A small and heavily forested country, Estonia is the most northerly of the three former Soviet Baltic republics.
Not much more than a decade after it regained its independence following the collapse of the USSR, the republic was welcomed as an EU member in May 2004. The move came just weeks after it joined Nato.
Overview
These historic developments would have been extremely hard to imagine in not-so-distant Soviet times.
 |
Tallinn: The Capital's long history is evident in its old town
|
Estonia was part of the Russian empire until 1918 when it proclaimed its independence. Russia recognised it as an independent state under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu.
During the two decades that followed it tried to assert its identity as a nation squeezed between the rise of Nazism in Germany and the dominion of Stalin in the USSR.
After a pact between Hitler and Stalin, Soviet troops arrived in 1940 and Estonia was absorbed into the Soviet Union. Nazi forces pushed the Soviets out in 1941 but the Red Army returned in 1944 and remained for half a century.
The rapidly expanding Soviet planned economy brought hundreds of thousands of Soviet immigrants to Estonia, causing widespread fear among Estonians that their national identity would eventually vanish.
Russians account for up to a third of the population.
The legacy of the Soviet years has left a mark which the country carries with it into its EU era: Many Russian-speakers complain of discrimination, saying strict language laws make it hard to get jobs or citizenship without proficiency in Estonian. Some Russian-speakers who were born in Estonia are either unable or unwilling to become citizens because of the language requirements.
After a decade of negotiations, Estonia and Russia signed a treaty defining the border between the two countries in May 2005. The Estonian parliament ratified it soon afterwards but only after it had introduced reference to Soviet occupation. Moscow reacted by pulling out of the treaty and saying talks would have to start afresh.
The Estonian language is closely related to Finnish but not to the languages of either of the other Baltic republics, Latvia and Lithuania, or to Russian. The country has unique traditions in folk song and verse, traditions which have had to be strong to survive the many centuries of domination by foreign countries.
Estonia has enjoyed strong growth in recent years, but in 2009 its economy looked set to be badly hit by the global financial crisis.
Facts
- Full name: Republic of Estonia
- Population: 1.3 million (UN, 2008)
- Capital: Tallinn
- Area: 45,227 sq km (17,462 sq km)
- Major languages: Estonian, Russian
- Major religion: Christianity
- Life expectancy: 66 years (men), 77 years (women) (UN)
- Monetary unit: 1 kroon = 100 sents
- Main exports: Machinery, textiles, wood products
- GNI per capita: US $13,200 (World Bank, 2007)
- Internet domain: .ee
- International dialling code: + 372
Leaders
President: Toomas Hendrik Ilves
President Toomas Hendrik Ilves
|
Mr Ilves was sworn in as president in October 2006.
As head of state, the president is supreme commander of the armed forces and represents Estonia abroad. However, the role is mainly ceremonial.
The president is elected to a five-year term by MPs and local officials.
Prime minister: Andrus Ansip
Andrus Ansip is Estonia's first sitting prime minister to be re-elected since the country quit the Soviet Union in 1991.
PM Andrus Ansip, a former mayor of Tartu
|
He became prime minister in April 2005 and in March 2007 his centre-right Reform Party won parliamentary polls, but with too small a margin to govern alone.
It went on to form a coalition with the conservative Pro Patria-Res Publica and the Social Democrats.
As the new government took office, Mr Ansip outlined plans to cut taxes, increase defence spending in line with pledges to Nato and to steer Estonia towards adopting the European single currency.
He had aimed for eurozone membership in January 2007 but high inflation led the government to put back the target entry date.
In the run-up to the March 2007 poll Mr Ansip backed controversial legislation which paved the way for the removal of a controversial Red Army memorial in Tallinn. The law, and the subsequent relocation of the statue, sparked fury in Moscow.
Andrus Ansip was 48 when he became premier. He entered national politics in 2004 following a stint as mayor of Tartu, Estonia's second city.
His first government, which included the centre-left Centre Party and the centrist People's Union, was Estonia's eighth administration in 12 years.
Media
The post-independence years of the early 1990s saw a proliferation of newspapers. This turned into a fight for survival for a smaller number of surviving titles.
Broadcasting witnessed spectacular growth after 1991. The industry has attracted a number of foreign players; the two main commercial TV stations are owned by Swedish and Norwegian concerns.
Public radio and TV services are run by Eesti Televisioon (ETV) and Eesti Raadio (ER).
Take-up of cable TV is extensive; the channel offering includes stations in Finnish, Swedish, Russian and Latvian.
Estonia has gained a reputation for being at the cutting edge of technology. A June 2007 survey found that 768,000 Estonians - 65% of the population - use the internet. The country held the world's first parliamentary "e-vote" in 2007.
The press
Television
Radio
News agency/internet
|
One-Minute World News
E-mail this to a friend
Printable version
Parents wait for their children
© MMIX
Bookmark with:
What are these?