Soyuz TM Credit - RKK Energia

Soyuz TM was a modernized version of the Soyuz T with new docking and rendezvous, radio communications, emergency, and integrated parachute/landing engine systems. It used a more durable metal body and lighter heat shield material. It was tested first in an unmanned flight. It was the manned spacecraft used to ferry crews to Mir and the International Space Station. The Kurs rendezvous and docking system permitted the Soyuz TM to maneuver independently of the station, without the station making "mirror image" maneuvers to match unwanted translations introduced by earlier models' aft-mounted attitude control. The lighter rendezvous system and improved launch escape tower permitted higher payloads, or more maneuvering propellant to be carried.

Crew Size: 3. Design Life: 14 days. Orbital Storage: 180 days. Typical orbit: 329 km circular orbit, 51.6 deg inclination. Length: 7.48 m (24.54 ft). Maximum Diameter: 2.72 m (8.92 ft). Span: 10.60 m (34.70 ft). Habitable Volume: 9.00 m3. Mass: 7,250 kg (15,980 lb). Main Engine: KTDU-80. Main Engine Thrust: 3.920 kN (881 lbf). Main Engine Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. Main Engine Propellants: 900 kg (1,980 lb). Main Engine Isp: 305 sec. Spacecraft delta v: 390 m/s (1,270 ft/sec). Electrical System: Solar panels, span 10.60 m, area 10.00 sq. m. Electric System: 0.60 average kW.

• Soyuz TM BO.  Other Designations: Bytovoy otsek. Part of: Soyuz TM. Class: Manned. Type: Spacecraft Module. Purpose: Living section.

  Lightweight male/female docking system with flange-type probe, internal transfer tunnel (Collar Length: 0.22 m. Probe Length: 0.50 m. Base Diameter: 1.35 m. Ring Diameter: 1.35 m). Kurs automatic rendezvous and docking system with two Kurs antennae, no tower. One window, BO separated before retrofire (changed to after retrofire after Soyuz TM-5 aborted re-entry burn).

  Length: 2.98 m (9.77 ft). Basic Diameter: 2.26 m (7.41 ft). Maximum Diameter: 2.26 m (7.41 ft). Habitable Volume: 5.00 m3. Mass: 1,450 kg (3,190 lb).

• Soyuz TM SA.  Other Designations: Spuskaemiy apparat. Part of: Soyuz TM. Class: Manned. Type: Spacecraft Module. Purpose: Reentry capsule.

  Significantly improved Soyuz re-entry capsule, based on development done in Soyuz 7K-S program. Accommodation for crew of three in spacesuits. Digital computer operates spacecraft. In-line periscope, covers on portholes that jettison after re-entry, enlarged touchdown rockets, improved parachute, high-rate telemetry system. Crew limits were 164 to 184 cm height, 94 cm sitting height, and 56 to 85 kg mass.

  Crew Size: 2. Length: 2.24 m (7.34 ft). Basic Diameter: 2.17 m (7.11 ft). Maximum Diameter: 2.17 m (7.11 ft). Habitable Volume: 3.50 m3. Mass: 2,850 kg (6,280 lb). Crew mass: 255 kg (562 lb). Payload: 1,355 kg (2,987 lb). RCS Coarse No x Thrust: 6 X 98 N. RCS Propellants: H2O2. Expr24: 40. Main Engine Propellants: 45 kg (99 lb).

• Soyuz TM PAO.  Other Designations: Priborno-agregatniy otsek. Part of: Soyuz TM. Class: Manned. Type: Spacecraft Module. Purpose: Equipment-engine section.

  Further improvement of Soyuz T PAO service module with pressure-fed main engines and unitary RCS/main engine propellant feed system. The new KTDU-80 propulsion system, developed from a NII Mash experimental thruster, included four spherical tanks with a total of 880 kg propellant. The variable thrust engine could achieve three different thrust levels through adjustment of four valves: 6000 N, 0.7 N, 0.3 N. Specific impulse varied from 326 - 286 sec according to setting.

  Length: 2.26 m (7.41 ft). Basic Diameter: 2.15 m (7.05 ft). Maximum Diameter: 2.72 m (8.92 ft). Mass: 2,950 kg (6,500 lb). RCS Coarse No x Thrust: 16 X 98 N. RCS Fine No x Thrust: 8 X 98 N. RCS Coarse Backup No x Thrust: No separate backup translation engines. RCS Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. Main Engine: KTDU-80. Main Engine: 310 kg (680 lb). Main Engine Thrust: 6.197 kN (1,393 lbf). Main Engine Propellants: N2O4/UDMH. Main Engine Propellants: 880 kg (1,940 lb). Main Engine Isp: 302 sec. Electrical System: Solar panels, span 10.60 m, area 10.00 sq. m. Electric System: 0.60 average kW.

• 1986 May 21 - Soyuz TM-1 - Program: Mir. Flight: Mir EO-1. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,070 kg (15,580 lb). Perigee: 192 km (119 mi). Apogee: 225 km (139 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 88.70 min. Duration: 8.93 days.
  Test of new Soyuz vehicle. Recovered May 30, 1986 6:49 GMT. Unmanned test of Soyuz TM. Docked with Mir May 23 1987. Undocked 29 May.
  Officially: Comprehensive experimental testing of spacecraft in independent flight and jointly with the Mir orbital station.

• 1987 February 5 - Soyuz TM-2 - Program: Mir. Crew: Laveykin, Romanenko. Flight: Mir EO-2, Mir LD-1. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,100 kg (15,600 lb). Perigee: 341 km (211 mi). Apogee: 365 km (226 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 91.60 min. Duration: 174.14 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-02. Docked with Mir 7 February 1987. Carried Yuri Romanenko, Aleksander Laveykin to Mir; returned Laveykin, crew of Soyuz TM-3 to Earth.

• 1987 July 22 - Soyuz TM-3 - Program: Mir. Crew: Aleksandrov, Faris, Viktorenko. Flight: Soyuz TM-3, Mir EP-1, Mir EO-2, Mir LD-1. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,100 kg (15,600 lb). Perigee: 297 km (184 mi). Apogee: 353 km (219 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 91.00 min. Duration: 160.30 days.
  Manned three crew. Transported to the Mir orbital space station a Soviet-Syrian crew comprising cosmonauts A S Viktorenko, A P Aleksandrov and M A Faris to conduct joint research and experiments with cosmonauts Y Romanenko and A Laveykin. Maneuvered from initial 231 X 217 km orbit to Mir's 311 X 359 km orbit. Docked with rear Mir port at 3:30 GMT 24 July. Undocked with rear port 30 July and docked to forward port.

• 1987 December 21 - Soyuz TM-4 - Program: Mir. Crew: Levchenko, Manarov, Titov Vladimir. Flight: Mir EO-3, Mir LII-1, Soyuz TM-3, Mir LD-1. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,070 kg (15,580 lb). Perigee: 337 km (209 mi). Apogee: 357 km (221 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 91.50 min. Duration: 178.95 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-03. Carried Musa Manarov, Anatoly Levchenko, Vladimir Titov to Mir; returned crew of Soyuz TM-5 to Earth. Orbits 168 x 243 km, 255 x 296 km, 333 x 359 km. Docked with Mir 12:51 GMT 23 December. 30 December moved to forward port.

• 1988 June 7 - Soyuz TM-5 - Program: Mir. Crew: Aleksandrov Aleksandr, Savinykh, Solovyov. Flight: Mir EP-2, Mir EO-3. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,000 kg (15,400 lb). Perigee: 196 km (121 mi). Apogee: 216 km (134 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 88.60 min. Duration: 91.45 days.
  Transported to the Mir orbital station a Soviet/Bulgarian crew comprising cosmonauts A Y Solovyev, V P Savinykh and A P Aleksandrov (Bulgaria) to conduct joint research and experiments with cosmonauts V G Titov and M K Manarov. Interim orbit 343 x 282 km. Maneuvered to Mir's 355 x 349 km orbit. Docked 15:57 GMT 9 June to Mir's aft port. Moved to forward port 18 June.

• 1988 August 29 - Soyuz TM-6 - Program: Mir. Crew: Lyakhov, Mohmand, Polyakov. Flight: Mir EP-3, Mir LD-2, Mir EO-3. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,070 kg (15,580 lb). Perigee: 195 km (121 mi). Apogee: 228 km (141 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 88.70 min. Duration: 114.23 days.
  Transported to the Mir orbital station a Soviet-Afghan crew comprising the cosmonauts V A Lyakhov, V V Polyakov and A A Momand (Afghanistan) to conduct joint research and experiments with the cosmonauts V G Titov and M K Manarov. Returned Manarov, Titov (Soyuz TM-4), Chretien (Soyuz TM-7) to Earth. Initial orbit 195 X 228 km at 51. 57 deg. Maneuvered to a 235 x 259 km orbit, then docked with Mir at 05:41 GMT on 31 August at its 339 x 366 km orbit. Moved from aft to forward port 8 Sept 88.

• 1988 November 26 - Soyuz TM-7 - Program: Mir. Crew: Chretien, Krikalyov, Volkov Aleksandr. Flight: Mir EO-4, Mir Aragatz, Mir LD-2, Mir EO-3. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,000 kg (15,400 lb). Perigee: 194 km (120 mi). Apogee: 235 km (146 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 88.80 min. Duration: 151.47 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-04. Carried Alexander Volkov, Sergei Krikalev, Jean-Loup Chretien to Mir; returned Volkov, Krikalev to Earth. Initial Orbit: 194 X 235 km. Thereafter maneuvered to rendezvous orbit 256 X 291 km before docking with Mir in 337 X 369 km at 17:16 GMT 28 November.

• 1989 April 17 - Soyuz TM-8A (cancelled) - Program: Mir. Crew: Afanasyev, Sevastyanov, Stankiavicius. Flight: Soyuz TM-8A. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb).
  Planned flight to ensure continuous occupation cancelled due to budget cutbacks and delay in launching Kvant 2 and Kristall modules.

• 1989 September 5 - Soyuz TM-8 - Program: Mir. Crew: Serebrov, Viktorenko. Flight: Mir EO-5. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 390 km (240 mi). Apogee: 392 km (243 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.40 min. Duration: 166.29 days.
  Manned two crew. Mir Expedition EO-05. Docked with Mir 8 September. Transported to the Mir orbital station a team consisting of A S Viktorenko, commander of the spacecraft, and A A Serebrov, on-board engineer, to carry out scientific and technological research and experiments. Flight cost 80 million rubles. Expected return 25 million rubles net profit.

• 1990 February 11 - Soyuz TM-9 - Program: Mir. Crew: Balandin, Solovyov. Flight: Mir EO-5, Mir EO-6. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 373 km (231 mi). Apogee: 387 km (240 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.20 min. Duration: 179.05 days.
  Manned two crew. Mir Expedition EO-06. Docked with Mir. Transported to the Mir orbital station a crew comprising the cosmonauts A Y Solovyov and A N Balandin to conduct an extensive programme of geophysical and astrophysical research, experiments on biology and biotechnology and work on space materials science.

• 1990 August 1 - Soyuz TM-10 - Program: Mir. Crew: Manakov, Strekalov. Flight: Mir EO-7, Mir EO-6. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 198 km (123 mi). Apogee: 219 km (136 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 88.70 min. Duration: 130.86 days.
  Manned two crew. Docked with Mir. Mir Expedition EO-07. Transported to the Mir manned orbital station the crew consisting of the cosmonauts G M Manakov and G M Strekalov for the purpose of carrying out a programme of geophysical and astrophysical research, biological and biotechnological experiments, and work on space-materials science.

• 1990 December 2 - Soyuz TM-11 - Program: Mir. Crew: Afanasyev, Akiyama, Manarov. Flight: Mir EO-8, Mir Kosmoreporter, Mir EO-7. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 367 km (228 mi). Apogee: 400 km (240 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.20 min. Duration: 175.08 days.
  Docked with Mir. Mir Expedition EO-08. Transported to the Mir manned orbital station the international crew consisting of the cosmonauts V M Afanasyev, M Kh Manarov, and T Akiyami (Japan) for the purpose of carrying out joint work with the cosmonauts G M Manakov and G M Strekalov. Launched jointly with the private Japanese company TBS. The Japanese television network ended up paying $ 28 million for the first commercial flight to Mir to put Akiyama, the first journalist in space aboard Soyuz TM-11. Akiyama made daily television broadcasts.

• 1991 May 18 - Soyuz TM-12 - Program: Mir. Crew: Artsebarsky, Krikalyov, Sharman. Flight: Mir EO-9, Mir LD-3, Mir Juno, Mir EO-8. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 389 km (241 mi). Apogee: 397 km (246 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.40 min. Duration: 144.64 days.
  Docked with Mir. Mir Expedition EO-09. Carried Anatoli Artsebarski, Sergei Krikalev, Helen Sharman to Mir; returned Artsebarski, crew of Soyuz TM 8 to Earth. Second commercial flight with paying British passenger. Sponsoring British consortium was not quite able to come up with money, however. Flight continued at Soviet expense with very limited UK experiments.

• 1991 August 15 - Soyuz TM-13A (cancelled) - Program: Mir. Crew: Kaleri, Viehboeck, Volkov Aleksandr. Flight: Soyuz TM-13A.
  Soyuz TM-13 and TM-14 crews were reshuffled extensively due to commercial considerations and necessity of flying a Kazakh cosmonaut. This was the original crew assignment. Kaleri and Avdeyev were replaced by Kazakh researchers in the final crew.

• 1991 October 2 - Soyuz TM-13 - Program: Mir. Crew: Aubakirov, Viehboeck, Volkov Aleksandr. Flight: Mir EO-10, Mir Austromir, Mir EO-9, Mir LD-3. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 195 km (121 mi). Apogee: 232 km (144 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 88.80 min. Duration: 175.12 days.
  Manned three crew. Docked with Mir. Mir Expedition EO-10. Transported to the Mir manned orbital station an international crew comprising the cosmonauts A Volkov (USSR), T Aubakirov (USSR) and F. Viehbock (Austria), to conduct joint scientific and technical research with the cosmonauts A. Artsebarsky and S Krikalev. Austria paid $ 7 million for mission. Kazakh cosmonaut added at last minute.

• 1991 November 26 - Soyuz TM-14A (cancelled) - Program: Mir. Crew: Aubakirov, Avdeyev, Viktorenko. Flight: Soyuz TM-14A.
  Soyuz TM-13 and TM-14 crews were reshuffled extensively due to commercial seat bookings by Austria and Germany and the necessity of flying a Kazakh-born cosmonaut as part of the Baikonur rental agreement. This was the original crew assignment. The Kazakh researchers were moved to the earlier Soyuz TM-13 flight.

• 1991 December 1 - Soyuz TM-14B (cancelled) - Program: Mir. Crew: Korzun, Aleksandrov, Aubakirov. Flight: Soyuz TM-14B.
  Soyuz TM-13 and TM-14 crews were reshuffled extensively due to commercial seat bookings by Austria and Germany and the necessity of flying a Kazakh-born cosmonaut as part of the Baikonur rental agreement. This was the second crew assignment. The Kazakh researchers were moved to the earlier Soyuz TM-13 flight and paying German researchers took their place in the final crew.

• 1991 December 1 - Soyuz Buran Support (cancelled) - Program: Mir. Crew: Bachurin, Ivanchenkov. Flight: Soyuz Buran Support.
  Planned Soyuz flight to Mir. Main purpose was to provide spaceflight experience to Bachurin and Borodai, who had been selected as back-up crew of the first manned Buran flight. Cancelled in cut-backs after fall of the Soviet Union.

• 1992 March 17 - Soyuz TM-14 - Program: Mir. Crew: Flade, Kaleri, Viktorenko. Flight: Mir EO-11, Mir 92, Mir EO-10, Mir LD-3. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 373 km (231 mi). Apogee: 394 km (244 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.20 min. Duration: 145.59 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-11. Joint flight with Germany. Docked at the Kvant rear port at 12:33 GMT on March 19.

• 1992 July 27 - Soyuz TM-15 - Program: Mir. Crew: Avdeyev, Solovyov, Tognini. Flight: Mir EO-12, Mir Antares, Mir EO-11. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 196 km (121 mi). Apogee: 216 km (134 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 88.60 min. Duration: 188.90 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-12. Russian astronauts Solovyov and Avdeev and French astronaut Tognini were inserted into an initial 190 x 200 km orbit inclined 51.6 deg. Later on July 27 they maneuvered to a 223 x 343 km orbit, and on July 28 docked with Mir in its 405 x 410 km orbit.

• 1993 January 24 - Soyuz TM-16 - Program: Mir. Crew: Manakov, Polishchuk. Flight: Mir EO-13, Mir EO-12. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 393 km (244 mi). Apogee: 394 km (244 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.40 min. Duration: 179.03 days.
  Manned two crew. Mir Expedition EO-13. Transported to the Mir manned orbital station a crew of the thirteenth main expedition comprising the cosmonauts G M Manakov and A F Poleschuk.The Soyuz carried the APAS androgynous docking system instead of the usual probe system.

• 1993 July 1 - Soyuz TM-17 - Program: Mir. Crew: Haignere, Serebrov, Tsibliyev. Flight: Mir EO-14, Mir Altair, Mir EO-13. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 388 km (241 mi). Apogee: 397 km (246 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.40 min. Duration: 196.74 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-14. Carried Vasili Tsibliyev, Alexander Serebrov, Jean-Pierre Haignere to Mir; returned Serebrov, Tsibliyev to Earth. Progress M-18 undocked from Mir's front port at around 17:25 GMT on July 3, and Soyuz TM-17 docked at the same port only 20 minutes later at 17:45 GMT.

• 1994 January 8 - Soyuz TM-18 - Program: Mir. Crew: Afanasyev, Polyakov, Usachyov. Flight: Mir EO-15, Mir EO-14, Mir LD-4. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 244 km (151 mi). Apogee: 335 km (208 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 90.10 min. Duration: 182.02 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-15. Docked at the Kvant module on January 10 at 11:15 GMT. Transported to the Mir orbital station of a crew comprising the cosmonauts V M Afanasev, Y V Usachev, and V V Polyakov for the fifteenth main expedition.

• 1994 July 1 - Soyuz TM-19 - Program: Mir. Crew: Malenchenko, Musabayev. Flight: Mir EO-16, Mir EO-15, Mir LD-4. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 396 km (246 mi). Apogee: 397 km (246 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.49 min. Duration: 125.95 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-16. Soyuz TM-19 docked at the rear port of the Kvant module (vacated by Progress M-23 on July 2) at 13:55:01 GMT on July 3.

• 1994 October 3 - Soyuz TM-20 - Program: Mir. Crew: Kondakova, Merbold, Viktorenko. Flight: Mir EO-17, Mir Euromir 94, Mir EO-16, Mir LD-4. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 392 km (243 mi). Apogee: 395 km (245 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.43 min. Duration: 169.22 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-17. Docked at the Mir forward port at 00:28 on 1994 October 6. The Mir crew of Viktorenko, Kondakova and Polyakov boarded Soyuz TM-20 on January 11, and undocked from Mir's front port at 09:00 GMT. The spacecraft withdrew to about two hundred metres from Mir and then redocked in a test of the automatic Kurs system, which had failed in Progress M-24's attempted docking. Redocking came at 09:25 GMT.

• 1995 March 14 - Soyuz TM-21 - Program: Mir. Crew: Dezhurov, Strekalov, Thagard. Flight: Mir EO-18, Mir EO-17, Mir LD-4. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 392 km (243 mi). Apogee: 398 km (247 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.50 min. Duration: 181.03 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-18. Soyuz TM-21 carried the EO-18 Mir crew and American Norman Thagard. Thagard was the first American to be launched in a Soyuz. Soyuz docked with Mir at 07:45:26 GMT on March 16 . On July 4 Soyuz TM-21 undocked and backed off to a distance of 100 m from Mir. The US space shuttle Atlantis, with the EO-18 crew aboard, then undocked and began a flyaround at a distance of 210 m, while the EO-19 crew aboard Soyuz took pictures before redocking with the station. Soyuz TM-21 again undocked with the EO-19 crew on September 11 from the Kvant rear port on Mir and landed at 50 deg 41'N 68 deg 15'E, 108 km northeast of Arkalyk in Kazakhstan, at 06:52:40 GMT .

• 1995 September 3 - Soyuz TM-22 - Program: Mir. Crew: Avdeyev, Gidzenko, Reiter. Flight: Mir EO-20, Mir EO-19. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 391 km (242 mi). Apogee: 398 km (247 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.50 min. Duration: 179.07 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-20. Crew commander was Yuriy Pavlovich Gidzenko of the Russian Air Force. Flight engineer was Sergey Vasilyevich Avdeev of RKK Energiya, and cosmonaut-researcher was Thomas Reiter of the European Space Agency. Soyuz TM-22 docked with Mir's front (-X) port at 10:29:54 GMT on September 5 and the hatch was opened at 11:01:23.

• 1996 February 21 - Soyuz TM-23 - Program: Mir. Crew: Onufrienko, Usachyov. Flight: Mir EO-21, Mir EO-20. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 375 km (233 mi). Apogee: 390 km (240 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.20 min. Duration: 193.80 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-21. Soyuz TM-23 docked with Mir at 14:20:35 on February 23.

• 1996 August 17 - Soyuz TM-24 - Program: Mir. Crew: Andre-Deshays, Kaleri, Korzun. Flight: Mir EO-22, Mir Cassiopee, Mir NASA-1, Mir EO-21. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,150 kg (15,760 lb). Perigee: 378 km (234 mi). Apogee: 394 km (244 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.30 min. Duration: 196.73 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-22. Valeriy Korzun and Aleksandr Kaleri of the Russian Space Agency (RKA) Claudie Andre-Deshays of the French space agency CNES. This launch was the first of the Soyuz-U booster with a crew aboard following two launch failures of on unmanned flights. Soyuz docked with Mir's front port at 14:50:21 GMT on August 19; Mir was in a 375 x 390 km x 51.6 deg orbit.

  On Feb 7 at 16:28:01 GMT the EO-22 crew and American astronaut Linenger undocked the Soyuz TM-24 ferry from the front docking port, flew it around to the far side of the complex and redocked at the rear Kvant port at 16:51:27 GMT. This cleared the forward port for the arrival of the EO-23 crew, who brought with them German astronaut Reinhold Ewald on Feb 12.

• 1997 February 10 - Soyuz TM-25 - Program: Mir. Crew: Tsibliyev, Lazutkin, Ewald. Flight: Mir EO-23, Mir 97, Mir NASA-3, Mir EO-22. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Perigee: 385 km (239 mi). Apogee: 392 km (243 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.30 min. Duration: 184.92 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-23. Soyuz TM-25 docked with Mir at the forward port on February 12 at 15:51:13 GMT.

• 1997 August 5 - Soyuz TM-26 - Program: Mir. Crew: Solovyov, Vinogradov. Flight: Mir EO-24, Mir NASA-4, Mir EO-23. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Perigee: 378 km (234 mi). Apogee: 385 km (239 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 92.20 min. Duration: 197.73 days.
  Mir Expedition EO-24. The Soyuz docked manually at 17:02 GMT August 7. Over the next six months the crew undertook seven internal and external spacewalks to repair the crippled space station.

• 1998 January 29 - Soyuz TM-27 - Program: Mir. Crew: Musabayev, Budarin, Eyharts. Flight: Mir EO-25, Mir Pegase, Mir NASA-5, Mir EO-24, STS-89, Mir NASA-6. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Perigee: 363 km (225 mi). Apogee: 373 km (231 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 91.90 min. Duration: 207.53 days.
  Soyuz TM-27 carried the Mir EO-25 crew and French astronaut Leopold Eyharts. NASA and the Russian Space Agency had hoped Soyuz TM-27 could dock with Mir while Endeavour was still there, resulting in an on-board crew of 13, a record which would have stood for years or decades. But the French vetoed this, saying the commotion and time wasted would ruin Eyharts Pegase experimental programme. Soyuz TM-27 docked at the Kvant module port at 17:54 GMT on January 31, 1998, less than five hours before Endeavour landed in Florida.

  Solovyov handed over command of Mir to EO-25 commander Musabayev, and the Mir EO-24 crew and Eyharts undocked from the forward port of Mir at 05:52 GMT on February 19 aboard the Soyuz TM-26 for their return home. On February 20, the EO-25 crew and Andy Thomas of the NASA-7 mission boarded Soyuz TM-27 and undocked from the Kvant port at 08:48 GMT. They redocked with the forward port on Mir at 09:32 GMT. This freed up the Kvant port for a test redocking of the Progress M-37 cargo ship, parked in a following orbit with Mir during the crew transfer.

• 1998 August 13 - Soyuz TM-28 - Program: Mir. Crew: Padalka, Avdeyev, Baturin. Flight: Mir EP-4, Mir EO-26, Mir EO-25, Mir EO-26/-27. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Perigee: 363 km (225 mi). Apogee: 373 km (231 mi). Inclination: 51.70 deg. Period: 91.90 min. Duration: 198.69 days.
  Soyuz TM-28 docked at 10:56 GMT on August 15 with the rear (Kvant) port of the Mir space station, which had been vacated at 09:28 GMT on August 12 by Progress M-39. The EO-25 crew, Musabayev and Budarin, landed with Baturin on Aug 25, leaving the EO-26 crew of Padalka and Avdeyev on the station. As only one final Soyuz mission to Mir was planned, with two of the seats on that Soyuz pre-sold to Slovak and French experimenters, the return crew of Soyuz TM-28 was subject to constant replanning and revision. On February 8, 1999, at 11:23 GMT Padalka and Avdeyev undocked from Mir's -X port in Soyuz TM-28, and redocked at the +X Kvant port at 11:39 GMT, freeing up the front port for the Soyuz TM-29 docking. Finally on February 27, 1999 EO-26 commander Padalka and Slovak cosmonaut Bella undocked Soyuz TM-28 from the Kvant rear docking port at 22:52 GMT, landing in Kazakhstan on February 28 at 02:14 GMT. Avdeyev remained on Mir with the EO-27 crew delivered on Soyuz TM-29, heading for a manned space flight time record.

• 1999 February 20 - Soyuz TM-29 - Program: Mir. Crew: Afanasyev, Haignere, Bella. Flight: Mir EO-27, Mir Stefanik, Mir EO-26, Mir EO-26/-27. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Perigee: 341 km (211 mi). Apogee: 357 km (221 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 91.52 min. Duration: 188.85 days.
  Soyuz TM-29 docked with Mir on February 22 at 05:36 GMT. Since two crew seats had been sold (to Slovakia and France), Afansyev was the only Russian cosmonaut aboard. This meant that Russian engineer Avdeyev already aboard Mir would have to accept a double-length assignment. After the February 27 departure of EO-26 crew commander Padalka and Slovak cosmonaut Bella aboard Soyuz TM-28, the new EO-27 Mir crew consisted of Afanasyev as Commander, Avdeyev as Engineer and French cosmonaut Haignere. Follwoing an extended mission and three space walks, the last operational crew aboard Mir prepared to return. The station was powered down and prepared for free drift mode.

• 2000 April 4 - Soyuz TM-30 - Program: Mir. Crew: Kaleri, Zalyotin. Flight: Mir EO-28. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,250 kg (15,980 lb). Perigee: 358 km (222 mi). Apogee: 384 km (238 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 91.97 min. Duration: 72.82 days.
  Soyuz TM-30 docked with Mir's forward (-X) port on April 6 at 0631 GMT. Zalyotin and Kaleri reactivated the uninhabited station. Unloading Progress M1-1 and M1-2, they resupplied the station. The Progress spacecraft were also used to raise the station's orbit to 360 x 378 km x 51.6 deg. The orbital plane of Mir was then around 120 degrees away from that of ISS (making transport between the stations impossible, as desired by NASA).

• 2000 October 31 - Soyuz TM-31 - Program: ISS. Crew: Gidzenko, Krikalyov, Shepherd. Flight: ISS EO-1. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 7,250 kg (15,980 lb). Perigee: 378 km (234 mi). Apogee: 385 km (239 mi). Inclination: 51.50 deg. Period: 92.18 min. Duration: 186.91 days.
  Soyuz TM-31 delivered the Expedition One crew to the International Space Station with Gidzenko as the Soyuz crew commander with the call-sign 'Uran'. The spacecraft docked at Zvezda's rear port at 0921 GMT on November 2. The hatch to Zvezda was opened at 1023 GMT. Once aboard ISS, Shepherd became the ISS Commander, with 'Station Alpha' as the ISS callsign. Soyuz TM-31, with Shepherd, Gidzenko and Krikalyov aboard, undocked from the -Y port on Zvezda on February 24, 2001 at 1006 GMT and redocked with the -Z port on Zarya at 1037 GMT. This freed the Zvezda port for a Progress resupply ship. After the departure of the Progress, Soyuz TM-31 undocked from the Zarya nadir port April 18 2001 at 1240 GMT and redocked with the Zvezda aft port at 1301 GMT, leaving clearance for the Raffaello MPLM module to be berthed at the Unity nadir during the STS-100 mission.

• 2001 April 28 - Soyuz TM-32 - Program: ISS. Crew: Musabayev, Baturin, Tito. Flight: ISS EP-1. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 6,750 kg (14,880 lb). Perigee: 254 km (157 mi). Apogee: 326 km (202 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Duration: 185.89 days.
  Soyuz TM-32 was designated ISS flight 2S by NASA and EP-1 (Visiting Crew 1) by RKK Energia. Soyuz TM-32 was a fresh lifeboat for the station; the Soyuz TM-31 crew themselves would return in Soyuz TM-31, which was at the end of its rated in-space storage tie. Dennis Tito's inclusion in the crew created controversy between NASA and the Russians since he was the first space tourist to fly to ISS. He had originally paid to fly to the Mir station but funds ran out to keep that station in orbit. Soyuz TM-32 docked with the -Z port on Zarya at 0758 GMT on April 30 after Endeavour had departed.. The crew transferred their customized reentry seat liners to Soyuz TM-31, at which point TM-32 became the Station's rescue vehicle. After a six day stay, the Soyuz TM-32 crew returned to earth aboard Soyuz TM-31. The Expedition 3 crew entered Soyuz TM-32) on October 19, 2001 and undocked from the nadir port of Zarya at 1048 GMT, flying it out and then sideways a few meters before approaching the station again to dock with the Pirs nadir port at 1104 GMT. This freed up Zarya for the arrival of a new Soyuz. The docking port at the aft end of Zvezda was occupied by the Progress M-45 cargo ship.

• 2001 October 21 - Soyuz TM-33 - Program: ISS. Crew: Afanasyev, Kozeyev, Andre-Deshays. Flight: ISS EP-2. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 6,750 kg (14,880 lb). Perigee: 388 km (241 mi). Apogee: 399 km (247 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Duration: 195.79 days.
  Soyuz TM-33, an ISS lifeboat, carried two Russian and one French cosmonaut to the International Space Station (ISS). It docked with the ISS at 10:00 UT on 23 October. This new crew spent eight days on the ISS, and returned on the older Soyuz TM-32 at 03:59 UT on 31 October. The new Soyuz was to remain docked as a lifeboat craft for the long-term ISS crew of three (two Russian and one American) astronauts. On May 5, 2002, after a week aboard the station, the visting Soyuz TM-34 crew moved to the old Soyuz TM-33, docked at the Pirs port. They undocked at 0031:08 UTC on May 5, leaving the EO-4 crew of Onufrienko, Walz and Bursch with the new Soyuz TM-34 as their rescue vehicle. Soyuz TM-33 made its deorbit burn at 0257 UTC and landed successfully at 0352 UTC 25 km SE of Arkalyk.

• 2002 April 25 - Soyuz TM-34 - Program: ISS. Crew: Gidzenko, Vittori, Shuttleworth. Flight: ISS EP-3. Launch Site: Baikonur. Launch Complex: LC1. Launch Vehicle: Soyuz. Mass: 6,750 kg (14,880 lb). Perigee: 387 km (240 mi). Apogee: 397 km (246 mi). Inclination: 51.60 deg. Period: 92.40 min. Duration: 198.73 days.
  Launch delayed from April 10, 22 and 17. Soyuz TM-34 was launched on ISS Mission 4S with Commander Yuri Gidzenko of Rosaviakosmos, Flight Engineer is Roberto Vittori of ESA, and Tourist Mark Shuttleworth, a South African citizen. At 1210 UTC Soyuz TM-34 was in a 242 x 269 km x 51.6 deg orbit. The flight was also referred to as ISS Mission 4S, the EP-3 visiting crew flight, and even as 'Soyuz 4' by NASA. Soyuz TM-34 docked with the nadir port on the Zarya module at 0755 UTC on April 27. The 4S flight docked at the Zarya nadir port on April 27. and the crew would return to Earth in the old TM-33 vehicle, leaving TM-34 as the active ISS rescue vehicle.