THE INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE
Anesthesia and Analgesia in Research Animals
Boston University IACUC POLICIES AND GUIDELINES BUMC IACUC Approved August 5, 2008
SWINE FORMULARY
| DRUG NAME | DOSE (mg/kg) & ROUTE | FREQUENCY | NOTES | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anticholinergics - Prevents bradycardia and cardiac arrhythmias | ||||
| Atropine | 0.04 IM or SC | Once at induction | ||
|
0.01 IM or SC | Once at induction | ||
| Inhalation anesthetics - Must use precision vaporizer. Survival surgery requires concurrent pre-emptive analgesia. | ||||
|
1-3% inhalant to effect (up to 5% for induction). Up to 8% for Sevoflurane | Whenever general anesthesia is required | Mask induction is possible with small pigs. Survival surgery requires concurrent pre-emptive analgesia. | |
| Nitrous oxide (N2O) | Up to 60% with oxygen | Whenever deep sedation or general anesthesia is required | Not acceptable for surgery as sole agent – usually used with inhalant anesthetic to potentiate effect and lower required dose | |
| Ketamine and/or Telazol®) combinations – May sting on IM injection – Frequently used for pre-anesthesia prior to intubation and induction of isoflurane anesthesia | ||||
| Ketamine-Acepromazine | 33 + 1.1 IM, SC (in same syringe) |
For sedation and pre-anesthesia | Can result in large volumes | |
| Recommended: Ketamine-Xylazine |
–20 + 2 IM (in same syringe) |
Prior to general anesthesia | Can result in large volumes – consider using Telazol® or Telazol® combination as alternative | |
|
6 – 8 IM =.06 - .08 ml/kg |
For sedation or pre-anesthesia | Note that Telazol® must be stored refrigerated once reconstituted. | |
| Telazol®-Ketamine-Xylazine (TKX) | ~ 0.025 ml of cocktail per kg IM | For sedation or pre-anesthesia | Note that Telazol® must be stored refrigerated once reconstituted. To mix: reconstitute Telazol® with ‘large animal xylazine (100mg/ml) instead of water; add 5 ml ketamine (concentration of 100mg/ml) |
|
| Telazol® - Xylazine | 4.0 (Telazol) + 2.0 (xylazine) IM, SC |
For sedation or pre-anesthesia | Note that Telazol® must be stored refrigerated once reconstituted. Reconstitute Telazol with 5ml of sterile water. Withdraw appropriate dosage and mix in syringe with animal’s dose of Xylazine. | |
| Reversal agents – Atipamezole is more specific for medetomidine than for xylazine (as a general rule, Atipamezole is dosed at the same volume as Medetomidine, though they are manufactured at different concentrations. | ||||
| Atipamezole | 0.25 - 1.0 IV, IM SC | Any time medetomidine or xylazine has been used | ||
| Yohimbine | 0.125 – 0.3 IV 0.2 IV |
Once. Repeat as needed. |
To reverse xylazine | |
| Other injectable anesthetics and tranquilizers | ||||
| Sodium pentobarbital (Nembutal) | 20 – 30 IV to effect and maintained with intermittent bolus as needed or 2-20 mg/kg/hr IV continuous infusion after induction |
Recommended for terminal/acute procedures only, with booster doses as needed. | Preemptive analgesia strongly recommended. Consider supplemental analgesia (opioid or NSAID) for invasive procedures. | |
| Propofol | 16 – 22 IV | As induction agent, prior to general anesthesia with pentobarbital or inhalant | Respiratory depression upon induction is possible. | |
| Acepromazine | 0.08 – 0.2 IM or SC | May be used whenever ketamine combinations are used | Usually only used in conjunction with anesthetics such as ketamine. Acepromazine is a tranquilizer and does not confer analgesia. | |
| Opioid analgesia – Pure mu receptor agonists are not recommended in swine as they may produce excitation | ||||
|
0.005 - 0.05 SC | Used pre-operatively for preemptive analgesia and post-operatively every 6-12 hour | For major procedures, require more frequent dosing than 12 hour intervals. Consider multi-modal analgesia with a NSAID | |
| Butorphanol | 0.1 – 0.5 SC | Used pre-operatively for preemptive analgesia and post-operatively every 4-6 hour | For major procedures, require more frequent dosing than 12 hour intervals. Consider multi-modal analgesia with a NSAID | |
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| Naloxone | 0.01 - 0.05 IV, IM | Once as needed to reverse respiratory depression | Note that reversal will also remove the analgesic effect of the opioid | |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) analgesia- Note that prolonged use may cause renal, gastrointestinal, or other problems. | ||||
| Carprofen | 2 - 4 SC or PO | Used pre-operatively for preemptive analgesia and post-operatively every 24 hour for up to 4 days. | Depending on the procedure, may be used as sole analgesic, or as multi-modal analgesia with buprenorphine. | |
|
0.4 PO, IM or SC | Used pre-operatively for preemptive analgesia and post-operatively every 24 hour for up to 4 days. | Depending on the procedure, may be used as sole analgesic, or as multi-modal analgesia with buprenorphine. | |
| Ketoprofen | ~ 1.0 – 2.0 SC | Used pre-operatively for preemptive analgesia and post-operatively every 24 hour for up to 4 days | Depending on the procedure, may be used as sole analgesic, or as multi-modal analgesia with buprenorphine. | |
| Ketorolac | 1.0 – 5 SC | Used pre-operatively for preemptive analgesia and post-operatively every 24 hour for up to 4 days. | Depending on the procedure, may be used as sole analgesic, or as multi-modal analgesia with buprenorphine. | |
|
1.0 IM only | For supplemental postop analgesia Every 24 hours for no more than 3 days |
Useful for treating hyperthermia | |
| Local anesthetic/analgesics (lidocaine and bupivacaine may be combined in one syringe for rapid onset and long duration analgesia) | ||||
| Lidocaine hydrochloride | 4 mg/kg Dilute to 0.5 -1% (=10mg/ml). May be mixed in same syringe with bupivacaine. SC or intra-incisional |
Use locally before making surgical incision | Faster onset than bupivacaine but short (<1 hour) duration of action | |
| Bupivacaine | Dilute to 0.25 – 0.5%, May be mixed in same syringe with lidocaine. SC or intra-incisional |
Use locally before making surgical incision | Slower onset than lidocaine but longer (~ 4-8 hour) duration of action | |
