target group:
"includes those individuals who would benefit from an intervention
program and at whom the program is aimed. The population at risk becomes
the target group for any intervention designed to prevent or control
the problem in question" (Clark, 1996, p. 102).
temporary absences (TA):
"granted by the warden of an institution, for a person held in custody,
either serving or awaiting sentencing, who is in need of either psychiatric
or medical attention in another facility"(Kent-Wilkinson, 1998).
term of imprisonment:
"the idea of confining persons to prison after the trial, as punishment
for their crime is relatively new. Generally imprisonment was a sentenced
reserved for someone committing a crime against the state" (Manning,
1997).
theory:
"consists of a systematically related set of statements including
some law-like generalizations that are empirically testable ...furthermore
all theories are models" (Rudner, 1966, cited in Mason & Chandley,
1990, p. 669).
theories of assaultive violence:
"generally, theories that explain violence are categorized as biological,
psychological, sociological, anthropological, and multifactorial theories"
(Clark, 1996).
therapeutic community:
"treatment philosophy involves all the resources of the institution.
The treatment evolves from continual interaction between the inmates
themselves and the staff" (Bluegrass, 1977, p. 54).
therapeutic custody dilemma:
"the provision of care must be carefully balanced against the need
for security" (Burrows 1991).
therapeutic milieu:
"the physical and interpersonal environment manipulated in a systemic
manner for therapeutic purposes. For example, for the promotion of
optimal functioning in activities in daily living, or for the improvement
of interpersonal skills" (Peternelj-Taylor, 1997).
time of death:
"three traditional indicators to determine how long a person has been
dead: rigor mortis, lividity (or hypostasis), and body temperature,
however, none is wholly reliable; all three can be hastened or slowed
by a number of factors such as: ambient temperature, physique, exercise,
alcohol, and drugs". Only by considering all the factors, can a likely
time of death be established".
time-out:
"allowing the patient to sleep it off, a cooling down period before
initiating the formal seclusion procedure; time-out is part of he
application of behavioural modification, and should always be part
of a planned program" (Mason, 1992, p. 267; cited in Mason, 1992,
p. 266-267).
total institution:
"a total institution isolates the individual from the normal discourse
and activity of the outside world" (Sociologist - Erving Goffman,
1974).
total institutions:
"places of residence and work where a large number of like-situated
individuals cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period
of time, together lead an enclosed formally administered round of
life" (Goffman, 1961, p. 13; LaMere, Smyer & Gragert, 1996, p. 26).
Tower of London/ Bastille in Paris:
"these facilities were used to lock that persons who had offended
against the state up for many years, or even for the rest of their
natural life. Usually this was reserved for nobility or someone of
sufficient high rank as a long term example. This would have been
done as an alternative death penalty" (Manning, 1997).
toxicology:
toxicology in the medical examiner's office involves post-mortem material,
including usual body fluids, plus fluid from the eye, often stomach
contents, a portion of the liver, and sometimes liver and brain (Alberta
Justice, 1993, p. 13).
toxicology lab:
the toxicology laboratory at the medical examiners office functions
mainly to confirm or deny suspicions about drug medication that may
develop during scene investigation, examination of the body, or review
of the social and medical history of the deceased (Alberta Justice,
1993, p. 13).
toxicology test:
"the commonest toxicology test involves search for alcohol" (Alberta
Justice, 1993, p. 13).
transylvanian effect:
"the lunar cycle's influence over psychological disturbances in the
human being is known as the Transylvanian effect" (Mason, 1997, p.
18).
transylvanian hypothesis:
"deviant and violent behavior occurs most frequently when the moon
is full (Geller & Shannon, 1976); if so, then seclusion rates could
be expected to be highest during these phases" (Mason, 1997, p. 16).
trauma:
"a major health issue, most frequently identified in association with
violence and the law" (Prothrow-Stith, 1991, cited in Lynch, 1993,
p. 8).
trauma learning model:
"using a conceptual framework from the cognitive sciences of information
theory and cybernetics, theories of stress response syndromes, and
psychodynamic foundations, a trauma learning model describes how the
child victim thinks and processes information about sexual abuse"
(Hartman & Burgess, 1988, p. 443).
treatment "compulsory":
"a group of people who are mentally disordered (which may include
personality disorders ) commit an offense and are compulsorily detained
in a high security psychiatric service for forced treatment. For some,
as yet a number undetermined, are considered to require long term
high security because they are either treatment resistant or our treatments
are not effective. Whereas compulsory detention of the mentally disordered
offenders may be deemed justifiable on the grounds of public safety,
the compulsory treatment issues calls for a legitimation from a moral
perspective" (Mason 1999, p. 162-163).
treatment efficiency:
"whether treatments are appropriate for a specific target group of
forensic patients or whether there is a unique body of treatments
that relate only to this specific population (Mason 1999, p. 162).
treatment resistance:
"the two elements to the treatment-resistance issue are: whether it
is the patient's mental condition that makes them resistant to treatments
currently available in high security psychiatric services, or whether
it involves the rational decision to resist (Mason 1999, p. 162).
Trial of Hadfield (1799):
"the 'Trial 0f Hadfield' set a legal precedent for the 'insanity defence',"
(Cohen, 1981, cited in Mason & Chandley, 1990, p. 668).
Trial of Hadfield (1799):
"legal precedent, for the 'insanity defence' special verdict: 'We
find that the prisoner is not guilty, he being under the influence
of insanity at the time the act was committed" (Cohen, 1981, cited
in Mason & Chandley, 1990, p. 668).
trick:
"an act of prostitution or a prostitute's customer" (MacInnes, 1994).
triumvirate nursing:
"the mechanics of triumvirate nursing is quite simply nurses working
in a team of three, each with equal responsibility for the provision
of care for their patients". They further elaborate that "one patient
would have three nurses who would work together to plan care and engage
the individual in a therapeutic enterprise. Interventions would be
planned and outlined as part of the care program assessment, with
individual sessions being conducted by two nurses acting as co-therapists".
The article details further "the review process by the triumvirate
team following each session and the importance of fairly and regularly
shifting their roles within the triumvirate" (Melia, Moran & Mason,
1999, p. 19).
tuberculosis (TB):
"a disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB
primarily infects the lungs, but it may attack almost any tissue or
organ of the body. TB generally has a long latency period, and only
about ten percent of infected people with normal immunity ever experience
active TB. For people with immune deficiencies, however, active TB
is much more common. TB is transmitted in close quarters when a person
with active TB coughs the microbe into the environment".
References
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