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politician who held numerous offices in the British government under King George III and was the object of widespread suspicion as well as deference because of his reputed clandestine influence at court. It was believed that he in some way controlled the relationship between the king and Lord North, prime minister (1770–82) during the American Revolution....

British prime minister from June 8, 1812, to Feb. 17, 1827, who, despite his long tenure of office, was overshadowed by the greater political imaginativeness of his colleagues, George Canning and Viscount Castlereagh (afterward 2nd Marquess of Londonderry), and by the military prowess of the Duke of Wellington....

river rising in the Great Dividing Range north of Lake George, New South Wales, Australia, and flowing 293 miles (472 km) north and east to the Tasman Sea at Broken Bay. It drains an area of about 8,390 square miles (21,730 square km). Known as the Wollondilly in its rugged upper course and as the Warragamba after receiving the Nattai and, later, the Nepean rivers, it becomes the Hawkesbury after...

English writer, Samuel Johnson’s successor as compiler of parliamentary debates for the Gentleman’s Magazine....

British television producer (b. Dec. 7, 1920, London, Eng.—d. Sept. 30, 2003, Leicester, Leicestershire, Eng.), was best known as the creator of the popular and acclaimed television series Upstairs, Downstairs, which aired in 1971–75 on London Weekend Television and in the U.S. in 1974–77 on the PBS program Masterpiece Theatre. Trained as a painter, Hawkesworth w...

the sport of employing falcons, true hawks, and sometimes eagles or buzzards in hunting game....

English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. He also worked with space-time singularities....

English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. He also worked with space-time singularities....

American jazz musician whose improvisational mastery of the tenor saxophone, which had previously been viewed as little more than a novelty, helped establish it as one of the most popular instruments in jazz. He was the first major saxophonist in the history of jazz....

("ERICK"), U.S. modern dancer and choreographer (b. April 23, 1909, Trinidad, Colo.--d. Nov. 23, 1994, New York, N.Y.), was the first male dancer in Martha Graham’s dance company; he later formed and danced in his own company. When he was a student at Harvard, reading Greek, Hawkins saw a performance by Harald Kreutzberg, a German modern dancer, and decided to make dance his career. After g...

U.S. bandleader and trumpeter (b. July 26, 1914, Birmingham, Ala.--d. Nov. 11, 1993, Willingboro, N.J.), headed a popular swing band in the 1930s and ’40s. He took up music as a child and graduated (1934) from Alabama State Teachers College, where he played in the student band. As the ’Bama State Collegians, this orchestra made its debut in New York City in the mid-1930s. Eventually...

("ERICK"), U.S. modern dancer and choreographer (b. April 23, 1909, Trinidad, Colo.--d. Nov. 23, 1994, New York, N.Y.), was the first male dancer in Martha Graham’s dance company; he later formed and danced in his own company. When he was a student at Harvard, reading Greek, Hawkins saw a performance by Harald Kreutzberg, a German modern dancer, and decided to make dance his career. After g...

...demonstrated that the northeast axis aligned with the sunrise at the summer solstice, leading other scholars to speculate that the builders were sun worshipers. In 1963 an American astronomer, Gerald Hawkins, purported that Stonehenge was a complicated computer for predicting lunar and solar eclipses. These speculations, however, have been severely criticized by most Stonehenge......

popular American rhythm-and-blues entertainer who in time became a successful ballad singer....

Canadian-American band that began as the backing group for both Ronnie Hawkins and Bob Dylan, then branched out on its own in 1968. The Band’s pioneering blend of traditional country, folk, old-time string band, blues, and rock music brought them critical acclaim in the late 1960s and ’70s and served as a template for Americana, the movement of hybrid, roots-oriented music that emerg...

American blues singer (b. July 18, 1929, Cleveland, Ohio—d. Feb. 12, 2000, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France), was acclaimed as much for his outrageous onstage antics and the groans, grunts, and screams that accompanied his music as for the songs themselves, the most famous of which was “I Put a Spell on You”; he also appeared in the films Mystery Train (1989), ...

English author of cloak-and-sword romances, notably The Prisoner of Zenda....

English magistrate, writer, and author of the first history of music in English....

English naval administrator and commander, one of the foremost seamen of 16th-century England and the chief architect of the Elizabethan navy....

The majority of upright pianos have strings running upward from the bottom of the case, near the floor; this design is owed to John Isaac Hawkins, an Englishman who lived in the United States in about 1800 and became an important piano maker in Philadelphia. Earlier, the strings started upward from near the level of the keys; these instruments were necessarily much taller and lent themselves to......

English seaman and adventurer whose Observations in His Voyage Into the South Sea (1622) gives the best extant idea of Elizabethan life at sea and was used by Charles Kingsley for Westward Ho!....

...and Hylaeosaurus—for the first world exposition, the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London’s Crystal Palace. A sculptor under Owen’s direction (Waterhouse Hawkins) created life-size models of these two genera, and in 1854 they were displayed together with models of other extinct and living reptiles, such as plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and......

any of a group of sleek-looking moths (order Lepidoptera) that are named for their hovering, swift flight patterns. These moths have stout, bullet-shaped bodies with long, narrow forewings and shorter hindwings. Wingspans range from 5 to 20 cm (2 to 8 inches). Many species pollinate flowers such as orchids and pet...

variety of the semiprecious quartz tiger’s-eye....

U.S. motion-picture director who maintained a consistent personal style within the framework of the traditional film genres. His pictures, which starred Hollywood’s most noted actors, were marked by the effective establishment and sustenance of mood and by an intimacy created by filming from the eye level of a spectator....

U.S. motion-picture director who maintained a consistent personal style within the framework of the traditional film genres. His pictures, which starred Hollywood’s most noted actors, were marked by the effective establishment and sustenance of mood and by an intimacy created by filming from the eye level of a spectator....

Canadian-American band that began as the backing group for both Ronnie Hawkins and Bob Dylan, then branched out on its own in 1968. The Band’s pioneering blend of traditional country, folk, old-time string band, blues, and rock music brought them critical acclaim in the late 1960s and ’70s and served as a tem...

self-educated English scientist and eclectic experimentalist whose discoveries came too early for contemporary appreciation of their significance....

...are Mt. Rogers (5,729 ft; highest point in Virginia); Sassafras Mountain (3,560 ft; highest point in South Carolina); Brasstown Bald (4,784 ft; highest point in Georgia); Stony Man (4,010 ft) and Hawksbill (4,049 ft) in Virginia; and Grandfather Mountain (5,964 ft) in North Carolina....

The hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a relatively small sea turtle that takes its common name from the shape of its hooked jaws and its species name (imbricata) from the overlapping plates on its upper shell. The hawksbill is found in warm waters throughout the world and is an aggressive reptile that feeds on both plant and animal material. It usually attains a shell length......

town, southwestern shore of Grand Bahama Island, The Bahamas. In 1955 the colonial Bahamian government entered into the so-called Hawksbill Creek Agreement with the newly created Grand Bahama Port Authority Limited (headed by an American lumber financier, Wallace Groves). The Port Authority was pledged to plan, construct, and administer a port area (Freeport) and to license businesses and......

British civil engineer noted for his work on the Charing Cross and Cannon Street railways, with their bridges over the River Thames, and the East London Railway, which utilized Sir Marc Isambard Brunel’s Thames Tunnel....

English architect whose association with Sir Christopher Wren and Sir John Vanbrugh long diverted critical attention from the remarkable originality of his own Baroque designs for churches and other institutional buildings....

any of the weedy plants of the genus Hieracium of the family Asteraceae, containing more than 100 species (more than 10,000 species, or microspecies, if tiny variations are considered to be separate species) native to temperate regions of the world. Mouse-ear hawkweed (H. pilosella), orange hawkweed (H. aurantiacum), and common hawkweed (H. vulgatum) are widely distribu...

mercenary captain who for 30 years played a role in the wars of 14th-century Italy....

English naval administrator and commander, one of the foremost seamen of 16th-century England and the chief architect of the Elizabethan navy....

English seaman and adventurer whose Observations in His Voyage Into the South Sea (1622) gives the best extant idea of Elizabethan life at sea and was used by Charles Kingsley for Westward Ho!....

An entire specialty in sociology is built on a structural theory developed by Amos Hawley in Human Ecology (1986). For Hawley, the explanatory variables are the makeup of the population, the external environment, the complex of organizations, and technology. Research has revealed that these variables account for differences in the spatial characteristics, rhythm of......

U.S. legislation (June 17, 1930) that raised import duties to protect American businesses and farmers, adding considerable strain to the international economic climate of the Great Depression. The act takes its name from its chief sponsors, Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and Representative Willis Hawley of Oregon, chairman of the House Ways...

...the international economic climate of the Great Depression. The act takes its name from its chief sponsors, Senator Reed Smoot of Utah, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, and Representative Willis Hawley of Oregon, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. It was the last legislation under which the U.S. Congress set actual tariff rates....

...noted for its orchards (especially dates and olives), fishing (sponges and oysters), and woolens and blankets. Its fine beaches and international airport have also made it a popular tourist resort. Ḥawmat as-Sūq (Houmet es-Souk) is the principal town and chief market centre, and Ajīm is the main port. Pop. (1984) 92,269....

Other Nominees...

Other Nominees...

town, Bradford metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Yorkshire, historic county of Yorkshire, England, overlooking the River Worth and adjoining the town of Keighley. In 1820 the Reverend Patrick Brontë brought his wife and six children—including Charlotte, Emily, and A...

British chemist, cowinner, with the Swiss chemist Paul Karrer, of the 1937 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in determining the chemical structures of carbohydrates and vitamin C....

British chemist, cowinner, with the Swiss chemist Paul Karrer, of the 1937 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work in determining the chemical structures of carbohydrates and vitamin C....

...WomanAdapted Screenplay: Pierre Boulle, Michael Wilson, Carl Foreman for The Bridge on the River KwaiCinematography: Jack Hildyard for The Bridge on the River KwaiArt Direction: Ted Haworth for SayonaraScoring: Malcolm Arnold for The Bridge on the River KwaiSong: “All the Way” from The Joker Is Wild; music by......

...by high dikes. In recent times they have been regulated above Baghdad by the use of escape channels with overflow reservoirs. The extreme south is a region of extensive marshes and reed swamps, hawrs, which, probably since early times, have served as an area of refuge for oppressed and displaced peoples. The supply of water is not regular; as a result of the high average temperatures......

in Islām, a beautiful maiden who awaits the devout Muslim in paradise. The Arabic word ḥawrāʾ signifies the contrast of the clear white of the eye to the blackness of the iris. There are numerous references to the houri in the Qurʾān describing them as “purified wives” and “spotless virgins.” Tra...

region of southwestern Syria extending southeastward from Mount Hermon to the Jordanian frontier. Although rock-strewn and almost completely devoid of trees, the plain has very fertile soil and sufficient rainfall to make it a productive wheat-growing region. Other crops include barley, beans, and beets. ...

radical politician and leader of the peasants, who had a determining influence on the course of Syrian politics in the two decades after World War II....

town, southwestern Yemen. Situated on the Wadi Tibban in the coastal plain, some 30 miles (45 km) north of Aden, it is the centre of an agricultural area. Its sparse rainfall occurs chiefly in the winter season....

any of a number of thorny shrubs or small trees of the genus Crataegus, in the rose family (Rosaceae), native to the North Temperate Zone. Many species are native to North America. The hawthorn’s leaves are simple, and usually toothed or lobed. The white or pink flowers, usually in clusters, are followed by small applelike, red fruits, or more rarely by blue or black ones. Many culti...

A tenacious forward, “Lethal” Leigh Matthews was legendary for his robust play and extraordinary skills. He played 332 games for the Hawthorn (Vic.) Football Club over three decades (1969–85). He distinguished himself by picking up Hawthorn’s Best First Year Player title (1969), earning eight Best and Fairest (top player) Awards (1971–72, 1974, 1976–78, 19...

A tenacious forward, “Lethal” Leigh Matthews was legendary for his robust play and extraordinary skills. He played 332 games for the Hawthorn (Vic.) Football Club over three decades (1969–85). He distinguished himself by picking up Hawthorn’s Best First Year Player title (1969), earning eight Best and Fairest (top player) Awards (1971–72, 1974, 1976–78, 19...

automobile racer who became the first British world-champion driver (1958)....

automobile racer who became the first British world-champion driver (1958)....

socioeconomic experiments conducted by Elton Mayo in 1927 among employees of the Hawthorne Works factory of the Western Electric Company in Cicero, Illinois. For almost a year, a group of female workers were subjected to measured changes in their hours, wages, rest periods, lighting conditions, organization, and degree of supervision and consultation in order to determine what c...

American novelist and short-story writer who was a master of the allegorical and symbolic tale. One of the greatest fiction writers in American literature, he is best-known for The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851)....

socioeconomic experiments conducted by Elton Mayo in 1927 among employees of the Hawthorne Works factory of the Western Electric Company in Cicero, Illinois. For almost a year, a group of female workers were subjected to measured changes in their hours, wages, rest periods, lighting conditions, organization, and degree of supervision and consultation in order to determine what c...

U.S. author, nun, and founder of the Servants of Relief for Incurable Cancer, a Roman Catholic congregation of nuns affiliated with the Third Order of St. Dominic and dedicated to serving victims of terminal cancer....

British actor (b. April 5, 1929, Coventry, Eng.—d. Dec. 26, 2001, Baldock, Hertfordshire, Eng.), displayed his versatility in roles both comic and classic during a half-century-long career that saw him gain his first real fame only after some 30 years in the profession, when he was in his 50s and costarred as the quintessential civil servant Sir Humphrey Appleby in the satiric BBC series ...

British economist who developed a concept that later became known as the multiplier....

Egyptian journalist and writer who was one of Egypt’s leading feminists and was a founder (1954) and editor (1954–69) of Ḥawwaʾ (“Eve”), the first women’s magazine to be published in Egypt....

eponymous ancestor of the Persian Achaemenid dynasty; he was the father of Teispes (Chishpish) and an ancestor of Cyrus II the Great and Darius I the Great. Although Achaemenes probably ruled only Parsumash, a vassal state of the kingdom of Media, many scholars believe that he led armies from Parsumash and Anshan (Anzan, northwest of Susa in...

...unknown, Det Hemmeligheds fulde X (The Mysterious X), his first investigation of the horror of the macabre. In Sweden between 1919 and 1922 he directed the film Häxan (Witchcraft Through the Ages), for which he became famous. In the film he portrayed Satan, the central character in a screenplay that gave a graphic description of the continuum of satanic......

...seamounts cause the surface to bulge over them owing to gravitational attraction. Similarly, the ocean surface downwarps occur over trenches. Using these satellite measurements of the ocean surface, William F. Haxby computed the gravity field there. The resulting gravity map (Figure 8) provides comprehensive coverage of the ocean surface on a 5′ by 5′ grid (five nautical miles on....

The first sign of renewed crisis emerged in January 1397, when complaints were put forward in Parliament and their author, Thomas Haxey, was adjudged a traitor. Richard’s rule, based on fear rather than consent, became increasingly tyrannical. Three of the Lords Appellant of 1388 were arrested in July and tried in Parliament. The Earl of Arundel was executed and Warwick exiled. Gloucester,....

in agriculture, dried grasses and other foliage used as animal feed. Usually the material is cut in the field while still green and then either dried in the field or mechanically dried by forced hot air. Typical hay crops are timothy, alfalfa, and clover. The protein content of grasses and legumes decreases and fibre and lignified tissue increases as growing plants advance in m...

member of a people with an ancient culture who originally lived in the region known as Armenia, which comprised what is now northeastern Turkey and the Republic of Armenia. Although some remain in Turkey, more than three million Armenians live in the republic; large numbers also live in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and other areas...

town, south-central New South Wales, Australia, on the Murrumbidgee River. The settlement originated in 1840 as a coach station known as Lang’s Crossing Place. Surveyed in 1858, it became a town the following year and was named after John Hay, a district parliamentary representative. Developed as a river port, it was proclaimed a municipality in 1872 and a shire in 1965. ...

(Nov. 18, 1903), agreement between the United States and Panama granting exclusive canal rights to the United States across the Isthmus of Panama in exchange for financial reimbursement and guarantees of protection to the newly established republic. The United States had offered similar terms to Colombia, which then controlled Panama, in the Hay–Herrán Treaty (Jan...

Hay cubers, developed in the mid-1960s, pick up the cut hay from windrows and compress it into cubes that are easily shoveled; they are practical in regions in which the climate permits cut forage to dry to the desired moisture content....

seasonally recurrent bouts of sneezing, nasal congestion, and tearing and itching of the eyes caused by allergy to the pollen of certain plants, chiefly those depending upon the wind for cross-fertilization, such as ragweed in North America and timothy grass in Great Britain. In allergic persons contact with pollen release...

Scottish nobleman, a leader of the militant Roman Catholic party in Scotland....

country music show in Nashville, Tenn., U.S., which began weekly radio broadcasts in December 1925, playing traditional country or hillbilly music. Founded by George Dewey Hay, who had helped organize a similar program, the WLS “National Barn Dance,” in Chicago, the show was originally known as the “WSM Barn Dance,” acquiring its lasting name in 1926. It was largely Hay...

American gay rights activist (b. April 7, 1912, Worthing, Eng.—d. Oct. 24, 2002, San Francisco, Calif.), believed that homosexuals should see themselves as an oppressed minority entitled to equal rights. He acted on his convictions and in large measure prompted the dramatic changes in the status of homosexuals that took place in the U.S. in the second half of the 20th century. A member of t...

...concession, the president was permitted to negotiate with Nicaragua for a right-of-way across its territory. Accordingly, Pres. Theodore Roosevelt bought the French company’s rights, and in 1903 the Hay–Herrán Treaty was concluded between the United States and Colombia. The Colombian senate, however, withheld ratification to secure better terms. Thereupon the U.S. governmen...

U.S. secretary of state (1898–1905) who skillfully guided the diplomacy of his country during the critical period of its emergence as a great power; he is particularly associated with the Open Door policy toward China....

intriguer and conspirator during the English Civil Wars, celebrated by many poets of the day, including Thomas Carew, William Cartwright, Robert Herrick, and Sir John Suckling....

The hay mower-conditioner, introduced in the 1960s, has either steel or rubber rolls to split the stems or meshing fluted rolls to crimp the stems, allowing moisture to escape quickly so that leaves and stems dry at nearly the same rate, reducing overall drying time....

American paleontologist who did much to unify existing knowledge of North American fossil vertebrates by constructing catalogs that have become standard references....

(1900–01), either of two agreements between Britain and the United States, the second of which freed the United States from a previous commitment to accept international control of the Panama Canal. After negotiations between U.S. Secretary of State John Milton Hay and British ambassador Lord Pauncefote on revision of the Clayton–Bulwer...

town, southern Fort Smith region, Northwest Territories, Canada, on the southwestern shore of Great Slave Lake. The settlement, at the mouth of the Hay River, was established in 1868 as a Hudson’s Bay Company trading post. With the arrival of the Mackenzie Highway in 1949 and the Great Slave Lake Railway in 1964, Hay River (82 miles [132 km] north of th...

Scottish translator of works from the French, whose prose translations are the earliest extant examples of literary Scots prose....

prolific American writer of children’s literature whose books, many of them classics, continue to engage generations of children and their parents....

...of limited width, located in a building or outside. Loose or baled hay is stored and sometimes dried by ventilation with fresh or heated air, either under sheds or in special installations called hay towers. Silage is made to conserve moist fodders, such as corn, sorghum, and grass. There are two types of silos. The horizontal silo is a parallelepiped, either cut into the ground (trench silo).....

To Bosch’s fruitful middle period belong the great panoramic triptychs such as the “Hay Wain,” “The Temptation of St. Anthony” (see photograph), and the “Garden of Earthly Delights.” His figures are graceful and his colours subtle and sure, and all is in motion in these ambitious and extremely complex works. These paintings are marked by an e...

...up to 24 m (79 feet) tall, divide at the base into several stems. The Chinese and the Japanese, or Siebold’s, beech (F. sieboldii) are grown as ornamentals in the Western Hemisphere. The Mexican beech, or haya (F. mexicana), a timber tree often 40 m (130 feet) tall, has wedge-shaped leaves. The Oriental beech (F. orientalis), a pyramidal Eurasian tree.....

East African people who speak a Bantu language (also called Hays) and inhabit the northwestern corner of Tanzania between the Kagera River and Lake Victoria....

Peruvian political theorist and activist who founded and led the Aprista Party, which has been the vehicle for radical dissent in Peru since 1924....

...from space. The U.S. Stardust spacecraft, launched in 1999, flew past Comet Wild 2 in early 2004, collecting particles from its coma for return to Earth. In 2003 Japan’s space agency launched its Hayabusa spacecraft to return small amounts of surface material, comprising fragments and dust, from the near-Earth asteroid Itokawa for laboratory analysis....

...km) from southern Aomori Prefecture, through Iwate and Miyagi prefectures, to terminate in the Ojika Peninsula. The range has a maximum breadth of 50 mi and is nearly wedge shaped. The highest peak, Hayachine-san, rises to an elevation of 6,280 ft (1,914 m) in the centre of the range....

...cults into the liturgies in honour of buddhas and bodhisattvas. Such favoured deities include Mahakala, the great black divinity; the mother goddess Hariti; Kuvera, the god of wealth; and especially Hayagriva, a fierce horse-faced god who is powerful in driving off unconverted demonic forces. The Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions have also identified local deities as manifestations of various.....

scholar, university president, and U.S. senator from California (1977–83). He is best known for his popular writings on semantics and for his career as president of San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University)....

scholar, university president, and U.S. senator from California (1977–83). He is best known for his popular writings on semantics and for his career as president of San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University)....

...origins, was able to attract the attention of the sultan, who read and admired one of his gazels and immediately had him enrolled as a chancery secretary. Hayali Bey, the most influential poet of the first half of the 16th century, was the son of a timar sipahî (feudal cavalryman) from Rumeli, in the......

ruler of the Javan Hindu state of Majapahit at the time of its greatest power....

By 2002 Masaru Hayami, the governor of the Bank of Japan (BOJ), had become so alarmed at his country’s faltering economy and its sluggish pace of reform that in September he announced an unprecedented move. Japan’s central bank would buy some $24 billion in stock holdings directly from more than a dozen of the country’s largest commercial banks, bypassing the market to provide...

By 2002 Masaru Hayami, the governor of the Bank of Japan (BOJ), had become so alarmed at his country’s faltering economy and its sluggish pace of reform that in September he announced an unprecedented move. Japan’s central bank would buy some $24 billion in stock holdings directly from more than a dozen of the country’s largest commercial banks, bypassing the market to provide...