

mountain range, northeastern North Korea. The range forms a watershed that separates the northern frontier area along the Chinese border from the eastern Sea of Japan (East Sea) area. The Hamgyŏng Mountains lie on the northeastern edge of the Kaema Highlands and stretch southwest to the Pujŏllyŏng Mountains and northeast almost to the Tumen River. Called the Korean Alps, they ...

mountain range, northeastern North Korea. The range forms a watershed that separates the northern frontier area along the Chinese border from the eastern Sea of Japan (East Sea) area. The Hamgyŏng Mountains lie on the northeastern edge of the Kaema Highlands and stretch southwest to the Pujŏllyŏng Mountains and northeast almost to the Tumen River. Called the Korean Alps, they ...

city, east-central North Korea. It was the commercial and local administrative centre of northeastern Korea during the Yi dynasty (1392–1910). It began to develop rapidly as a modern industrial city with the construction in 1928 of a large nitrogenous fertilizer plant at its seaport, Hŭngnam, 7.5 miles (12 km) southeast, and of hydroelectric power plants on the nearby Pujŏn a...

city and oasis in eastern Uighur autonomous ch’ü (region) of Sinkiang, China. An important stage on the roads from Kansu province into Central Asia and to the west, Ha-mi was known to the Chinese in early times as I-wu, the name Ha-mi being the Chinese rendering of the Mongolian version (Khamil) of the Uighur name for the city. The Chinese occupied the oasis in early times, wh...

...Asia—505 feet (154 metres) below sea level. Thus, the differences in elevation in the Tien Shan are extreme, exceeding 4.5 miles (7 km). The eastern extension of the Turfan Depression is the Hami (Qomul) Basin; both basins are bounded to the north by the Bogda Mountains, with elevations of up to 17,864 feet (5,445 metres), and by the eastern extremity of the Tien Shan, the Karlik......

city, western Turkey. Known as Baris under the Byzantine Empire, it was taken by the Seljuq Turks in 1203–04. Later it belonged to the Turkmen Hamid principality, the last ruler of which sold it to the Ottoman sultan about 1381. The city’s monuments include a ruined medieval fortress and several mosques, of which Firdevs Paşa Cami is a work of the 16th-centu...

Turkmen dynasty (c. 1300–1423) that ruled in southwestern Anatolia. It was founded by Felekuddin Dündar, whose father, Ilyas, was a frontier ruler under the Seljuqs and who named it after his grandfather; Dündar governed the Hamid principality jointly with his brother Yunus, with two capitals, one at Eğridir and one at Antalya (Attalia). D...

city, western Turkey. Known as Baris under the Byzantine Empire, it was taken by the Seljuq Turks in 1203–04. Later it belonged to the Turkmen Hamid principality, the last ruler of which sold it to the Ottoman sultan about 1381. The city’s monuments include a ruined medieval fortress and several mosques, of which Firdevs Paşa Cami is a work of the 16th-centu...

general who assumed command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily during the last years of the First Punic War with Rome (264–241 bc). Until the rise to power of his son Hannibal, Hamilcar was the finest commander and statesman that Carthage had produced....

American figure skater who won the gold medal for women’s figure skating in the 1976 Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria....

American figure skater who won the gold medal for women’s figure skating in the 1976 Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria....

city, Waikato regional council, north-central North Island, New Zealand. It lies 80 miles (130 km) above the mouth of the Waikato River. Hamilton originated as a military settlement on the site of a deserted Maori village. Declared a borough in 1877 and a city in 1945, it was named for Captain John Hamilton, a Royal Navy o...

city, southeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies at the extreme western end of Lake Ontario, on the southern shore of landlocked Hamilton Harbour (Burlington Bay). The site was visited by the French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, in 1669. Settlement began with the arrival of loyalists from the rebellious 13 American colo...

city in the fertile western region of Victoria, Australia, on the Grange Burn River. The original village (founded in 1850) grew around an inn on the north bank of the river and was called The Grange. It became an important way station for coach traffic in the 1850s between Portland and the goldfields. Renamed Hamilton, it became a municipality in 1859, a town in 1928, and a cit...

county, northeastern New York state, U.S., consisting of a mountainous region located in the centre of Adirondack Park (1892), which is one of the largest parks in the United States and the nation’s first forest preserve. The area is heavily wooded with spruce and balsam fir trees. Notable peaks of the Adirondack Mountains include Dun Brook, Wakely, Sno...

large burgh (town), South Lanarkshire council area, historic county of Lanarkshire, west-central Scotland, situated near the junction of Avon Water and the River Clyde, just southeast of the metropolitan complex of Glasgow. The area has been settled since prehistoric times. Cadzow Castle, 2 miles (3 km) southeast, was a royal residence from the 10th century. T...

city, seat (1803) of Butler county, southwestern Ohio, U.S., on the Great Miami River, about 25 miles (40 km) north of Cincinnati. In 1794 a town called Fairfield was laid out adjoining Fort Hamilton, which was used in 1791–96 by Gen. Arthur St. Clair and Gen. “Mad” Anthony Wayne against the Indians. Fairfield was later renamed for Alexander Hamilton, the U....

capital of the British colony of Bermuda. It lies on Great Bermuda island in the western Atlantic, along the northern shore of a deepwater harbour. The name also applies to one of the nine parishes on the island. Founded in 1790 and incorporated in 1793, Hamilton succeeded historic St. George as capital in 1815 and in 1897 was raised to city status. To encourage business and employment, it was ma...

New York delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1787), major author of the Federalist papers, and first secretary of the Treasury of the United States (1789–95), who was the foremost champion of a strong central government for the new United States. He was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr....

American pathologist, known for her research on industrial diseases....

British American colonial lawyer, judge, and public official who defended John Peter Zenger in a case important as the first victory for freedom of the press in the American colonies (1735)....

English playwright and novelist, notable for his capture of atmosphere and the Cockney dialect spoken in the East End of London....

U.S. handwriting expert who unmasked the so-called Hitler diaries as "patent and obvious forgeries" and created the term philography to describe his craft (b. 1914?--d. Dec. 11, 1996)....

...Rowan Hamilton invented a puzzle (“The Icosian Game”) that he later sold to a game manufacturer for £25. The puzzle involved finding a special type of path, later known as a Hamiltonian circuit, along the edges of a dodecahedron (a Platonic solid consisting of 12 pentagonal faces) that begins and ends at the same corner while passing through each corner exactly once......

private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Clinton, New York, U.S. It is a liberal arts college and offers a curriculum in the humanities, social sciences, life sciences, and physical sciences. It awards the bachelor’s degree. Students can choose to study abroad in France, Spain, China, Greece, Italy, or Sweden. Campus facilities include an art gallery, a na...

American educator and author who was a notable popularizer of classical literature....

mistress of the British naval hero Admiral Horatio (afterward Viscount) Nelson....

...Nevins produced an impressive body of work, including two Pulitzer Prize-winning historical biographies: Grover Cleveland, A Study in Courage (1932) and Hamilton Fish, The Inner History of the Grant Administration (1936). In 1948 he inaugurated the oral history movement in the United States, establishing at Columbia a project for preserving on.....

American essayist and editor whose writings included works both of homely wit and in ardent support of women’s independence from men....

...from the Kapuni and Maui fields. Its prominent institutions include the University of Waikato (1964), a historic Anglican cathedral, the Waikato Museum and its constituent galleries, and the Hamilton Gardens, a multifunctional facility featuring botanical displays, public art, educational programs, and special events facility. Pop. (2006) 129,249....

Scottish-born painter of scenes from history, portraitist, archaeologist, and art dealer who was one of the pioneers of Neoclassicism....

British foreign secretary and prime minister (1852–55) whose government involved Great Britain in the Crimean War against Russia (1853–56)....

British publisher who published works by some of the most renowned authors in Britain, the United States, and France....

British publisher who published works by some of the most renowned authors in Britain, the United States, and France....

Scottish Royalist whose vacillating, ineffectual leadership did great damage to King Charles I’s cause during the English Civil Wars between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians....

...Pleasant Satyre of the Thrie Estaitis by Sir David Lyndsay (c. 1490–c. 1555). Nonetheless, reform from within was probably almost impossible. For example, Archbishop John Hamilton, a would-be reformer who gave his name to a vernacular catechism (1552), belonged to the family who had the most to lose if the careerists were curbed....

Scottish nobleman active in Scottish and English politics and in the unsuccessful negotiations for the release of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots....

In late 2006 the Iraq Study Group, an independent bipartisan panel cochaired by former U.S. secretary of state James A. Baker III and former U.S. congressman Lee Hamilton, issued a report that found the situation in Iraq to be “grave and deteriorating.” The report advocated regionwide diplomatic efforts to resolve the conflict and called for the U.S. military role to evolve into one....

private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Hamilton, New York, U.S. The university offers a liberal arts curriculum for undergraduates and several master’s degree programs. Campus facilities include an automated observatory, the Dana Arts Center, and the Longyear Museum of Anthropology. Total enrollment exceeds 2,700....

Scottish writer whose vernacular poetry is among the earliest in the 18th-century Scottish literary revival....

private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Clinton, New York, U.S. It is a liberal arts college and offers a curriculum in the humanities, social sciences, life sciences, and physical sciences. It awards the bachelor’s degree. Students can choose to study abroad in France, Spain, China, Greece, Italy, or Sweden. Campus facilities include an art gallery, a na...

English playwright and novelist, notable for his capture of atmosphere and the Cockney dialect spoken in the East End of London....

largest river of Labrador, Newfoundland, Canada. It is formed from several river-lakes on the central plateau of western Labrador (a region of extensive iron-ore development) and meanders more than 200 miles (300 km) to Churchill Falls. There, the course is broken by a series of cataracts, one of the greatest hydroelectric-power sources in Canada. Beyond the falls, the Churchill flows through a de...

American figure skater, who was a four-time world champion and the 1984 Olympic gold medal winner in men’s figure skating. He has been credited with imbuing men’s figure skating with an air of athleticism. In order to portray figure skating as a sport, he took to the ice in the 1983 World Championships wearing a sleek black speed-skating suit rather than the custom...

British newspaper editor who led the postwar campaign for broader media coverage and more innovative journalism....

British newspaper editor who led the postwar campaign for broader media coverage and more innovative journalism....

British general, commander in chief of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force in the unsuccessful campaign against Turkey in the Gallipoli Peninsula during World War I....

British general, commander in chief of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force in the unsuccessful campaign against Turkey in the Gallipoli Peninsula during World War I....

British diplomat and archaeologist who was the husband of Emma, Lady Hamilton, the mistress of Admiral Horatio Nelson....

Scottish metaphysical philosopher and influential educator, also remembered for his contributions in the field of logic....

Irish mathematician who contributed to the development of optics, dynamics, and algebra—in particular, discovering the algebra of quaternions. His work proved significant for the development of quantum mechanics....

...Aircraft and Transport Corporation, it was merged with Standard Steel Propeller Company (organized in 1918 as the Dicks-Luttrell Propeller Company by Thomas A. Dicks and James B. Luttrell) to form Hamilton Standard Propeller Corporation. Hamilton Standard became the leading maker of aircraft propellers, producing more than 500,000 during World War II. In 1949 the subsidiary removed......

British diplomat who was a distinguished governor-general of Canada and viceroy of India....

Irish journalist and novelist whose psychological fiction examines physical and emotional deformity. She was married at different times to the British artist Lucian Freud and the American poet Robert Lowell....

The CFL consists of two divisions. In the CFL West Division are the British Columbia Lions, Calgary Stampeders, Edmonton Eskimos, and Saskatchewan Roughriders. In the East Division are the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Montreal Alouettes, Toronto Argonauts, and Winnipeg Blue Bombers....

The CFL consists of two divisions. In the CFL West Division are the British Columbia Lions, Calgary Stampeders, Edmonton Eskimos, and Saskatchewan Roughriders. In the East Division are the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Montreal Alouettes, Toronto Argonauts, and Winnipeg Blue Bombers....

American children’s author (b. March 12, 1936, Yellow Springs, Ohio—d. Feb. 19, 2002, Dayton, Ohio), was a master storyteller who preserved black oral tradition following intensive research that uncovered long-forgotten riddles, stories, and traditions, many of which she resurrected in such books as The People Could Fly (1985) and Many Thousand Gone: African Americans from ...