BLOOD TYPES
and COMPATIBILITY
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BLOOD TYPE COMPATIBILITY ACROSS A RANGE OF BLOOD TYPES - ABO BLOOD TYPE
MIXING AND
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Under the ABO
Blood typing (grouping) scheme, there are two especially important antigens called A and
B. Every living human has either one or both or neither of the red Blood cells. An
individual with Blood group A is so because he has antigen A. Antigen B makes a person's
Blood group B. If a person has both antigens, then they are in group AB. If they have
neither, the Blood group is O.
Antibodies against these two
antigens are found in Blood plasma. Some of the components of each Blood type act against
other components.
For example, Blood groups A, B,
AB and O have antigens A, B, A&B and 'none' respectively. The antibodies are anti B,
anti A, 'none' and anti A + anti B.
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AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD DONATION
During the transfusion process,
Blood matching must first be accurately done. For example if a person of Blood group A is
given Blood from a donor from Blood group B, the anti B antibodies will stick to the B
antigens on the donated red Blood cells entering their body. This makes a reaction that
can be fatal. Therefore, exact matching is critical; possibly the difference between life
and death!
"..... In the
past, a person with blood type O negative blood was considered to be a universal donor. It
meant his or her blood could be given to anyone, regardless of blood type, without causing
a transfusion reaction. This is no longer a relevant concept because of a better
understanding of the complex issues of immune reactions related to incompatible donor
blood cells."
- Mayo Clinic HealthOasis - Ask a Physician 08/09/2000 [full text available HERE]
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Other than in extreme emergency conditions, donor Blood is checked for
compatibility with the recipient's Blood (cross-matched) before it is transfused,
regardless of Blood type. There are potentially important Blood cell factors other than
the A, B, AB and O Blood groups and the Rh (Rhesus) factor that can lead to serious and in
some cases, irreversible problems.
There are some good reasons for
a husband to not donate Blood to his wife during her childbearing years.
During this time, a women who plans to become pregnant, receiving Blood from her husband
may pose a small risk to the infants born of these pregnancies. If, after the Blood
transfusion the woman develops an antibody to an antigen on the father's red Blood cells,
and the subsequently born fetus inherits the father's red cell antigen, the antibody from
the mother may enter the Bloodstream of the fetus causing destruction of fetal red Blood
cells. This may cause serious anemia in the fetus and excessive jaundice in the infant
after birth. This is a known major cause of brain damage. Special Blood transfusions,
using selected red Blood cells that do not have the particular in-compatible and offending
antigen, are available when this condition is pre-diagnosed. Of course, we suggest
autologous Blood donation for the mother. However, for those mothers who are unable to
make an autologous donation, the decision to select her husband as a donor should always
take this risk under consideration, and specific consultation with your pediatrician on
this subject is essential.
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Having thoroughly
confused the situation, study the following chart. It is presented as a general guideline,
and to help make the facts more clear. The chart is correct, as a rule of thumb, barring
anomalies
Blood Typing
Systems other than ABO
World
Distribution of ABO Blood Types Chart
Geogeaphic Study of ABO Blood Type
Distribution
African
American Black Blood Donor Emergency
BLOOD TYPE COMPATIBILITY
CHART ** |
Blood Type
of Recipient |
Donor Can Be for..... |
Red Cells |
Whole Blood |
Plasma |
O + |
O +; O - |
O +; O - |
any O; A; B or AB |
O - |
O - |
O - |
any O; A; B or AB |
A + |
any
A +; A -;
O + or O - |
any A + or A - |
any A or AB |
A - |
any
A - or O - |
A - |
any A or AB |
B + |
any
B +; B -;
O + or O - |
any B + or B - |
any B or AB |
B - |
any
B - or O - |
B - |
any B or AB |
AB + |
any
AB +; AB -;
A +; A -;
B +; B -;
O +; or O- |
any AB + or AB - |
any AB |
AB - |
any AB -;
A -; B -, or
O - |
AB - |
AB |
** NOTE:
Recent Blood research indicates that,
for instance, where a person with type O negative Blood was considered to be a 'universal
donor,' this may no longer be correct, because of a better understanding of the complex
issues of immune reactions related to incompatible donor Blood cells.
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