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utorak, kolovoz 15, 2006

Team for geologic exploration of Visočica hill near Visoko

     Group for natural geological disciplines of the

DEPARTMENT OF MINING, GEOLOGY AND CIVIL ENGINEERING, TUZLA UNIVERSITY

    Committee for science and educational matters of the

DEPARTMENT OF MINING, GEOLOGY AND CIVIL ENGINEERING, TUZLA UNIVERSITY

 Subject: Report on the geological explorations of Visočica hill near Visoko



            Based on the written request of the Archeological park: Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun Foundation from Visoko, the Committee for science and educational matters of the Department of Mining, Geology and Civil Engineering, Tuzla University (DMGCETU) in Tuzla, held a meeting on March 3rd, 2006 where the decision (No. 02/8-1213/06-5) with which Sejfudin Vrabac, Ph.D., tenured professor, was named as team leader for geological explorations of Visocica near Visoko. With the above stated decision, the team leader was responsible to create a team of scientists, which was accomplished March 15th, 2006. Nominees of the team were the following instructors and asisstants from geological disciplines at the DMGCETU:

 

Hazim Hrvatovic, Ph. D., professor

Senaid Salihovic, Ph. D., asst. Professor

Amir Barakovic, Ph. D., professor

Zijad Ferhatbegovic, Ph. D., professor

Zehra Salkic, Ph. D., professor

Izudin Đulović, Ph. D., M.S., Ph. D. candidate

Elvir Babajić, M.S., Ph. D. candidate

 

From the analysis of the existing documentation which included the following:

1.                   Report on geological explorations of Visočica high in Visoko. Nadžija Nukić and Radmila Kovačević, Sarajevo, September 2005

2.                   Amendment to the geological explorations of Visočica high in Visoko, Nadžija Nukić, Sarajevo, October 2005

3.                   Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun: The discovery of the first European Pyramid, Semir Osmanagić, Sarajevo, 2005

as well as field explorations, the team has created the following

 

REPORT 

            Geological explorations of Visočica included six exploratory borings from which cores were taken (B-1: 17 m, B-2: 6 m, B-3: 6 m, B-4: 5 m, B-5: 3 m, B-6: 3 m). As part of the investigation six samples taken from the cores: B-1: 7.8 m, marley sandy clay, 8.5 m grey wacke, conglomerate breccia B-2 (shore?),  B-3 at 2.1 m conglomerate breccia, B-4 at 3.3 m iron stained grey wacke with clayey marl were taken and mineralogical-petrographic analysis was performed.

The core descriptions and maps of surface trenches (SB-1, SB-2 and SB-3) were performed by Nadžija Nukić, P.G.*, while the mineralogical-petrophrapic analyses were performed by Radmila Kovačević, P.G.*

           

            In her report from the exploratory drilling, geologist Nukić concludes: ˝The materials were either deposited under influence of water or they were laid down by human hands. With this kind of exploration, it is impossible to distinguish between the two. It would be advisable to perform further excavations first....˝

            Based on her minerological-petrographic analyses, geologist Kovačević points out that: ˝it cannot be ruled out that the analysed rocks of natural origin were used as construction materials or otherwise, but from the present core data, it is impossible to draw such conclusions.˝

            In close vicinity of B-3, the SB-1 trench was excavated to investigate if the breccia is horizontal, and would represent the first step of the pyramid. Geologist Nukić concludes that it was impossible to form a complete picture and answer the question above.

            The second trench SB-2 (2.5 x 5.0 x depth 2.2 m, near B-4), was aimed to answer if the grey wacke was indeed anthropogenically altered, i.e. polished. Geologist Nukić states that with the cessation of further explorations needed data could not be obtained and this question could not be answered.

            SB-3 (9.3 x 9.8 m, located between B-5 and B-6)  was intended to investigate the location and continuity of the ˝sandstone slab.˝ It was stated that ˝between the two sandstone slabs is a clayey marl in which a human skeleton was found.˝ No data was given in regards to the depth of the trench. Geologist Nukić also states that after excavations were resumed further investigations were broken off. The pavement did not resemble stairs, instead it followed the slope of the mountain. It is unclear if the material beneath the slabs was anthropogenically deposited there or if antecedent hill slope had that shape.˝

            Following the geological investigations, Mr. Semir Osmanagic wrote a book: ˝Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun: The discovery of the first European pyramid.˝ In this book the author stated in a series of instances that the results of the geological investigations were not  a basis for theories about the ˝pyramid.˝ Here are some examples:

 

1.       On p. 150 of his book, Mr. Osmanagic describes the log of B-1 and stresses that at 3.7 m the clay grades into indurated marl which is geologically almost impossible over a very short period of time (˝... this cannot happen over 20 000 years.˝).

Geologist Nukić does not list this as an anomaly. The profile of B-1 at

3.7 m the clay grades into indurated marley clay, which is completely natural.

 

2.       On p. 150 of his book, Mr. Osmanagic writes: ˝At a depth of 4.7 m (B-1) we encounter the ˝brown rock˝ for the first time which will become one of the  main mysteries of these exploratory investigations.˝

Geologist Nukić does not treat this as an anomaly. From B-1 at

4.50-4.85 m she described a iron stained clayey carbonate sandstone.

 

3.       On p. 151 of his book, Mr. Osmanagic writes: ¨At a depth of 7.8 m is a very important anomaly where marl, sand and black traces (organic material)¨.        At 7.75-8.00 m Geologist Nukić described ˝clay, marl and coal with sand and gravel˝ but she also stresses caving in of the boring could have occured.

4.       On p. 153 Mr. Osmanagic writes: ˝At 9.90 to 10.20 m (B-1) is a layer of ˝decorative stone˝ stained with iron (?).˝

This was not considered an anomaly by geologist Nukić. She described a breccia conglomerate at 9.90-10.20 m in her log.

 

5.       On p. 154 Mr. Osmanagic states: ˝Between 11.65 and 11.90 m (B-1) is a brown layer, not a rock and it does resemble a natural material.˝

Contrary to this statement, geologist Nukić described a marley clay, thus it is just a common sedimentary rock.

 

6.       Also on  p. 154 Mr. Osmanagic states: ˝At 14.40 m (B-1) we encounter a new anomaly: the marl exhibits vertical layering as opposed to the expected and natural horizontal. Conclusion: something was built above the marl!˝

Geologist Nukić does not mention marl with vertical layering anywhere in her report. On the contrary, in the interval 14.20-14.6 m she defined a ˝clay with inclusions of breccia fragments. ˝

 

7.       On p. 156, Mr. Osmanagić describes the profile of B-2: ˝At 2.4 m a brown, flat layer was found, which is an anomaly... Therefore even this core indicates that something was constructed on this hill side˝.

Geologist Nukić does not mention this layer, instead at 2.4 m she describes ˝marley clay,˝ beneath which is ˝marley clay with coal˝ (2.4-2.6 m). It is known that these kinds of sediments are common in the Zenica-Sarajevo coal bearing basin (Fig. 1)

 

8.       Mr. Osmanagic comments on profile B-3 on p. 157: ˝At 2.10 m a ˝concrete-like rock˝....˝low grade concrete (lit. Bad concrete)˝.

This does not constitute an anomaly for geologist Nukić. She described a conglomerate breccia beween 0.1-1.6 m. Geologist Kovačević confirmed that with a sample at 2.1 m.

 

9.       Mr. Osmanagic described the profile of B-4 on p. 159 by pointing out: ˝Bulls eye! The brown polished rock (the polishing being anthropogenic in origin) is found at 4.40-4.60 m. This type of rock, which I interpret as decorative flooring rock is also found at two other profiles.˝

Geologist Nukić does not concur In this interpretation geologist Nukić does not concur.  Namely, the four layers of ˝iron stained grey wacke˝ in question are in the intervals of 2.40-2.50 m, 3.3-3.5 m, 3.9-4.10 m and 4.40-4.60 m. Therefore, the layers vary in thickness and local extent, as opposed to claims by Mr. Osmanagić.

Geologist Kovačević defined a sample from 3.30 m as ˝iron stained grey wacke with a small clayey marl layer.˝

Between the above mentioned iron stained grey wacke layers marl layers are layers of marley clay 0.3-0.8 m, which are common in nature.

 

      The DMGCETU team for geological investigations of Visočica near Visoko, performed field investigations of Visočica on April15th 2006 in addition to the existing documentation and analyses. These investigations were primarily aimed at core examination, mapping of the excavation site and description of accessible outcrops.

      Cores B-1 through B-6 were re-examined and earlier reported sediment descriptions of geologists Nukić and Kovačević were confirmed. It was concluded that ˝anomalies˝ as described in Mr. Osmanagić's book do not exist.

      Newest excavations on the slopes of Visočica, published April 14th and 15th 2006 enabled a detailed geological analysis of the lithological makeup of Visočica.

      The first informative profile is about 70 m SW of B-6. Most notably are layers of iron stained grey wackes, about 0.5 m thick (Fig. 2).

      These layers trend 350/20. Alternating layers of sandstones and marley clays can be followed for about 70 m along the road leading from Visočica to Visoko. The sequence of sediments is also present in profiles from B-1, B-4, B-5 and B-6.

A trench into the slope about 50 m SW of B-6 exhibits laminated marley sandy clays (Fig. 3) which are superimposed on yellowish grey wacke. The layers trend 352/10.

On the north slope of Visočica, about 30 m  above B-3 is an excavation approximately 10x2 m where layers of conglomerate conglomerate breccia can be examined. They are polymict conglomerates dominated by poorly sorted carbonate cobbles up to 10 cm in diameter. Carbonate cement and the beds strike 10/26.

About 5 m above the site of B-2, is also an excavation where layers of conglomerate conglomerate breccia trending 358/24. A crack trending 246/62 was also noticed.



CONCLUSION

 

            Geological investigations of Visočica near Visoko indicate that it is composed of clastic sediments exhibiting a layered structure. In the lower part of the stratigraphic column are sandstones, marls and clays, and in the upper conglomerates. These  sediments were deposited within the Zenica-Sarajevo basin during upper Miocene. The current morphology of Visočica is a consequence of endodynamic and exodynamic processes during the post Miocene period.

 

Signed:

                      Sejfudin Vrabac, Ph.D., professor

 Hazim Hrvatovic, Ph. D., professor

Senaid Salihovic, Ph. D., asst. Professor

Amir Barakovic, Ph. D., professor

Zijad Ferhatbegovic, Ph. D., professor

Zehra Salkic, Ph. D., professor

Izudin Đulović, Ph. D., M.S., Ph. D. candidate

Elvir Babajić, M.S., Ph. D. candidate

  

Tuyla, April 17th, 2006

 

            Note: The Committee for science and educational matters of the

DEPARTMENT OF MINING, GEOLOGY AND CIVIL ENGINEERING, TUZLA UNIVERSITY convened on May 5th 2006, where this report was discussed and adopted.

 

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