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formerly one of the three separately administered divisions of the historic county of Lincolnshire, England. It now forms two county districts; the borough of Boston, the northern portion, includes the ancient port and its rural surroundings, while the mainly rural South Holland district is centred on the market town of Spalding. Much of the...

historical region of The Netherlands, divided since 1840 into the provinces of Noord-Holland (North Holland) and Zuid-Holland (South Holland). It constitutes the flat, low-lying northwestern portion of the modern country....

plainwoven unbleached or dull-finish linen used as furniture covering or a cotton fabric that is made more or less opaque by a glazed or unglazed finish (called the Holland finish), consisting of oil and a filling material. Originally the name was applied to any fine, plainwoven linens imported from the continent of Europe, and especially to the product obtained from The Netherlands....

country located in northwestern Europe. The name Holland (from Houtland, or “Wooded Land”) was originally given to one of the medieval cores of what later became the modern state and is still used for 2 of its 12 provinces (Noord-Holland and Zuid-Holland). The Netherlands lies between the North Sea on the north and west, Germany on the east, and Belgium on t...

city, Ottawa county, southwestern Michigan, U.S., on Lake Macatawa, an inlet of Lake Michigan, some 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Grand Rapids. In 1847 A.C. Van Raalte, a minister from The Netherlands, led a group of Dutch settlers to the site, which became a focus for further Dutch immigration. Early lumber industries gave way to agricultur...

American production and songwriting team credited with largely shaping the sound of Motown Records in the 1960s. Brian Holland (b. Feb. 15, 1941Detroit, Mich., U.S.), Lamont Dozier (b. June 16, 1941...

...Street in Manhattan, New York City, with 12th and 14th streets in Jersey City, N.J. The tunnel was completed in 1927 and opened for traffic on November 13 of that year. It was named for Clifford M. Holland, the engineer who designed it. The north tube is 8,558 feet (2,608 m) long and the south tube 8,371 feet (2,551 m) long. The roadway is 20 feet (6.1 metres) wide and reaches a maximum depth.....

...that had originated more than a century earlier, Prince of Wales College and St. Dunstan’s University. In 1983 the Atlantic Veterinary College was established within the provincial university. Holland College, also established in 1969, is an institute of applied arts and technology that offers courses in a number of communities on the island....

American production and songwriting team credited with largely shaping the sound of Motown Records in the 1960s. Brian Holland (b. Feb. 15, 1941Detroit, Mich., U.S.), Lamont Dozier (b. June 16, 1941...

American production and songwriting team credited with largely shaping the sound of Motown Records in the 1960s. Brian Holland (b. Feb. 15, 1941Detroit, Mich., U.S.), Lamont Dozier (b. June 16, 1941...

American playwright (b. Aug. 29, 1944, Greenwood, Miss.—d. Jan. 25, 2006, Santa Monica, Calif.), was the author of the riveting From the Mississippi Delta, an autobiographical account of her traumatic childhood in the South, her descent into prostitution, and her experiences as a civil rights activist. The drama was first produced on the London stage in 1991; From the Mississippi ...

...credited with the very first symbolic logic, he was the first major formulator of a symbolic extensional logic that is familiar today as a logic or algebra of classes. (A correspondent of Lambert, Georg von Holland, had experimented with an extensional theory, and in 1839 the English writer Thomas Solly presented an extensional logic in A Syllabus of Logic, though not an algebraic......

English architect perhaps best known for building the original Marine Pavilion (1786–87) at Brighton, Sussex, for the prince regent, later King George IV. His elegant, simple Neoclassicism contrasted with the more lavish Neoclassical style of his great contemporary Robert Adam....

Australian-born labour leader who helped found the New Zealand Labour Party (1916), which he led in Parliament from 1919 to 1933....

American playwright (b. Aug. 29, 1944, Greenwood, Miss.—d. Jan. 25, 2006, Santa Monica, Calif.), was the author of the riveting From the Mississippi Delta, an autobiographical account of her traumatic childhood in the South, her descent into prostitution, and her experiences as a civil rights activist. The drama was first produced on the London stage in 1991; From the Mississippi ...

one of the pioneering theorists in nonlinear mathematics and the use of new mathematical techniques in understanding problems in disciplines as diverse as economics, biology, and computer science....

father of the modern submarine, who designed and built the first underwater vessel accepted by the U.S. Navy....

...on the development of a female poet, seem to have played a formative role for Dickinson, validating the idea of female greatness and stimulating her ambition. Though she also corresponded with Josiah G. Holland, a popular writer of the time, he counted for less with her than his appealing wife, Elizabeth, a lifelong friend and the recipient of many affectionate letters....

Renamed the Kingdom of Holland, the Netherlands received as its monarch Napoleon’s younger brother Louis. The four years of his kingship were one of the strangest episodes in Dutch history. Louis Bonaparte was a stranger in the land, yet he took its interests to heart, evading his brother’s commands and winning the respect, if not quite the affection, of his subjects. The reconciliat...

British Whig politician, associate of the party leader and reorganizer Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, and nephew and disciple of the statesman Charles James Fox, whose libertarian political ideas he expounded in the House of Lords....

English politician, notable chiefly for the success with which he exploited public office for private gain....

formerly one of the three separately administered divisions of the historic county of Lincolnshire, England. It now forms two county districts; the borough of Boston, the northern portion, includes the ancient port and its rural surroundings, while the mainly rural South Holland district is centred on the market town of Spalding. Much of the...

English legal writer and teacher of international law whose outstanding work, Elements of Jurisprudence, underwent 13 editions from 1880 to 1924....

leader of New Zealand’s National Party (1940–57) who, as prime minister (1949–57), suppressed union unrest and relaxed government controls over the economy....

English legal writer and teacher of international law whose outstanding work, Elements of Jurisprudence, underwent 13 editions from 1880 to 1924....

prominent English noble in the reign of Richard II....

twin-tube tunnel under the Hudson River connecting Canal Street in Manhattan, New York City, with 12th and 14th streets in Jersey City, N.J. The tunnel was completed in 1927 and opened for traffic on November 13 of that year. It was named for Clifford M. Holland, the engineer who designed it. The north tube is 8,558 feet (2,608 m) long and the south tube 8,371 feet (2,551 m) lo...

writer and translator, the second son of the poet and playwright Oscar Wilde. When Wilde was imprisoned in 1895 after a celebrated trial for homosexual offenses, his two sons were hurried abroad; their name was changed to Holland and they lived in secret. Holland wrote a moving account of his difficult childhood in Son of Oscar Wilde (1954) and its sequel, Time Remembe...

An important milestone in papermaking development, the Hollander beater consists of an oval tank containing a heavy roll that revolves against a bedplate. The roll is capable of being set very accurately with respect to the bedplate, for the progressive adjustment of the roll position is the key to good beating. A beater may hold from 135 to 1,350 kilograms (300 to 3,000 pounds) of stock, a......

...highlighted by such poems as Reflections on Espionage (1976), Blue Wine (1979), and Powers of Thirteen (1983), John Hollander, like Merrill, displayed enormous technical virtuosity. Richard Howard imagined witty monologues and dialogues for famous people of the past in poems collected in Untitled......

city and capital of Papua propinsi (province), eastern Indonesia, on the northern coast of the island of New Guinea. It is a port on Jos Sudarso (Humboldt) Bay at the foot of Mount Cycloop (7,087 feet [2,160 metres]). During World War II the Japanese established an air base there; Allied forces took ...

Netherlands gins, known as Hollands, geneva, genever, or Schiedam, for a distilling centre near Rotterdam, are made from a mash containing barley malt, fermented to make beer. The beer is distilled, producing spirits called malt wine, with 50–55 percent alcohol content by volume. This product is distilled again with juniper berries and other botanicals, producing a final product......

...Later that year he fled to England and eventually settled in the United States. His first major novel, Hollands glorie: roman van de zeesleepvaart (1947; Captain Jan: A Story of Ocean Tugboats), relates with humour the tale of a young boy’s career in the merchant navy. De Hartog’s later novels, written in English, are of mainly ent...

Bohemian etcher whose works are a rich source of information about the 17th century....

Bohemian etcher whose works are a rich source of information about the 17th century....

Bohemian etcher whose works are a rich source of information about the 17th century....

Bohemian etcher whose works are a rich source of information about the 17th century.......

After Albert’s death in 1395, new Habsburg family troubles arose, differences that the treaties of Hollenburg (1395) and Vienna (1396) tried to settle. Under the Vienna treaty, the line of Leopold III split into two branches, resulting in three complexes of Austrian territories—a state of affairs that was to reappear in the 16th century. The individual parts came to be known by the n...

American inventor of a tabulating machine that was an important precursor of the electronic computer....

English Presbyterian who was a leading but moderate Parliamentary opponent of King Charles I. Later in his career he served in the government of Charles’s son King Charles II....

American singer and songwriter who produced some of the most distinctive and influential work in rock music....

American humorist who popularized women’s rights and temperance doctrines under the pen names Josiah Allen’s Wife and Samantha Allen....

American biochemist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Marshall Warren Nirenberg and Har Gobind Khorana. Their research helped explain how the genetic code controls the synthesis of proteins....

...previously unseen. Innovations by Byrd included the use of an autogiro in 1933–34 and six helicopters in 1946–47. Meanwhile, the courageous flight of Lincoln Ellsworth, an American, and Herbert Hollick-Kenyon, a Canadian pilot, across uncharted lands and icefields on the first aerial crossing of the continent from Nov. 23 to Dec. 5, 1935, clearly demonstrated the feasibility of......

...exercised great influence on the settlement of the southwestern United States. It was renamed the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad in 1863 and acquired its modern name in 1895. Its founder was Cyrus K. Holliday, a Topeka lawyer and business promoter, who sought to build a railroad along the Santa Fe Trail, a 19th-century trading route that ran from Independence, Mo., to Santa Fe, N.M. The...

gambler, gunman, and sometime dentist of the American West....

gambler, gunman, and sometime dentist of the American West....

American actress noted for her distinctive voice and her warm, intelligent portrayal of funny and endearing “dumb blondes” on stage and in film....

...are nicked to produce single strands; these subsequently invade the other duplex, where base pairing leads to a four-stranded DNA structure. The cruciform junction within this structure is called a Holliday junction, named after Robin Holliday, who proposed the original model for homologous recombination in 1964. The Holliday junction travels along the DNA duplex by “unzipping” on...

five-piece rock group from Manchester, England, that enjoyed many hits in the 1960s both before and after losing singer-guitarist Graham Nash to a more celebrated partnership with David Crosby, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young. The principal members were Allan Clarke (b. April 15, 1942Salfo...

...company by divesting shares of Massey Ferguson and dismantling Dominion Stores. Hollinger Mines then became the principal shareholder of Argus, and the name of the corporation was changed in 1986 to Hollinger Inc. A dispute arose in 1986 when Hollinger withdrew more than $60 million (Canadian) in surplus from the Dominion Stores pension fund. Although the transaction had been approved by the......

...Gaiety Girl, staged in 1893 by George Edwardes at the Gaiety Theatre, London. A romantic farce adorned by the songs of Sidney Jones, it was successfully exported to New York in the same year. John Hollingshead (Edwardes’ predecessor at the Gaiety Theatre) wrote in 1903:The invention or discovery of musical comedy was a happy inspiration of Mr. George Edwardes’s....

Rochdale has an art gallery, museum, and parks and recreational facilities. The borough also includes the towns of Heywood and Middleton, several smaller towns, and areas of open countryside. Hollingworth Lake (117 acres [47 hectares]) is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) northeast. Area metropolitan borough, 62 square miles (160 square km). Pop. (2001) town, 95,796; (2004 est.) metropolitan borough,......

...mental and social adjustment, among the gifted group as compared with nongifted children. In another early 20th-century study, which focused on children with IQs greater than 180, psychologist Leta Hollingworth found that individuals within this group were very sensitive to the ways in which they differed from others and often suffered from problems such as boredom and rejection by their......

American marine geologist whose pioneering studies of the deep-sea floor revealed the strong currents and storms that occur there; in the 1970s he extracted a 30-m (100-ft) core sample that contained a continuous 65 million-year-long record of ocean-basin history (b. March 18, 1936, Santa Barbara, Calif.—d. Aug. 23, 1999, Wyoming)....

...karst terrain from France to the Balkan Peninsula. In France the Vercors Plateau is pavement karst featuring many deep caves, including the Berger Shaft—one of the deepest in Europe. The Hölloch Cave, the world’s third longest at 133 kilometres, is found in the Swiss Alps. Individual limestone massifs capped with karst plateaus and abounding with deep caves occur in the Aus...

...inhabited by Hungarians—situated on the opposite side of the border established by the Treaty of Trianon—was re-annexed to Hungary. A popular tourist destination is the old village of Hollóko; designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987, it is noted for traditional Palóc weaving and embroidery. Area 982 square miles (2,544 square km). Pop. (2004 est.) 218,000....

...gordo “fat”), it became a division point on the Southern Pacific Railroad and developed as a lumber town and agricultural-market centre. The Holloman Air Force Base was constructed there during World War II, and the first atomic bomb was exploded at the “Trinity Site” (60 miles [97 km] northwest) on July 16, 1945 (see......

...trains. The most significant of these early railway bridges was Robert Stephenson’s Britannia Bridge, also over the Menai Straits. Completed in 1850, Stephenson’s design was the first to employ the hollow box girder. The hollow box gave the deck the extra stiffness of a truss, but it was easier to build and required less engineering precision—at the cost, however, of extra ...

...of the radiation is emitted in the form of discrete lines. The Geissler discharge tube, such as the neon lamp commonly used in advertising signs, is an example of such a source. Other examples are hollow cathode lamps and electrodeless lamps driven by microwave radiation. If specific atomic lines are desired, a small amount of the desired element is introduced in the discharge....

...and more powerful explosives—were developed. The German 88-millimetre (3.46-inch) antitank gun was a particularly effective weapon in the war. A number of antitank guns used the shaped or hollow charge shell, which was designed to explode on impact and channel the explosive energy forward, enhancing penetrating force. Recoilless rifles were also specially developed for use against......

San Luis Potosí has become part of Mexico’s so-called “hollow core” because many residents have left to seek jobs in the Federal District, along the U.S.-Mexican border, or farther north. Area 24,351 square miles (63,068 square km). Pop. (2000) 2,299,360; (2005) 2,410,414....

The region was bounded on the north by Achaea, on the east by Arcadia, and on the south by Messenia. Elis consisted of three districts from north to south: Hollow Elis, which occupied the basin of the Peneus River; Pisatis, occupying the north bank of the Alpheus River; and Triphylia, a hilly area stretching south from the Alpheus to the northern border of Messenia. Comparatively high rainfall......

any of 16 species of tropical bats, all belonging to the genus Nycteris, which constitutes the family Nycteridae, found in Africa and in the Malaysian and Indonesian regions....

...and corals may also grow to considerable size and exhibit complex external structure that, again, has the effect of increasing surface area. Their fundamentally simple structure—with a gastrovascular cavity continuous with the external environmental water—allows both the endodermal and ectodermal cells of the body wall access to aerated water, permitting direct diffusion....

...the surface details being subsequently modelled with a mixture of lacquer, sawdust, powdered clay stone, and other materials. The technique has two varieties: hollow kanshitsu (called dakkatsu), made by preparing the rough shape with clay and covering the surface with lacquered hemp cloth, the clay being subsequently removed to leave the inside hollow; and wood-core......

To withstand the stresses of firing, a large pottery sculpture must be hollow and of an even thickness. There are two main ways of achieving this. In the process of hollow modeling, which is typical of the potter’s approach to form, the main forms of the clay model are built up directly as hollow forms with walls of a roughly even thickness. The methods of building are similar to those empl...

The Low Countries of Europe, which had no suitable streams for waterpower, saw the greatest development of windmills. Dutch hollow post-mills, invented in the early 15th century, used a two-step gear drive for drainage pumps. An upright shaft that had gears on the top and bottom passed through the hollow post to drive a paddle-wheel-like scoop to raise water. The first wind-driven sawmill,......

in sculpture, engraving or incised figure in stone or other hard material such that all lines appear below the surface; it is thus the opposite of relief sculpture and is sometimes called “hollow relief.” When the technique is used in casting, the design is cut in reverse into a plaster shell, which is then filled with the casting substance; the hollow impressions of the mold appear ...

patent-medicine merchant and philanthropist. In 1837 he began to sell an ointment that carried his name around the world, and soon added the sale of pills to his business. Advertising played a large part in his success, and from his wealth he endowed two institutions—a sanatorium for the mentally afflicted of the lower middle class, opened in 1885, and a college for women, opened at Egham i...

New Zealand-born Australian physician (b. April 9, 1929, Dunedin, N.Z.--d. Feb. 10, 1993, Sydney, Australia), was a leader in the campaign to combat eye diseases (especially trachoma) among Aboriginal peoples and cofounder of the Aboriginal Medical Service (AMS), which established a system of community clinics. Hollows was educated in New Zealand and at the Royal College of Ophthalmology in Londo...

hollow metal utensils and artifacts. The simplest metalwork technique for making hollowware is to join pieces of sheet metal together, using rivets, solder, or other means. A riveted bucket is a simple example. Raising, a technique dating from at least the 3rd millennium bc, is commonly used for hollowware in silver, copper, and other malleable metals: a disk of s...

German imperial chancellor before and during World War I who possessed talents for administration but not for governing....

any of the shrubs and trees of the genus Ilex, in the family Aquifoliaceae, comprising about 400 species of red- or black-berried plants, including the popular Christmas hollies. They have alternate, simple leaves and single or clustered, small, usually greenish flowers (male and female being usually on separate plants). English holly (I. aquifolium), a tre...

American singer and songwriter who produced some of the most distinctive and influential work in rock music....

the holly family, in the order Celastrales, found worldwide, comprising two genera and about 400 species of shrubs and trees, best known for the genus Ilex (see holly). Four species of Byronia are in the Polynesian and Australian area, and only one species of mountain holly (Nemopanthus mucronatus) is native to northeastern North America....

...sometimes separated into three subfamilies—Dryopteridoideae, Blechnoideae, and Aspleniodeae. The family includes such well-known plants as the woodferns and shield ferns (Dryopteris), holly ferns (Polystichum), halberd ferns (Tectaria), lady ferns (Athyrium), marsh ferns (Thelypteris), chain ferns (Blechnum and Woodwardia), hart’s-t...

any of several species of the genus Mahonia, evergreen shrubs of the barberry family (Berberidaceae) grown for their ornamental value. M. aquifolium, the typical Oregon grape, is 90 cm (3 feet) or more tall and is native to the Pacific coast of North America. It is most used for its foliage: the glossy, leathery leaves, with five to nine leaflets, are spiny-edged like a holly. Small,...

...and dictionary (1825–27) of the Slovak language and codified its literary usage. In an era of reviving national consciousness, this language was taken up by a number of writers, above all Ján Hollý, who used Slovak to produce lyrics, idylls, and national epics. Jozef Ignác Bajza’s novel René (1783–85), using Slovakized Czech, also had a st...

...(33-foot) tree, produces an edible fruit. Its leaves, used to perfume tea, hide the white flowers. Orange osmanthus (O. aurantiaca), 2.5 metres in height, has fragrant orange flowers. Holly osmanthus, or false holly (O. heterophyllus), distinguished by its holly-like leaves, bears white flowers, on 5-metre trees. Osmanthus delavayi reaches 2 metres and has small,......

city, seat (1836) of Marshall county, northern Mississippi, U.S. It lies about 45 miles (70 km) southeast of Memphis, Tennessee....

(Althaea rosea), herbaceous plant of the hibiscus, or mallow, family (Malvaceae), native to China but widely cultivated for its handsome flowers. The several varieties include annual, biennial, and perennial forms. The plant grows almost absolutely straight for about 1.5–2.7 metres (5–9 feet), with the flowers borne along the stem. The leaves have five to seven lobes. Commonly...

city, Broward county, southeastern Florida, U.S. It lies along the Atlantic Ocean, about 15 miles (25 km) north of Miami. The site was covered with pine forests and palmetto with a few tomato farms until 1921, when Joseph Wesley Young, a developer from California (hence the name Hollywood), laid out the town, which was incorporated in 1925. The city was rebuil...

district within the city of Los Angeles, California, U.S., whose name is synonymous with the American film industry. Lying northwest of downtown Los Angeles, it is bounded by Hyperion Avenue and Riverside Drive (east), Beverly Boulevard (south), the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains (north), and Beverly Hills (west)....

...Arthur Freed, and Samuel Goldwyn formed Jesse Lasky Feature Play Company (later Paramount Pictures). DeMille produced The Squaw Man in a barn one block from present-day Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street, and more box-office successes soon followed. Hollywood had become the centre of the American film industry by 1915 as more independent filmmakers relocated there......

Among the features of Hollywood, aside from its working studios, are the Hollywood Bowl (1919; a natural amphitheatre used since 1922 for summertime concerts under the stars), the Greek Theatre in Griffith Park (also a concert venue), Mann’s (formerly Grauman’s) Chinese Theatre (with footprints and handprints of many stars in its concrete forecourt), and the Hollywood Wax Museum (wit...

...in Los Angeles. The prototype Arroyo Seco Parkway (Pasadena Freeway) had opened on the last day of 1939, in time to carry revelers to New Year’s Day festivities in Pasadena. The more-modern Hollywood Freeway (completed 1948) soon carried nearly 200,000 cars daily, prompting comedian Bob Hope to call it “the biggest parking lot in the world.” The four-level downtown freeway....

in U.S. history, 10 motion-picture producers, directors, and screenwriters who appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in October 1947, refused to answer questions regarding their possible communist affiliations, and, after spending time in prison for contempt of Congress, were mostly blacklisted by the Hollywood studios. The 10 were Alvah Bessie, He...

...“Two Days in November,” however, are well reputed, as are the realistic fictions, laid against an industrial background, of Tove Ditlevsen. Perhaps Denmark’s boldest original talent is Anne Holm, who aroused healthy controversy with her (to some) shocking narrative of a displaced boy’s journey to Denmark, the novel David (1963; Eng. trans., North to Freedom...

Other Nominees...

American athlete and entertainer (b. Dec. 6, 1913, Brooklyn, N.Y.—d. Jan. 31, 2004, Miami, Fla.), made international headlines after being dismissed from the U.S. Olympic swimming team for drinking and breaking curfew during the voyage to the 1936 Berlin Games. Although the incident ended her swimming career, which included a gold medal in the 100-m backstroke at the 1932 Olympics in Los An...

...(40 km) long and 12–20 miles (19–32 km) wide, with a high point of 4,336 feet (1,322 metres). Although Europeans landed as early as 1472, the region was not explored until 1884, when Gustav Holm, a Dane, mapped the coast. A trading and mission station was established in 1895 to help sustain the Greenlandic (Eskimo) population with imported food and firearms for hunting. It was......

German-born American choreographer of modern dance and Broadway musicals....

Danish novelist and short-story writer, a participant in the political movement in Danish literature of the 1960s....

American civil rights leader, president of the National Urban Coalition (1971–88), who promoted the need for a mutual partnership between industry and government to foster inner-city development....

...by war and depression, much was accomplished in New South Wales between 1900 and 1945. Labor held office for the first time under James Sinclair Taylor McGowen in 1910. He was succeeded by William Arthur Holman, who left the party in 1917, after it split over the question of whether conscription for overseas military services should be introduced. The party held office for most of the......

The period from 1940 on has called forth a bewildering array of talented writers and artist-writers. In the field of humour and nonsense there are Åke Holmberg, with his parodic Ture Sventon detective series; the outstanding poet Lennart Hellsing, with Daniel Doppsko (1959); Astrid Lindgren, successful in a half dozen genres but perhaps best known as the creator of the supergirl......

...be reduced. This loss of mass then reduces the surface pressure. In the late 1930s and early ’40s, three members of the Bergen school—Norwegian American meteorologists Jacob Bjerknes and Jørgen Holmboe and Swedish American meteorologist Carl-Gustaf Rossby—recognized that transient surface disturbances were accompanied by complementary wave features in the flow in the...

Danish composer of more than 350 works, most notably string quartets, and developer of the "metamorphosis" technique, whereby a motif evolves, by means of constant transformation, into a complete composition (b. Dec. 20, 1909--d. Sept. 1, 1996)....

In Denmark the Holmegaard glassworks and in Norway the Hadeland glassworks both followed in some respects the example of Swedish glass. At Holmegaard the movement began in the late 1920s with the appointment as art director of Jacob E. Bang, whose designs included an amount of striking engraved work, and was continued in the clean forms of his successor, Per Lütken. At Hadeland some......