A-Z Browse

Third in importance, the principal bean of Europe though less well known in the United States, is the broad, or fava, bean (Vicia faba). The broad bean will not tolerate hot weather; it is grown in summer only in the cool parts of the temperate zone and during the winter in the warmer parts. Unlike other beans described, it tolerates slight freezing. The plant is erect, from 600 to 1,500......

street carriage on rails, pulled by horse or mule, introduced into New York City’s Bowery in 1832 by John Mason, a bank president. The horsecar, precursor of the motorized streetcar, spread to such large cities as Boston, New Orleans, and Philadelphia, then to Paris and London, and later to small cities and towns in the United States. A common variety of horsecar held 30 passengers and had...

animal fibre obtained from the manes and tails of horses and ranging in length from 8 inches (20 cm) to 3 feet (90 cm) and most often of black colour. It is coarse, strong, lustrous, and resilient and usually has a hollow central canal, or medulla, making it fairly low in density. Hair taken from the mane is softest and ranges from 50 to 150 microns (a micron is about 0.00004 inch) in diameter. H...

Horsehair fabric, or haircloth, stiff and with an open weave, is usually made with lengthwise yarns of another fibre, such as cotton, and long, crosswise yarns of horsehair. It is used as interlining or stiffening for tailored garments and millinery but is gradually being replaced for such purposes by materials of synthetic fibres. The fabric, at one time made into shirts worn by religious......

any of the approximately 250 to 300 species of the class Nematomorpha, or Gordiacea (phylum Aschelminthes). The young of these long, thin worms are parasitic in arthropods. The adults are free-living in the sea or in freshwater. The hairlike body sometimes grows to a length of 1 m (about 39 inches)....

(catalog number IC 434), ionized-hydrogen region in the constellation Orion. The nebula consists of a cloud of ionized gas lit from within by young, hot stars; a dark cloud containing interstellar dust lies immediately in front. The dust absorbs the light from part of the ionized cloud. A portion of this dark cloud has a shape somewhat resembling a horse’s head. The nebula is located 350 p...

...(Philodendron scandens oxycardium). The velvet-leaf philodendron (P. scandens micans) has small bronzy-green velvety leaves with reddish undersides. Of moderate size is the fiddle-leaf, or horsehead, philodendron (P. bipennifolium), with fiddle-shaped, large, glossy green leaves up to 15–25 cm (6–10 inches) wide and 45 cm (18 inches) long. Larger......

the art of riding, handling, and training horses. Good horsemanship requires that a rider control the animal’s direction, gait, and speed with maximum effectiveness and minimum efforts....

genus of 12 North American plants variously known as bergamot, horsemint, and bee balm, belonging to the mint family (Lamiaceae), order Lamiales. The flowers are red, rose, lavender, yellow, or white; tubular; two-lipped; and in clusters surrounded by leaflike bracts....

city, Vejle amtskommune (county commune), eastern Jutland, Denmark. It lies at the head of Horsens Fjord, southwest of Århus. Founded in the 11th or 12th century, Horsens was a fortified town with several monasteries. The port received its first market charter in 1442 and had become a commercial centre by the 18th century. Horsens is the birthplace of Vitus Bering (who discovered th...

the common unit of power; i.e., the rate at which work is done. In the British Imperial System, one horsepower equals 33,000 foot-pounds of work per minute—that is, the power necessary to lift a total mass of 33,000 pounds one foot in one minute. This value was adopted by the Scottish engineer James Watt in the late 18th century, after experiments with ...

(Armoracia lapathifolia), hardy perennial plant of the mustard family (Brassicaceae, or Cruciferae). Its hotly pungent, fleshy root is used as a condiment or table relish, mainly in the form of a sauce to enhance seafoods and meats; the root is traditionally considered medicinal. Native to Mediterranean lands, horseradish is now grown throughout the temperate zones. In many cool, moist are...

(Moringa oleifera), small, deciduous tree, of the family Moringaceae, native to tropical Asia but also naturalized in Africa and tropical America. Horseradish trees can reach a height of about 9 metres (30 feet); they have corky gray bark, much-divided, fernlike leaves, and scented clusters of white pealike flowers. The angled daggerlike fruits sometimes grow to 45 cm (18 inches) long. Flow...

Signed to a contract with Arista Records, she released her first album, Horses, in 1975; it was produced by John Cale, the Welsh avant-gardist and cofounder (with Lou Reed) of the Velvet Underground. Her purest, truest album, it replicated her live shows better than any subsequent LP. Later albums of the 1970s moved in a more commercial direction, with a pounding......

...of a woman, Sara Monday, in Herself Surprised (1941) and follows with that of two men in her life, the lawyer Tom Wilcher in To Be a Pilgrim (1942) and the artist Gulley Jimson in The Horse’s Mouth (1944), his best-known novel. Monday is portrayed as a warm-hearted, generous woman who is victimized both by the conservative upper-class Wilcher and by the talented but....

U-shaped metal plate by which horses’ hooves are protected from wear on hard or rough surfaces. Horseshoes apparently are a Roman invention; a mule’s loss of its shoe is mentioned by the Roman poet Catullus in the 1st century bc....

any of almost 80 species of large-eared, insect-eating bats that make up the sole genus of family Rhinolophidae. Their taxonomic name refers to the large, complex nose leaf consisting of a fleshy structure on the muzzle. Of the three “leaf” sections, one resembles a horseshoe, hence their common name. The exact function of these facial appurtenances has yet to be d...

...who were allied with the British and who were threatening the southern frontier. In a campaign of about five months, in 1813–14, Jackson crushed the Creeks, the final victory coming in the Battle of Tohopeka (or Horseshoe Bend) in Alabama. The victory was so decisive that the Creeks never again menaced the frontier, and Jackson was established as the hero of the West....

Horseshoe Canyon, located about 8 miles (13 km) west of the rest of the park, was added in 1971. It is noted for the prehistoric pictographs at an area called the Great Gallery, which is accessible mainly by trail from the north....

common name of four species of marine arthropod (class Merostomata, subphylum Chelicerata) found on the east coasts of Asia and North America. Despite their name, these animals are not crabs at all but are related to scorpions, spiders, and extinct trilobites....

Canadian section of Niagara Falls on the Niagara River. It is separated from the American Falls by Goat Island and derives its name from its curving 3,000-foot (900-metre) crest....

2. Abnormal shapes of the kidney, of moderate frequency and including fused kidneys and horseshoe kidney. These organs usually function normally but show an increased tendency toward infection and stone formations....

game for two or four players, most popular in the United States and Canada, in which players attempt to throw horseshoes so as to encircle a stake or to get them as close to the stake as possible. When two play, they pitch from a pitching box, 6 feet (1.8 m) square, in the centre of which is an iron or steel stake extending 14 inches (36 cm) from the surface and inclined 3 inches (8 cm) toward an...

...may be directly opposed to each other. The boat-shaped reefs of Torres Strait, between Australia and New Guinea, apparently developed in such a pattern. Where wave-generated currents are asymmetric, horseshoe reefs develop, with convexity facing the current and the leeward ends curving round to partly surround a lagoon. Low Islets, made famous by the Great Barrier Reef Expedition of......

any member of the marine crustacean subclass Cephalocarida, named because of the curving, horseshoelike shape of the body. A few species are known, the first of which was described in 1955....

phylum name Phoronida, a small group of wormlike marine invertebrates that live in tubes secreted by special glands....

(Equisetum species), plants of the genus Equisetum, 30 species of rushlike, conspicuously jointed, perennial herbs. Equisetum is the only living genus of the order Equisetales and the class Sphenopsida. Horsetails grow in moist, rich soils in all parts of the world except Australasia. Some species produce two kinds of shoots: those with conelike clusters (strobili) of ...

...scrambling or vinelike understory plants, 1 metre (3 feet) tall, with small, wedge-shape leaves; 2 families: Sphenophyllaceae and Cheirostrobaceae.Order EquisetalesTwo families: Calamitaceae, extinct tree horsetails; and Equisetaceae, herbaceous living horsetails and fossil allies with needlelike leaves in whorls along th...

city, west-central Victoria, Australia, on the Wimmera River. Proclaimed successively a borough (1882), a town (1932), and a city (1949), Horsham was named after the West Sussex hometown of James Darlot, its first settler (1841). Connected by rail to Melbourne, 180 mi (290 km) to the southeast, it lies at the intersection of the Western (Melbourne–Adelaide), Wimmera, and ...

town and district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. The town serves an extensive area of the Sussex Weald as an agricultural market and shopping centre and has light engineering and a few other industries. Christ’s Hospital School (Bluecoat School) was moved there in 1902 from the City of London. The mostly rural...

town and district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. The town serves an extensive area of the Sussex Weald as an agricultural market and shopping centre and has light engineering and a few other industries. Christ’s Hospital School (Bluecoat School) was moved there in 1902 from the City of London. The mostly rural district covers a large part of west....

British narrative painter best known as the designer of the first Christmas card. Created in 1843 for Callcott’s friend Sir Henry Cole, an edition of 1,000 cards was placed on sale in London. It was lithographed on stiff cardboard, 518 by 314 inches, in dark sepia and hand-coloured. The card is a tripty...

British physiologist and neurosurgeon who was first to remove a spinal tumour (1887). He also made valuable studies of thyroid activity, rabies prevention, and the functions of localized areas of the brain....

elongate fault blocks of the Earth’s crust that have been raised and lowered, respectively, relative to their surrounding areas as a direct effect of faulting. Horsts and grabens may range in size from blocks a few centimetres wide to tens of kilometres wide; the vertical movement may be up to several thousand feet. They are bounded on both sides by steeply dipping normal faults, along whi...

German-born photographer (b. Aug. 14, 1906, Weissenfels, Ger.—d. Nov. 18, 1999, Palm Beach Gardens, Fla.), produced distinctive, elegant work that made him one of the leading fashion photographers of the mid-20th century. He preferred studio work, and his sessions would sometimes last for days as he searched for the right blend of light and shadow. Originally an architecture student, he was...

U.S. pianist, composer, and one of the first persons anywhere to teach choreography as a distinct discipline; known particularly for his long associations as musical director with Denishawn and Martha Graham....

Polish-born U.S. pianist (b. June 23, 1892, Lwow, Poland [now Ukraine]--d. May 22, 1993, Philadelphia, Pa.), had a performing career that spanned more than nine decades; his playing was often praised for its thoughtfulness and beauty of tone. He studied first with his mother (who had studied with Karl Mikuli, a pupil of Chopin) and then, beginning at the age of seven, with the noted teacher Theodo...

English New Testament scholar who produced, with Brooke Foss Westcott, a major critical text of the Greek New Testament. Hort was known for his theological depth and knowledge of the writings of the early Church Fathers....

English New Testament scholar who produced, with Brooke Foss Westcott, a major critical text of the Greek New Testament. Hort was known for his theological depth and knowledge of the writings of the early Church Fathers....

an outstanding architect of the Art Nouveau style, who ranks with Henry van de Velde and Paul Hankar as a pioneer of modern Belgian architecture....

queen of Holland, stepdaughter of Napoleon I, and mother of Napoleon III....

daughter of the Roman orator Quintus Hortensius, known for her speech against the taxation of women without representation, related by the 1st-century-ad Roman historian Valerius Maximus and by the 2nd-century Greek historian Appian (Civil Wars). In 42 bc the triumvirate of Mark Antony, Octavian (later the emperor Augustus), and Lepidus proposed to raise money fo...

Hills-of-snow, or wild hydrangea (H. arboresceus), a shrub slightly more than 1 metre (4 feet) tall, has rounded clusters of white flowers. The French hydrangea, or hortensia (H. macrophylla), is widely cultivated in many varieties for its large globular flower clusters in colours of rose, lavender, blue, and, rarely, white. These cultivated varieties are the florist’s hydrang...

...classes, or patricians, dominated these assemblies, the common people, or plebeians, had their own council in which they enacted resolutions called plebiscita. Only after the passage of the Lex Hortensia in 287 bc, however, did plebiscita become binding on all classes of citizens; thereafter, plebiscita were generally termed leges along with other enact...

...The chief preoccupations of this character, often the narrator, are objects, women, and music. Felisberto’s masterpiece is the story Las hortensias (The Daisy Dolls). The humdrum, bourgeois protagonist carefully constructs pornographic scenes with dolls, revealing one of the most grotesque pictures of a subconscious in modern literature...

The play’s other plot follows the competition between Hortensio, Gremio, and Lucentio for Bianca’s hand in marriage. The only serious candidate is Lucentio, the son of a wealthy Florentine gentleman. He is so smitten with Bianca’s charms that he exchanges places with his clever servant, Tranio, in order to gain access to the woman he loves. He does so disguised as a tutor. So ...

...in Cicero’s Brutus (a history of Roman oratory), is a character in the first edition of Cicero’s Academica, and is the main speaker in Cicero’s lost masterpiece, Hortensius, an invitation to the philosophical life that later inspired St. Augustine of Hippo....

Roman orator and politician, Cicero’s opponent in the Verres trial. Delivering his first speech at age 19, Hortensius became a distinguished advocate. He was leader of the bar until his clash with Cicero while defending the corrupt governor Verres (70) cost him his supremacy. He became consul in 69 and later collaborated harmoniously with Cicero in a number of trials, in which Cicero always...

...the Romans again refused the king’s offer to negotiate. Over the next three years Roman commanders devoted more effort to plunder than to the defeat of Perseus. In a notorious incident, the praetor Lucius Hortensius anchored his fleet at Abdera, a city allied with Rome, and demanded supplies; when the Abderitans asked to consult the Senate, Hortensius sacked the town, executed the leadin...

dictator of Rome in 287 who ended two centuries of “struggle between the orders” (the plebeians’ fight to gain political equality with patricians). When the plebeians, pressed by their patrician creditors, seceded to the Janiculan hill, Hortensius was appointed dictator to end the strife. He passed a law (the Lex Hortensia...

Hungarian naval officer and conservative leader who defeated revolutionary forces in Hungary after World War I and remained the country’s head of state until 1944....

Primitive agriculture is called horticulture by anthropologists rather than farming because it is carried on like simple gardening, supplementary to hunting and gathering. It differs from farming also in its relatively more primitive technology. It is typically practiced in forests, where the loose soil is easily broken up with a simple stick, rather than on grassy plains with heavy sod. Nor do......

the branch of plant agriculture dealing with garden crops, generally fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. The word is derived from the Latin hortus, “garden,” and colere, “to cultivate.” As a general term, it covers all forms of garden management, but in ordinary use it refers to intensive commercial production. In terms of scale, horticulture falls ...

...and Fruit Trees of America (1845), written with his brother Charles, was the most complete treatise of its kind yet written and led to Downing’s becoming the editor of a new periodical, the Horticulturist, a post that he retained until his death. Downing’s The Architecture of Country Houses, Including Designs for Cottages, Farm Houses, and Villas (1850) long r...

...Summers are hot and winters very cold. In the 19th century the Tisza was regulated through the construction of the Tiszalök Dam and the 60-mile (100-km) Main Canal, which supplies water to the Hortobágy steppe and the Hajdúság, a low tableland covered by fertile black soil. Rice, wheat, corn (maize), tobacco, sunflowers, and lentils all flourish in the county whereve...

American physician and college professor, widely respected among her male colleagues and a strong force for professional opportunity and education for women in medicine....

African-American poet who wrote sentimental love poems and antislavery protests. He was one of the first professional black writers in America....

There has been a literary tradition in Freetown since the 19th century. One of the most prolific writers was James Africanus Beale Horton, who wrote books and pamphlets on politics, science, and medicine while serving as a medical officer in the British army between 1857 and 1871. A.B.C. Sibthorpe, lauded as the first Sierra Leonean historian of Sierra Leone, wrote one of the earliest accounts......

American hydraulic engineer and hydrologist who established a quantitative basis for the analysis of the drainage of networks of streams. The empirical rules he discovered and set forth are generally referred to as Horton’s laws....

American hydraulic engineer and hydrologist who established a quantitative basis for the analysis of the drainage of networks of streams. The empirical rules he discovered and set forth are generally referred to as Horton’s laws....

...takes place. Ponding cannot occur until the surface soil layers become saturated. It is now widely recognized that surface saturation can occur because of two quite distinct mechanisms—namely, Horton overland flow and Dunne overland flow....

...use of illustrations in encyclopaedias goes back almost certainly to St. Isidore’s time. One of the most beautiful examples of an illustrated encyclopaedia was the abbess Herrad’s 12th-century Hortus deliciarum. In many earlier encyclopaedias the illustrations were often more decorative than useful, but from the end of the 17th century the better encyclopaedias began to inc...

...Giessen, where he attended the university. In August 1721 he went to England, where in 1728 he became the first professor of botany at Oxford University. There he produced his most notable works, Hortus Elthamensis, 2 vol. (1732), which contains descriptions and 417 drawings of plants in the Sherard Garden at Eltham, and Historia Muscorum (1741), which contains descriptions and......

...of copies. They became highly stylized, not only ceasing to resemble the plants depicted but also incorporating mythological notions. “Narcissus,” for example, in Jacob Meidenbach’s Hortus sanitatis (1491), is unidentifiable: a human figure, instead of the plant’s sex organs, emerges from each perianth (sepals and petals of a flower)....

...and J.B.S. Estrup carried through the fortification of Copenhagen. Within the Left itself there was disagreement on the lines the neutrality should take. The most radical viewpoint was held by Viggo Hørup, who wanted complete disarmament. After the split within the Left in 1905, the Radical Liberal Party continued Hørup’s ideas. In the years before 1914, it became......

Danish politician and journalist, the leading late 19th-century advocate of parliamentary government in Denmark....

Danish politician and journalist, the leading late 19th-century advocate of parliamentary government in Denmark....

in ancient Egyptian religion, god in the form of a falcon whose eyes were the sun and the moon. Falcon cults were widespread in Egypt. At Nekhen (Greek: Hierakonpolis), however, the conception arose that the reigning king was a manifestation of Horus and, after Egypt had been united by the kings from Nekhen, this conception became a generally accepted dogma. The first of the Egyptian king’s...

Hungarian novelist and playwright who was one of the most promising German-language dramatists of the 1930s and one of the earliest antifascist writers in Germany....

American biologist who, with Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston, won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2002 for their discoveries about how genes regulate tissue and organ development via a key mechanism called programmed cell death, or apoptosis....

modern settlement and ancient port in northwestern Israel, on the Mediterranean coast, south of Haifa. Ancient Dor was a strategic site on the Via Maris, the historic road that ran largely along the Palestine coast. Ruins found at the site date back to the Late Bronze Age (1500–1200 bc), and Dor is mentioned in Egyptian texts of the 11th c...

(“Ruins of Masada”), ancient mountaintop fortress in southeastern Israel, site of the Jews’ last stand against the Romans after the fall of Jerusalem in ad 70....

American educator and television host (b. July 16, 1908, Ottawa, Ohio—d. July 25, 2001, Scottsdale, Ariz.), was host of the popular children’s educational television show Ding Dong School from 1952 to 1967. Horwich earned a Ph.D. in education from Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill., in 1942. Before her career in television, she worked as a primary-school teacher, kinderga...

...Pennsylvania—d. January 24, 1975Woodland Hills, California), Curly Howard (original name Jerome Horwitz; b. October 22, 1903New York—d. Ja...

...York, New York, U.S.—d. November 23, 1955Los Angeles, California), Moe Howard (original name Moses Horwitz; b. June 19, 1897New York—d. Ma...

American comedy team noted for violent, anarchic slapstick and comedy routines rooted in the burlesque tradition. Six men were members of the team throughout the years: Shemp Howard (original name Samuel Horwitz; b. March 17, 1895New York, New York, U.S.—d. November 23,......

Japanese Buddhist temple complex in the town of Ikaruga, northwestern Nara ken (prefecture), west-central Honshu, Japan. One of the Seven Great Temples of Nara, the Hōryū is also the centre of the Shōtoku sect of Buddhism. The temple was one of some 48 Buddhist monuments in the area that were co...

Japanese Buddhist temple complex in the town of Ikaruga, northwestern Nara ken (prefecture), west-central Honshu, Japan. One of the Seven Great Temples of Nara, the Hōryū is also the centre of the Shōtoku sect of Buddhism. The temple was one of some 48 Buddhist monuments in the area that were co...

flexible piping designed to carry liquids or gases. Early hoses were made from leather, which was never wholly satisfactory and was supplanted in the 19th century by natural rubber. Rubber layered on a pole or mandrel produced a flexible and watertight hose; the addition of canvas strengthened the fabric, and helically wound wire gave a degree of rigidity. The introduction of t...

knit or woven coverings for the feet and legs designed to be worn inside shoes, particularly women’s stockings and tights; also socks for men, women, and children. In Great Britain, hosiery includes all types of machine-knit garments....

Horse traction was replaced early in the 20th century by the internal-combustion engine, which also was used to power the pump. The basic automotive hose carrier quickly assumed its modern form; it carries a powerful pump, a large amount of hose (usually about 1,000 feet, or 300 metres), and a water tank for use where a supply of water is not available. Specialized auxiliary vehicles were also......

...were produced from 1911 through 1916, being collectively titled Aus dem bürgerlichen Heldenleben (“From the Lives of Bourgeois Heroes”). The first play, Die Hose (The Underpants), was published and performed in 1911 under the title Der Riese (“The Giant”) because the Berlin police had forbidden the original title on the grounds of g...

Because the surface of a body of water is always horizontal, a trough or channel filled with water can serve as a reference in some situations. The hose level, first described in 1629, consisted of a length of hose fitted with a glass tube at each end. Water was added until it rose in both vertically held tubes; when the surfaces of the water in each tube were at the same height, the object was......

in the Old Testament (2 Kings 15:30; 17:1–6), son of Elah and last king of Israel (c. 732–724 bc). He became king through a conspiracy in which his predecessor, Pekah, was killed. The Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III claimed that he made Hoshea king, and Hoshea paid an annual tribute to him. After Tiglath-pileser died (727), Hoshea revolted ag...

...capital, fell. The northern kingdom sought to survive through alliances with Assyria and Egypt; its kings came and went in rapid succession. The troubled society’s malaise was interpreted by Hosea, a prophet of the northern kingdom (Israel), as a forgetting of God (see Hosea, Book of). As a result, in his view, all authority had evaporated: the king was scoffed at, priests became....

the first of 12 Old Testament books that bear the names of the Minor Prophets, considered as one book, The Twelve, in the Jewish canon. According to the superscription, Hosea began his prophetic activity during the reign of Jeroboam II (c. 786–746 bc). His prophetic announcements indicate that he was active until near the fall (721 bc) of the northern king...

German theologian who helped introduce the Protestant Reformation to Nürnberg....

...Berlin-Kölln and the ruler of Brandenburg; Der falsche Woldemar (1842; “The False Woldemar”) recounts the rise and fall of a 14th-century pretender. In the first part of Die Hosen des Herrn von Bredow (1846–48; “The Trousers of the Lord of Bredow”), Alexis reveals qualities as a humorist, though the concluding section, describing the elect...

shah of Iran from 1694 to 1722, last independent ruler of the Ṣafavid dynasty, whose unfitness led to its disintegration....

...to God for the fruitfulness of the land. As part of the celebration, a sevenfold circuit of the synagogue is made with the four plants on the seventh day of the festival, called by the special name Hoshana Rabba (“Great Hosanna”)....

city, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. The city lies just south of the Narmada River. Founded by Sultan Hoshang Shāh of Mālwa in 1406, it served as a defense against Goṇḍ invaders. Hoshangābād was constituted a municipality in 1867. It is an agricultural trade centre and is engaged in paper milling and the manufacture of roofing tiles, brasswa...

in the Old Testament (2 Kings 15:30; 17:1–6), son of Elah and last king of Israel (c. 732–724 bc). He became king through a conspiracy in which his predecessor, Pekah, was killed. The Assyrian king Tiglath-pileser III claimed that he made Hoshea king, and Hoshea paid an annual tribute to him. After Tiglath-pileser died (727), Hoshea revolted ag...

Originally, the stones were considered to be those of the breastplate (ḥoshen) of the Jewish high priest. In the 20th century the list was supplemented with a series of synthetic stones that were recommended as alternatives for some of the rarer, less-attractive, or less-durable natural stones. The natural-stone list was also expanded to make it more acceptable to both sexes....

...are permitted or forbidden, such as dietary laws; (3) Even ha-ʿezer (“Stone of Help”), containing the laws governing family relations, such as marriage and divorce; and (4) Ḥoshen mishpaṭ (“Breastplate of Judgment”), epitomizing civil and criminal law. Jacob eliminated all laws and customs that had been rendered obsolete by the......

city, northeastern Punjab state, northwestern India. The city is a manufacturing and trade centre and a rail terminus; it also lies at a major road junction. Its industries include silk weaving and oilseed pressing. Hoshiārpur is the location of the Viśveśvarānda Vedic Research Institute and of colleges affiliated with Panjab University. Pop. (1991 prelim.) 122,528....

knit or woven coverings for the feet and legs designed to be worn inside shoes, particularly women’s stockings and tights; also socks for men, women, and children. In Great Britain, hosiery includes all types of machine-knit garments....

...in the course of the 9th to 10th centuries, but the earliest fully preserved examples are from the 11th to 12th. Besides Daphni, Greece owns two more monuments of this kind, the monastery church of Hosios Loukas in Phocis and the Nea Moni on Chios (both 11th century). Similar churches are found in such widely distant places as Kiev (Hagia Sophia, 11th century) and Palermo (Martorana, c.....

Spanish bishop of Córdoba who, as ecclesiastical adviser to Emperor Constantine I, was one of the chief defenders of orthodoxy in the West against the early Donatists....

Polish cardinal, one of the most significant figures of the Counter-Reformation....

Anglican biblical scholar and theologian....