Los Angeles

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"L.A." redirects here. For other uses, see L.A. (disambiguation).
This article is about the city in California. For the metropolitan area, see Los Angeles metropolitan area. For other meanings of "Los Angeles", see Los Angeles (disambiguation).
Los Angeles
—  City  —
City of Los Angeles
Downtown Los Angeles, Venice, Griffith Observatory, Hollywood Sign

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): L.A., the City of Angels, the Entertainment Capital of the World
Location within Los Angeles County in the state of California
Los Angeles is located in the USA
Los Angeles
Location in the United States
Coordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.05°N 118.25°W / 34.05; -118.25Coordinates: 34°03′N 118°15′W / 34.05°N 118.25°W / 34.05; -118.25
Country  United States
State  California
County Los Angeles County
Settled September 4, 1781
Incorporated April 4, 1850
Government
 - Type Mayor-Council
 - Body Los Angeles City Council
 - Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa
 - City Attorney Carmen Trutanich
 - City Controller Wendy Greuel
Area
 - City 498.3 sq mi (1,290.6 km2)
 - Land 469.1 sq mi (1,214.9 km2)
 - Water 29.2 sq mi (75.7 km2)  5.8%
 - Urban 1,667.9 sq mi (4,319.9 km2)
Elevation 233 (city hall) ft (71 m)
Population (July 1, 2009)
 - City 3,833,995
 - Density 8,205/sq mi (3,168/km2)
 - Urban 14,775,000
 - Metro 15,250,000
 - CSA 17,786,419
 - Demonym Angeleno
  (2nd U.S., 45th World)
Time zone PST (UTC-8)
 - Summer (DST) PDT (UTC-7)
ZIP code 90001–90068, 90070–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91601–91609
Area code(s) 213, 310/424, 323, 661, 747/818
Website lacity.org

Los Angeles (pronounced /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ lawss-AN-jə-ləs;[1] Spanish: [los ˈaŋxeles], Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States,[2] the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million[3] within its administrative limits on a land area of 498.3 square miles (1,290.6 km2). The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents[4] while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties[5] in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" (/ændʒɨˈliːnoʊz/).[6]

Los Angeles was founded on September 4, 1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of the river of Porziuncola).[7] It became a part of Mexico in 1821, following its independence from Spain. In 1848, at the end of the Mexican-American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4, 1850, five months before California achieved statehood.

Often known by its initials, L.A., and nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is a world center of business, international trade, entertainment, culture, media, fashion, science, technology, and education.[8][9] It is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. In 2008, Los Angeles was named the world's eighth most economically powerful city by Forbes.com, third in the U.S. behind New York City and Chicago.[10] The Los Angeles combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (as of 2008), making it the third largest economic center in the world, after the Greater Tokyo Area and the New York metropolitan area.[11][12][13] As the home base of Hollywood, it is known as the "Entertainment Capital of the World", leading the world in the creation of motion pictures, television production, video games, and recorded music. The importance of the entertainment business to the city has led many celebrities to call Los Angeles and its surrounding suburbs home. Los Angeles hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics.

Los Angeles enjoys a Mediterranean climate, with an average of 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.[14]

Contents

History

Main article: History of Los Angeles
The old city plaza, 1869

The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva (or Gabrieleños) and Chumash Native American tribes thousands of years ago. The first Europeans arrived in 1542 in an expedition organized by the viceroy of New Spain and commanded by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, a Portuguese-born explorer who claimed the area of southern California for the Spanish Empire. However, he continued with his voyage up the coast and did not establish a settlement.[15] The next contact would not come until 227 years later, when Gaspar de Portolà, along with Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2, 1769. Crespí noted that the site had the potential to be developed into a large settlement.[16]

In 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra built the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel near Whittier Narrows, in what is now called San Gabriel Valley.[17] In 1777, the new governor of California, Felipe de Neve, recommended to Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, viceroy of New Spain, that the site noted by Juan Crespí be developed into a pueblo. The town was officially founded on September 4, 1781, by a group of forty-four settlers known as "Los Pobladores". Tradition has it that on this day they were escorted by four Spanish colonial soldiers, two priests from the Mission and Governor de Neve. The town was named El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula (The Town of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels on the Porciúncula River).[18] These pueblo settlers came from the common Hispanic culture that had emerged in northern Mexico among a racially mixed society. Two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto, and therefore, had African, Amerindian, and European ancestry. More importantly, they were intermarrying.[19] The settlement remained a small ranch town for decades, but by 1820 the population had increased to about 650 residents.[20] Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the historic district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street, the oldest part of Los Angeles.[21]

New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, and the pueblo continued as a part of Mexico. During Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico, made Los Angeles Alta California's regional capital. Mexican rule ended during the Mexican–American War: Americans took control from the Californios after a series of battles, culminating with the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga on January 13, 1847.

Los Angeles City Hall, shown here in 1931, was built in 1928 and was the tallest structure in the city until 1964, when height restrictions were removed.
Downtown Los Angeles saw heavy development from the 1980s to 1990s, including the construction of some of the city's tallest skyscrapers.

Railroads arrived when the Southern Pacific completed its line to Los Angeles in 1876.[22] Oil was discovered in 1892, and by 1923 Los Angeles was producing one-quarter of the world's petroleum.[23]

By 1900, the population had grown to more than 102,000 people,[24] putting pressure on the city's water supply.[25] 1913's completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, under the supervision of William Mulholland, assured the continued growth of the city.

In the 1920s, the motion picture and aviation industries flocked to Los Angeles, with continuing growth ensuring that the city suffered less during the Great Depression. In 1932, with population surpassing one million,[26] the city hosted the Summer Olympics.

The post-war years saw an even greater boom, as urban sprawl expanded the city into the San Fernando Valley.[27] In 1960, non-Hispanic whites made up 82% of the population of Los Angeles County.[28] In 1969, Los Angeles became one of the birthplaces of the Internet, as the first ARPANET transmission was sent from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to SRI in Menlo Park.[29]

In 1984, the city hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the second time. Despite being boycotted by 14 Communist countries, the 1984 Olympics became the most financially successful in history, and only the second Olympics to turn a profit – the other being the 1932 Summer Olympics, also held in Los Angeles.

During the remaining decades of the 20th century, the city was plagued by increasing gang warfare, drug trades, and police corruption[dubious – discuss]. Racial tensions erupted again in 1992 with the Rodney King controversy and the large-scale riots that followed the acquittal of his police attackers. In 1994, the 6.7 Northridge earthquake shook the city, causing $12.5 billion in damage and 72 deaths.[30]

Voters defeated efforts by the San Fernando Valley and Hollywood to secede from the city in 2002.[31]

Gentrification and urban redevelopment have occurred in many parts of the city, most notably Hollywood, Koreatown, Silver Lake, Echo Park and Downtown.[32]

Cityscape

Main article: List of districts and neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Panorama of Los Angeles as viewed from Mulholland Drive. Left to right: Santa Ana Mountains, downtown, Hollywood (foreground), Wilshire Boulevard, Port of Los Angeles, Palos Verdes Peninsula, Santa Catalina Island, and Los Angeles International Airport.
Hollywood, a well-known district of Los Angeles, is often mistaken as an independent city (as West Hollywood is).

The city is divided into many neighborhoods, many of which were incorporated places or communities that were annexed by the city. There are also several independent cities around Los Angeles, but they are popularly grouped with the city of Los Angeles, either due to being completely engulfed as enclaves by Los Angeles, or lying within its immediate vicinity. Generally, the city is divided into the following areas: Downtown Los Angeles, The Eastside and Northeast Los Angeles, South Los Angeles (still often colloquially referred to as South Central by locals), the Harbor Area, Hollywood, Wilshire, the Westside and the San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys.

Some well-known communities within Los Angeles include West Adams, Watts, Leimert Park, Baldwin Hills, Venice Beach, the Downtown Financial District, Los Feliz, Silver Lake, Hollywood, Koreatown, Westwood and the more affluent areas of Bel Air, Benedict Canyon, Hollywood Hills, Hancock Park, Pacific Palisades, Century City, and Brentwood.

Landmarks

Important landmarks in Los Angeles include Chinatown, Koreatown, Little Tokyo, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Kodak Theatre, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Getty Villa, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Hollywood Sign, Hollywood Boulevard, Capitol Records Tower, Los Angeles City Hall, Hollywood Bowl, Theme Building, Watts Towers, Staples Center, Dodger Stadium, and La Placita Olvera/Olvera Street.

Grauman's Chinese Theatre

Griffith Observatory

Capitol Records Building

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

Geography

See also: Los Angeles Basin, Greater Los Angeles area, Los Angeles County, California, and List of California area codes
The Los Angeles Basin

Los Angeles is irregularly shaped and covers a total area of 498.3 square miles (1,291 km2), comprising 469.1 square miles (1,215 km2) of land and 29.2 square miles (76 km2) of water. The city extends for 44 miles (71 km) longitudinally and for 29 miles (47 km) latitudinally. The perimeter of the city is 342 miles (550 km). It is the only major city in the United States bisected by a mountain range.

The highest point in Los Angeles is Mount Lukens, also called Sister Elsie Peak.[33] Located at the far reaches of the northeastern San Fernando Valley, it reaches a height of 5,080 ft (1,550 m). Los Angeles is both flat and hilly. The hilliest parts of Los Angeles are the entire Santa Monica hills north of Downtown, areas immediately north of Downtown around Silver Lake, the entire eastern parts of L.A., the Crenshaw area, the San Pedro area, and areas around the San Fernando Valley. The major river is the Los Angeles River, which begins in the Canoga Park district of the city and is largely seasonal. The river is lined in concrete for almost its entire length as it flows through the city into nearby Vernon on its way to the Pacific Ocean.

Geology

Mallards on the Los Angeles River

Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. The geologic instability has produced numerous faults, which altogether cause approximately 10,000 earthquakes every year.[34] One of the major faults is the San Andreas Fault. Located at the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate, it is predicted to be the source of Southern California's next big earthquake.[35] Major earthquakes to have hit the Los Angeles area include the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the 1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake near Sylmar, and the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Nevertheless, all but a few quakes are of low intensity and are not felt.[34] The most recent earthquake felt was the 4.4 2010 Pico Rivera earthquake on March 16, 2010. Parts of the city are also vulnerable to Pacific Ocean tsunamis; harbor areas were damaged by waves from the Valdivia earthquake in 1960.[36] The Los Angeles basin and metropolitan area are also at risk from blind thrust earthquakes.[37]

Climate

Main article: Climate of the Los Angeles Basin
Echo Park as seen with palm trees

Los Angeles has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb on the coast, Csa inland), and receives just enough annual precipitation to avoid Köppen's BSh (semi-arid climate) classification. Los Angeles enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of only 35 days with measurable precipitation annually.[14]

The average annual temperature in downtown is 66 °F (19 °C): 75 °F (24 °C) during the day and 57 °F (14 °C) at night. In the coldest month - January - the temperature typically ranges from 59 to 73 °F (15 to 23 °C) during the day and 45 to 55 °F (7 to 13 °C) at night. In the warmest month - August - the temperature typically ranges from 79 to 90 °F (26 to 32 °C) during the day and around 64 °F (18 °C) at night. Temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on a dozen or so days in the year, from 1 day a month in April, May, June and November to 3 days a month in July, August, October and to 5 days in September.[14] Temperatures are subject to substantial daily swings; in inland areas the difference between the average daily low and the average daily high is over 30°F (17°C).[38] Average annual temperature of sea is 63 °F (17 °C), from 58 °F (14 °C) in January to 68 °F (20 °C) in August.[39] Sunshine hours is above 3,000 per year, from average 7 hours of sunshine / day in December to average 12 hours of sunshine / day in July.[40]

The Los Angeles area is also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate. As such, the temperatures can vary as much as 36°F (20°C) between inland areas and the coast. California also has a weather phenomenon called "June Gloom or May Grey", which sometimes gives overcast or foggy skies in the morning at the coast, but usually gives sunny skies by noon, during late spring and early summer.

Los Angeles averages 15.14 inches (384.6 mm) of precipitation annually, which mainly occurs during the winter and spring (November through April) with generally moderate rain showers, but usually as heavy rainfall and thunderstorms during Winter storms. The coast gets slightly less rainfall, while the mountains get slightly more. However the San Fernando Valley Region of Los Angeles can get between 16 and 20 inches of rain per year. Years of average rainfall are rare; the usual pattern is bimodal, with a short string of dry years (perhaps 7–8 inches/180–200 millimetres) followed by one or two wet years that make up the average. Snowfall is extremely rare in the city basin, but the mountains within city limits typically receive snowfall every winter. The greatest snowfall recorded in downtown Los Angeles was 2 inches (5 cm) in 1932.[41][42]


Climate data for Los Angeles (Downtown - USC campus)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 68.1
(20.06)		 69.6
(20.89)		 69.8
(21)		 73.1
(22.83)		 74.5
(23.61)		 79.5
(26.39)		 83.8
(28.78)		 84.8
(29.33)		 83.3
(28.5)		 79.0
(26.11)		 73.2
(22.89)		 68.7
(20.39)		 75.6
(24.22)
Daily mean °F (°C) 58.3
(14.61)		 60.0
(15.56)		 60.7
(15.94)		 63.8
(17.67)		 66.2
(19)		 70.5
(21.39)		 74.2
(23.44)		 75.2
(24)		 74.0
(23.33)		 69.5
(20.83)		 62.9
(17.17)		 58.5
(14.72)		 66.2
(19)
Average low °F (°C) 48.5
(9.17)		 50.3
(10.17)		 51.6
(10.89)		 54.4
(12.44)		 57.9
(14.39)		 61.4
(16.33)		 64.6
(18.11)		 65.6
(18.67)		 64.6
(18.11)		 59.9
(15.5)		 52.6
(11.44)		 48.3
(9.06)		 56.6
(13.67)
Rainfall inches (mm) 3.33
(84.6)		 3.68
(93.5)		 3.14
(79.8)		 0.83
(21.1)		 0.31
(7.9)		 0.06
(1.5)		 0.01
(0.3)		 0.13
(3.3)		 0.32
(8.1)		 0.37
(9.4)		 1.05
(26.7)		 1.91
(48.5)		 15.14
(384.6)
Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.01 inch) 6.5 6.0 6.4 3.0 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.5 1.2 2.0 3.1 4.3 35.2
Sunshine hours 217 232 279 300 279 300 372 341 270 248 210 217 3,265
Source: NOAA[43], weather2travel.com[44] for data of sunshine hours

Flora

MacArthur Park

The Los Angeles area is rich in native plant species due in part to a diversity in habitats, including beaches, wetlands, and mountains. The most prevalent botanical environment is coastal sage scrub, which covers the hillsides in combustible chaparral. Native plants include: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Coast Live Oak, and Giant Wildrye. Many of these native species, such as the Los Angeles sunflower, have become so rare as to be considered endangered. Though they are not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra)[45] and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae).[46] Mexican Fan Palms, California Fan Palms, and Canary Island Palms can be seen throughout the Los Angeles area, despite the latter being non-indeginous to Southern California.

Environmental issues

A view of Los Angeles covered in smog

The name given by the Chumash tribe of Native Americans for the area now known as Los Angeles translates to "the valley of smoke"[47] because of the smog from native campfires. Owing to geography, heavy reliance on automobiles, and the Los Angeles/Long Beach port complex, Los Angeles suffers from air pollution in the form of smog. The Los Angeles Basin and the San Fernando Valley are susceptible to atmospheric inversion, which holds in the exhausts from road vehicles, airplanes, locomotives, shipping, manufacturing, and other sources.[48] Unlike other large cities that rely on rain to clear smog, Los Angeles gets only 15 inches (381.00 mm) of rain each year: pollution accumulates over many consecutive days. Issues of air quality in Los Angeles and other major cities led to the passage of early national environmental legislation, including the Clean Air Act. More recently, the state of California has led the nation in working to limit pollution by mandating low emission vehicles. Smog levels are only high during summers because it is dry and warm. In the winter, storms help to clear the smog and it is not as much of a problem. Smog should continue to drop in the coming years due to aggressive steps to reduce it, electric and hybrid cars, improvements in mass transit, and other pollution reducing measures.[49]

As a result, pollution levels have dropped in recent decades. The number of Stage 1 smog alerts has declined from over 100 per year in the 1970s to almost zero in the new millennium. Despite improvement, the 2006 and 2007 annual reports of the American Lung Association ranked the city as the most polluted in the country with short-term particle pollution and year-round particle pollution.[50][51] In 2008, the city was ranked the second most polluted and again had the highest year-round particulate pollution.[52] In addition, the groundwater is increasingly threatened by MTBE from gas stations and perchlorate from rocket fuel. With pollution still a significant problem, the city continues to take aggressive steps to improve air and water conditions.[53][54]

Economy

Further information: Los Angeles County Economy
See also: Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce
Companies such as US Bancorp, Ernst & Young, Aon, Manulife Financial, City National Bank, Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Deloitte, KPMG and the Union Bank of California have offices in the Downtown Financial District
The Financial District of Downtown Los Angeles
Cruise ship at the Port of Los Angeles

The economy of Los Angeles is driven by international trade, entertainment (television, motion pictures, video games, recorded music), aerospace, technology, petroleum, fashion, apparel, and tourism. Los Angeles is also the largest manufacturing center in the western United States.[55] The contiguous ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach together comprise the fifth busiest port in the world and the most significant port in the Western Hemisphere and is vital to trade within the Pacific Rim.[55] Other significant industries include media production, finance, telecommunications, law, healthcare, and transportation. The Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) has a gross metropolitan product (GMP) of $831 billion (as of 2008), making it the third largest economic center in the world, after the Greater Tokyo Area and the New York-Newark-Bridgeport CSA.[11][12][13] If counted as a country, the surrounding CSA has the 15th largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP, placing it just below Australia and above the Netherlands, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, and Indonesia.[56]

Until the mid-1990s, Los Angeles was home to many major financial institutions in the western United States. Mergers meant reporting to headquarters in other cities. For instance, First Interstate Bancorp merged with Wells Fargo in 1996, Great Western Bank merged with Washington Mutual in 1998, and Security Pacific Bank merged with Bank of America in 1992. Los Angeles was also home to the Pacific Exchange, until it closed in 2001.

The city is home to seven Fortune 500 companies. They are aerospace contractor Northrop Grumman, energy company Occidental Petroleum, healthcare provider Health Net, metals distributor Reliance Steel & Aluminum, engineering firm AECOM, real estate group CB Richard Ellis and builder Tutor Perini.

Other companies headquartered in Los Angeles include Capital Group, City National Bank, DeviantArt , Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Guess?, The Jim Henson Company, KB Home, Latham & Watkins, Mercury Insurance Group, O’Melveny & Myers; Paul, Hastings, Janofsky & Walker, Premier America, Roll International , Sunkist, Tokyopop and The Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf.

The metropolitan area contains the headquarters of companies who moved outside of the city to escape its taxes but keep the benefits of proximity.[57] For example, Los Angeles charges a gross receipts tax based on a percentage of business revenue, while many neighboring cities charge only small flat fees.[58] The companies below benefit from their proximity to Los Angeles, while at the same time avoiding the city's taxes (and other problems).

Walt Disney Concert Hall

The University of Southern California (USC) is the city's largest private sector employer and contributes $4 billion annually to the local economy.[59] Los Angeles is classified as an "Alpha(-) world city" in a 2008 study by a research group at Loughborough University in England.[60]

In January 2010 many of the aerospace firms with operations in Los Angeles County are relatively small compared to the larger corporations.[61]

Culture

Main article: Arts and culture of Los Angeles
Kodak Theatre
Hollywood Sign

Los Angeles is often billed as the "Creative Capital of the World", due to the fact that one in every six of its residents works in a creative industry.[62] According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more artists, writers, filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians living and working in Los Angeles than any other city at any time in the history of civilization."[63]

Los Angeles is home to Hollywood, globally recognized as the epicenter of the motion picture industry. A testament to its preeminence in film, the city plays host to the annual Academy Awards, the oldest and one of the most prominent award ceremonies in the world. Furthermore, there are 54 film festivals every year, which translates into more than one every week.[64] Finally, Los Angeles is home to the USC School of Cinematic Arts, the oldest and largest school of its kind in the United States.

The performing arts play a major role in Los Angeles' cultural identity. There are over 1,000 musical, theater, dance, and performing groups.[64] According to the USC Stevens Institute for Innovation, "there are more than 1,100 annual theatrical productions and 21 openings every week."[63] The Los Angeles Music Center is one of the three largest performing arts complexes in the nation.[65] The Walt Disney Concert Hall, the centerpiece of the Music Center, is home to the prestigious Los Angeles Philharmonic. Notable organizations such as Center Theatre Group and the Los Angeles Master Chorale along with the rising Los Angeles Opera are also resident companies of the Music Center. Talent is locally cultivated at premier institutions such as the Colburn School and the USC Thornton School of Music.

There are 841 museums and art galleries in Los Angeles County;[66] Los Angeles has more museums per capita than any other city in the world.[67] The most notable museums are the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (the largest encyclopedic museum west of Chicago), the Getty Center (part of the larger J. Paul Getty Trust, the world's wealthiest art institution), and the Museum of Contemporary Art. A significant amount of art galleries are concentrated on Gallery Row and thousands are in attendance of the monthly Downtown Art Walk that takes place there.

Media

Main article: Media in Los Angeles
See also: List of television shows set in Los Angeles
See also: List of films set in Los Angeles
The Fox Plaza in Century City, headquarters for 20th Century Fox, is a major financial district for West Los Angeles

The major daily newspaper in the area is the Los Angeles Times; La Opinión is the city's major Spanish-language paper. Investor's Business Daily is distributed from its L.A. corporate offices, which are headquartered in Playa Del Rey. There are also a number of smaller regional newspapers, alternative weeklies and magazines, including the Daily News (which focuses coverage on the San Fernando Valley), LA Weekly, Los Angeles CityBeat, L.A. Record (which focuses coverage on the music scene in the Greater Los Angeles Area), Los Angeles magazine, Los Angeles Business Journal, Los Angeles Daily Journal (legal industry paper), The Hollywood Reporter and Variety (entertainment industry papers), and Los Angeles Downtown News. In addition to the English- and Spanish-language papers, numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages, including Armenian, Korean, Persian, Russian, Chinese and Japanese. Many cities adjacent to Los Angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain Los Angeles neighborhoods. Examples include The Daily Breeze (serving the South Bay), and The Long Beach Press-Telegram.

Los Angeles and New York City are the only two media markets to have all seven VHF allocations possible assigned to them.[68]

Los Angeles Times Headquarters

The city's first television station (and the first in California) was KTLA, which began broadcasting on January 22, 1947. The major network-affiliated television stations in this city are KABC-TV 7 (ABC), KCBS 2 (CBS), KNBC 4 (NBC), KTTV 11 (Fox), KTLA 5 (The CW), and KCOP-TV 13 (MyNetworkTV), and KPXN 30 (Ion). There are also three PBS stations in the area: KCET 28, KOCE-TV 50, and KLCS 58. World TV operates on two channels, KNET-LP 25 and KSFV-LP 6. There are also several Spanish-language television networks, including KMEX-TV 34 (Univision), KFTR 46 (TeleFutura), KVEA 52 (Telemundo), and KAZA 54 (Azteca América). KTBN 40 is the flagship station of the religious Trinity Broadcasting Network, based out of Santa Ana.

Several independent television stations also operate in the area, including KCAL-TV 9 (owned by CBS Corporation), KSCI 18 (focuses primarily on Asian language programming), KWHY-TV 22 (Spanish-language), KNLA-LP 27 (Spanish-language), KSMV-LP 33 (variety)—a low power relay of Ventura-based KJLA 57—KPAL-LP 38, KXLA 44, KDOC-TV 56 (classic programming and local sports), KJLA 57 (variety), and KRCA 62 (Spanish-language).

Sports

Dodger Stadium is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers
See also: Sports in Los Angeles and History of National Football League in Los Angeles

Los Angeles is the home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball, the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League, the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association, the Los Angeles D-Fenders, an NBA Development team owned by the Los Angeles Lakers, and the Los Angeles Sparks of the Women's National Basketball Association. Los Angeles is also home to the USC Trojans and the UCLA Bruins in the NCAA, both of which are Division I teams in the Pacific-10 Conference. The Los Angeles Galaxy and Club Deportivo Chivas USA of Major League Soccer are based in Carson. The city is the largest in the U.S. without an NFL team.

There was a time when Los Angeles boasted two NFL teams, the Rams and the Raiders. Both left the city in 1995, with the Rams moving to St. Louis and the Raiders heading back to Oakland. Los Angeles is the second-largest city and television market in the United States, but has no NFL team (see List of television stations in North America by media market). Prior to 1995, the Rams called Memorial Coliseum (1946–1979) and the Raiders played their home games at Memorial Coliseum from 1982 to 1994.[69]

Staples Center, a premier venue for sports and entertainment, is home to five professional sports teams, most notably the Los Angeles Lakers

Since the franchise's departures the NFL as an organization, and individual NFL owners, have attempted to relocate a team to the city. Immediately following the 1995 NFL season, Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring went as far as packing up moving vans to start play in the Rose Bowl under a new team name and logo for the 1996 season. The State of Washington filed a law suit to successfully prevent the move.[70] In 2003, then NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue indicated L.A. would get a new expansion team, a thirty-third franchise, after the choice of Houston over L.A. in the 2002 league expansion round.[71] When the New Orleans Saints were displaced from the Superdome by Hurricane Katrina media outlets reported the NFL was planning to move the team to Los Angeles permanently.[72] Despite these efforts, and the failure to build a new stadium for an NFL team, L.A. is still expected to return to the league through expansion or relocation.

Los Angeles has twice played host to the summer Olympic Games, in 1932 and in 1984. When the tenth Olympic Games were hosted in 1932, the former 10th Street was renamed Olympic Blvd. Super Bowls I and VII were also held in the city as well as soccer's international World Cup in 1994.

Los Angeles also boasts a number of sports venues, including Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles Coliseum, The Forum, Staples Center, a sports and entertainment complex that also hosts concerts and awards shows such as the Grammys. Staples Center also serves as the home arena for the Los Angeles Clippers and Los Angeles Lakers of the NBA, the Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA, the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL and the Avengers of the AFL.

The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball and the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League are in the Los Angeles media market and are based in Anaheim in Orange County. The Angels began as an expansion franchise team in Los Angeles in 1961 and played at Los Angeles' Wrigley Field and then Dodger Stadium before moving to Anaheim in 1966.[73]

Religion

Built in 1956, the Los Angeles California Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the second largest Mormon temple in the world
Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels

The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Los Angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country.[74] Cardinal Roger Mahony oversaw construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, completed in 2002 at the north end of downtown. Construction of the cathedral marked a coming of age of the Catholic, heavily Latino community. There are numerous Catholic churches and parishes throughout the city.

The Los Angeles California Temple, the second largest temple operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Westwood district of Los Angeles. Dedicated in 1956, it was the first Mormon temple built in California and it was the largest in the world when completed.[75] The grounds includes a visitors' center open to the public, the Los Angeles Regional Family History Center, also open to the public, and the headquarters for the Los Angeles mission.

With 621,000 Jews in the metropolitan area (490,000 in city proper), the region has the second largest population of Jews in the United States.[76][77] Many synagogues of the Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, and Reconstructionist movements can be found throughout the city. Most are located in the San Fernando Valley and West Los Angeles. The area in West Los Angeles around Fairfax and Pico Boulevards contains a large number of Orthodox Jews. The Breed Street Shul in East Los Angeles, built in 1923, was the largest synagogue west of Chicago in its early decades.[78] (It is no longer a sacred space and is being converted to a museum and community center.)[79] The Kabbalah Centre, devoted to one line of Jewish mysticism, is also in the city.

The Hollywood region of Los Angeles also has several significant headquarters, churches, and the Celebrity Center of Scientology.

Because of Los Angeles' large multi-ethnic population, a wide variety of faiths are practiced, including Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, Sikhism, Bahá'í, various Eastern Orthodox Churches, Sufism and others. Immigrants from Asia for example, have formed a number of significant Buddhist congregations making the city home to the greatest variety of Buddhists in the world.

Education

Colleges and universities

Second branch of the California State Normal School in downtown Los Angeles opened its doors in 1882.

There are three public universities located within the city limits: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). Private colleges in the city include the American Film Institute Conservatory, Alliant International University, American InterContinental University, American Jewish University, The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus, Antioch University's Los Angeles campus, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising's Los Angeles campus (FIDM), Los Angeles Film School, Loyola Marymount University (LMU is also the parent university of Loyola Law School located in Los Angeles), Marymount College, Mount St. Mary's College, National University of California, Occidental College ("Oxy"), Otis College of Art and Design (Otis), Southern California Institute of Architecture (SCI-Arc), Southwestern Law School, and University of Southern California (USC).

The community college system consists of nine campuses governed by the trustees of the Los Angeles Community College District: East Los Angeles College (ELAC), Los Angeles City College (LACC), Los Angeles Harbor College, Los Angeles Mission College, Los Angeles Pierce College, Los Angeles Valley College (LAVC), Los Angeles Southwest College, Los Angeles Trade-Technical College and West Los Angeles College.

Schools and libraries

The Los Angeles Central Library in Downtown Los Angeles
See also: Los Angeles County, California#Colleges and universities and List of high schools in Los Angeles County, California

Los Angeles Unified School District serves almost all of the city of Los Angeles, as well as several surrounding communities, with a student population over 800,000.[80] After Proposition 13 was approved in 1978, urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding. LAUSD has become known for its underfunded, overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses, although its 162 Magnet schools help compete with local private schools.[81] Several small sections of Los Angeles are in the Las Virgenes Unified School District. Los Angeles County Office of Education operates the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts. The Los Angeles Public Library system operates 72 public libraries in the city.[82]

Transportation

Main article: Transportation in Los Angeles

Freeways and highways

Main article: Southern California freeways

The city and the rest of the Los Angeles metropolitan area is served by an extensive network of freeways and highways. The Texas Transportation Institute, which publishes an annual Urban Mobility Report, ranked Los Angeles road traffic as the most congested in the United States in 2005 as measured by annual delay per traveler. The average traveler in Los Angeles experienced 72 hours of traffic delay per year according to the study. Los Angeles was followed by San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C. and Atlanta, (each with 60 hours of delay).[83] Despite the congestion in the city, the mean travel time for commuters in Los Angeles is shorter than other major cities, including New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago. Los Angeles' mean travel time for work commutes in 2006 was 29.2 minutes, similar to those of San Francisco and Washington, D.C..[84]

Among the major highways that connect LA to the rest of the nation include Interstate 5, which runs south through San Diego to Tijuana in Mexico and then north to the Canadian border through Sacramento, Portland, and Seattle; Interstate 10, the southernmost east–west, coast-to-coast Interstate Highway in the United States, going to Jacksonville, Florida; and U.S. Route 101, which heads to the California Central Coast, San Francisco, the Redwood Empire, and the Oregon and Washington coasts.

Public transportation

Current Los Angeles Metro Rail map showing existing and under-construction lines.

The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines, as well as subway and light rail lines across Los Angeles County, with a combined daily ridership of 1.7 million.[85] The majority of this (1.4 million) is taken up by the city's bus system, the second busiest in the country. The subway and light rail combined average the remaining roughly 319,000 boardings per weekday.[86] In 2005, 10.2% of Los Angeles commuters rode some form of public transportation.[87]

The city's subway system is the ninth busiest in the United States and its light rail system is the country's third busiest.[88] The rail system includes the Red and Purple subway lines, as well as the Gold, Blue, and Green light rail lines. The Metro Rapid buses are a bus rapid transit program with stops and frequency similar those of a light rail. The city is also central to the commuter rail system Metrolink, which links Los Angeles to all neighboring counties as well as many suburbs.

Air transportation

LAX, the fifth busiest airport in the world

The main Los Angeles airport is Los Angeles International Airport (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX). The sixth busiest commercial airport in the world and the third busiest in the United States, LAX handled over 61 million passengers and 2 million tons of cargo in 2006. The Theme Building is pictured here.[89] LAX is a hub for United Airlines[90]

Other major nearby commercial airports include:

The world's third busiest general-aviation airport is also located in Los Angeles, Van Nuys Airport (IATA: VNY, ICAO: KVNY).[91]

Ports

A view of the Vincent Thomas Bridge reaching Terminal Island

The Port of Los Angeles is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro neighborhood, approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of Downtown. Also called Los Angeles Harbor and WORLDPORT LA, the port complex occupies 7,500 acres (30 km2) of land and water along 43 miles (69 km) of waterfront. It adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach.

The sea ports of the Port of Los Angeles and Port of Long Beach together make up the Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.[92][93][94] Both ports is the 5th busiest container port in the World, with a trade volume of over 14.2 million TEU's in 2008.[95] Singly, the Port of Los Angeles is the busiest container port in the United States and the largest cruise ship center on the West Coast of the United States - Port's World Cruise Center serves about 800,000 passengers in 2009.[96]

There are also smaller, non-industrial harbors along L.A.'s coastline. Safety is provided at the only beach controlled by Los Angeles City by the highly trained Los Angeles City Lifeguards.[97]

The port includes four bridges: the Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Gerald Desmond Bridge, and Commodore Schuyler F. Heim Bridge.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Los Angeles
A view of downtown Los Angeles from the air.
Historical populations
Year Pop.  %±
1850 1,610 —
1860 4,385 172.4%
1870 5,728 30.6%
1880 11,183 95.2%
1890 50,395 350.6%
1900 102,479 103.4%
1910 319,198 211.5%
1920 576,673 80.7%
1930 1,238,048 114.7%
1940 1,504,277 21.5%
1950 1,970,358 31.0%
1960 2,479,015 25.8%
1970 2,816,061 13.6%
1980 2,966,850 5.4%
1990 3,485,398 17.5%
2000 3,694,820 6.0%
2009 (Est.) 3,831,868 3.7%
source:[98][99]

According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, the racial composition of Los Angeles was as follows:

African Americans make up 9.9% of Los Angeles' population. According to the survey, there were 370,718 African Americans residing in Los Angeles.

Native Americans make up 0.6% of Los Angeles' population. According to the survey, there were 21,696 Native Americans residing in Los Angeles. Of 21,696 Native Americans, 1,686 were of the Cherokee tribal grouping. In addition, 913 individuals identified themselves as Navajo. Approximately 110 people identified themselves as Chippewa, and 97 people identified themselves as Sioux.

Asian Americans make up 10.4% of Los Angeles' population. According to the survey, there were 391,377 Asian Americans residing in Los Angeles. The seven largest Asian American groups were the following:

Pacific Islander Americans make up 0.2% of Los Angeles' population. According to the survey, there were 7,475 Pacific Islander Americans residing in Los Angeles. The four Pacific Islander American groups were the following:

Multiracial Americans make up 2.9% of Los Angeles' population. According to the survey, there were 108,940 multiracial Americans residing in Los Angeles. The four main multiracial groups were the following:

Hispanics and Latinos make up 48.4% of Los Angeles' population. According to the survey, there were 1,815,005 Hispanics and Latinos residing in Los Angeles. The four main Hispanic/Latino groups were the following:

White Americans make up 49.5% of Los Angeles's population. According to the survey, there were 1,857,130 White Americans residing in Los Angeles. Much of the European American population is of German, Irish, English, Italian, Russian, Polish, and French descent.

Source:[100]

According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, the top ten European ancestries were the following:

Source:[101]

Current estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau put the city's population at 3,833,995. The California Department of Finance estimates the population at 4,094,764 as of January 1, 2009.[102] The 2000 census[103] recorded 3,694,820 people, 1,275,412 households, and 798,719 families residing in the city, with a population density of 7,876.8 people per square mile (3,041.3/km2). There were 1,337,706 housing units at an average density of 2,851.8 per square mile (1,101.1/km2). Los Angeles has become a multiethnic andmulticultural city, with major new groups of Latino and Asian immigrants in recent decades. From a metropolitan area that in 1960 was over 80% non-Hispanic white, Los Angeles has been transformed into a city that now has a "majority-minority" population.[104] As of the 2000 US Census, the racial distribution in Los Angeles was 46.9% White American, 11.2% African American, 10.5% Asian American, 0.8% Native American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 25.7% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. 46.5% of the population was Hispanic or Latino (of any race).[105]

The census indicated that 42.2% spoke English, 41.7% Spanish, 2.4% Korean, 2.3% Tagalog, 1.7% Armenian, 1.5% Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) and 1.3% Persian as their first language.[106]

According to the census, 33.5% of households had children under 18, 41.9% were married couples, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 28.5% of households were made up of individuals and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size 3.56.[103]

The age distribution was: 26.6% under 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 34.1% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 or older. The median age was 32. For every 100 females there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.[103]

The median income for a household was $36,687, and for a family was $39,942. Males had a median income of $31,880, females $30,197. The per capita income was $20,671. 22.1% of the population and 18.3% of families were below the poverty line. 30.3% of those under the age of 18 and 12.6% of those aged 65 or older were below the poverty line.[103] Los Angeles has had a high degree of income disparity as compared to the rest of the country. Recently, however, income disparity has declined.[107] The median household income of the wealthiest neighborhood was $207,938, while in the poorest it was $15,003.[108]

Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different identified languages.[109] Ethnic enclaves like Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, and Thai Town provide examples of the polyglot character of Los Angeles.

Government

See also: List of elected officials in Los Angeles

The city is governed by a mayor-council system. The current mayor is Antonio Villaraigosa. There are 15 city council districts. Other elected city officials include the City Attorney Carmen Trutanich and the City Controller Wendy Greuel. The city attorney prosecutes misdemeanors within the city limits. The district attorney, elected by county voters, prosecutes misdemeanors in unincorporated areas and in 78 of the 88 cities in the county, as well as felonies throughout the county.

The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) polices the city of Los Angeles, but the city also maintains four specialized police agencies; The Office of Public Safety, within the General Services Department (which is responsible for security and law enforcement services at city facilities, including City Hall, city parks and libraries, the Los Angeles Zoo, and the Convention Center), the Port Police, within the Harbor Department (which is responsible for land, air and sea law enforcement services at the Port of Los Angeles), the Los Angeles City Schools Police department which handles law enforcement for all city schools, and the Airport Police, within the Los Angeles World Airports Department (which is responsible for law enforcement services at all four city-owned airports, including Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), LA/Ontario International Airport (ONT), LA/Palmdale Regional Airport (PMD), and Van Nuys Airport (VNY).

Neighborhood councils

Bunker Hill in L.A.

Voters created Neighborhood Councils in the Charter Reform of 1999. First proposed by City Council member Joel Wachs in 1996, they were designed to promote public participation in government and make it more responsive to local needs.

The councils cover districts that are not necessarily identical to the traditional neighborhoods of Los Angeles.

Almost ninety neighborhood councils (NCs) are certified and all "stakeholders"—meaning anyone who lives, works or owns property in a neighborhood—may vote for members of the councils' governing bodies. Some council bylaws allow other people with a stake in the community to cast ballots as well.

The councils are official government bodies and so their governing bodies and committees must abide by California's Brown Act, which governs the meetings of deliberative assemblies.

The first notable concern of the neighborhood councils collectively was the opposition by some of them in March 2004 to an 18% increase in water rates by the city's Department of Water and Power. This led the City Council to approve only a limited increase pending independent review. More recently, some of the councils petitioned the City Council in summer 2006 to allow them to introduce ideas for legislative action, but the City Council put off a decision.

The neighborhood councils have been allocated $45,000 each per year for administration, outreach and approved neighborhood projects.

Crime and safety

See also: Crime in Los Angeles
The LAPD during May Day 2006 in front of the new Caltrans District 7 Headquarters

Los Angeles has been experiencing significant decline in crime since the mid-1990s, and reached a 50-year low in 2009 with 314 homicides.[110][111] Antonio Villaraigosa is a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition.[112]

In 2009, Los Angeles reported 314 homicides, which corresponds to a rate of 7.85 (per 100,000 population)—a major decrease from 1993, when the all time homicide rate of over 21.1 (per 100,000 population) was reported for the year.[113] This included 15 officer-involved shootings. One shooting led to the death of a SWAT team member, Randal Simmons, the first in LAPD's history.[114]

Organized crime

The Los Angeles crime family dominated organized crime in the city during the Prohibition era [115] and reached its peak during the 1940s and 1950s as part of the American Mafia but has gradually declined since then with the rise of various black and Hispanic gangs.

According to the Los Angeles Police Department, the city is home to 26,000 gang members, organized into 250 gangs.[116] Among them are the Crips, Bloods, Hoovers, Sureños, Maravilla, 18th Street, Mara Salvatrucha, and Asian street gangs. This has led to the city being referred to as the "Gang Capital of America".[117]

Federal representation

The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Los Angeles. The main Los Angeles Post Office is located at 7001 South Central Avenue.[118][119]

Sister cities

A sign near City Hall points to the sister cities of Los Angeles

Los Angeles has 25 sister cities,[120] listed chronologically by year joined:

See also

California portal
Greater Los Angeles portal

References

  1. ^ UK: /lɒs ˈændʒəliːz/ loss-AN-jə-leez
  2. ^ "Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2005 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005" (CSV). 2008 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2006-06-20. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2008-01.csv. Retrieved 2007-01-26. 
  3. ^ "Los Angeles (city) Quickfacts". US Census Bureau. 25. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0644000.html. Retrieved 2008-10-14. 
  4. ^ "Metropolitan statistical area| Population Estimates| July 1, 2007". http://www.census.gov/popest/metro/tables/2007/CBSA-EST2007-05.csv. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  5. ^ By Les Christie, CNNMoney.com staff writer (2007-08-09). "The most ethnically diverse counties in the United States - August 9, 2007". Money.cnn.com. http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/08/real_estate/most_diverse_counties/index.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  6. ^ "Angeleno". The Free Dictionary. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Angeleno. Retrieved 13 September 2010. 
  7. ^ There is some question about the legitimacy of this name, which may have, through a series of misinterpretations and inflations, been corrupted from the actual name authorized in writing in 1781, "La Reina de Los Angeles." Cf. Theodore E. Treutlein, "Los Angeles, California: The Question of the City's Original Spanish Name", Southern California Quarterly 55, no. 1 (Spring 1973): 1–7. Historian Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., has traced the longer name to the histories written by the Franciscan missionaries, especially Francisco Palóu, who wished to play up the region's connections to their order. Pool, Bob, "City of Angels' First Name Still Bedevils Historians". Los Angeles Times (March 26, 2005), Sec. A-1.
  8. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html. Retrieved 3 March 2009. 
  9. ^ "Inventory of World Cities". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html. Retrieved 2007-12-01. 
  10. ^ "In Pictures: World's Most Economically Powerful Cities". Forbes.com. 2008-07-15. http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities_slide_9.html?thisSpeed=30000. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  11. ^ a b The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005, dated March 11, 2007. The list fails to include Taipei. Retrieved July 3, 2007.
  12. ^ a b The United States Conference of Mayors and The National Association of Counties, 2007; Standard & Poor's DRI, June, 2008.
  13. ^ a b Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009; GDP by Metropolitan Area, September 24, 2009 .
  14. ^ a b c "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Los Angeles, California, United States of America". Weatherbase.com. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=159227&refer=. Retrieved 2010-06-23. 
  15. ^ Willard, Charles Dwight, The Herald's History of Los Angeles (Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner, 1901): 21–24.
  16. ^ "Father Crespi in Los Angeles". Los Angeles: Past, Present and Future. http://www.usc.edu/libraries/archives/la/historic/crespi.html. 
  17. ^ After a 1776 flood, the mission was moved to its present site in San Gabriel
  18. ^ The History of Los Angeles County at LAAvenue.com
  19. ^ "Of the first forty-six pobladores (settlers), twenty-six were African or part-African. The remainder further demonstrates the city's multiracial beginnings: one was a Chinese from Manila, two were español, and the rest were Indian or part-Indian. [...] The families settling Los Angeles were racially mixed, revealing that intermarriage was already absorbing the African stock". Forbes, Jack D. "The Early African Heritage in California" in Lawrence Brooks de Graaf, Kevin Mulroy, and Quintard Taylor, eds., Seeking El Dorado: African Americans in California (Los Angeles: Autry Museum of Western Heritage, 2001), 79. ISBN 9780295980836
  20. ^ Los Angeles Historical Chronology[dead link]
  21. ^ Acuna, Rodolfo, Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles (New York: Version, 1996): 22.
  22. ^ Mulholland, Catherine, William Mulholland and the Rise of Los Angeles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000): 15.
  23. ^ "The Story of Oil in California". Priweb.org. 1921-06-25. http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/history/signal_hill/signal_hill2.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  24. ^ "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1900". http://web.archive.org/web/20080206033006/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab13.txt. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  25. ^ "The Los roches Aqueduct and the Owens and Mono Lakes (MONO Case)". American.edu. http://www.american.edu/TED/mono.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  26. ^ "Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930". http://web.archive.org/web/20080205005417/http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0027/tab16.txt. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  27. ^ Bruegmann, Robert, Sprawl: A Compact History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005): 133.
  28. ^ "Mexico North?". Washington Times. March 30, 2006.
  29. ^ Was L.A. really Internet's ground zero?[dead link]
  30. ^ Reich, Kenneth, "Study Raises Northridge Quake Death Toll to 72", Los Angeles Times 20 December 1995: B1.
  31. ^ "City of Los Angeles Secession Votes – 2002". Laalmanac.com. http://www.laalmanac.com/election/el22.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  32. ^ Welcome to Gentrification City
  33. ^ "Mount Lukens, or Sister Elsie Peak (mountain, Los Angeles, California, United States) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Original.britannica.com. http://original.britannica.com/eb/topic-764513/Mount-Lukens. Retrieved 2008-10-13. 
  34. ^ a b "Earthquake Facts". Earthquake.usgs.gov. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learning/facts.php. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  35. ^ "San Andreas Fault Set for the Big One". Physorg.com. 2006-06-21. http://www.physorg.com/news70114196.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  36. ^ "May 22, 1960 South Central Chile Tsunami Damage along the Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California coasts". May 22, 1960 South Central Chile Tsunami Coverage. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/web_tsus/19600522/damage.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-02. 
  37. ^ "Earthquake and Volcano Deformation and Stress Triggering Research Group home page". Quake.usgs.gov. http://quake.usgs.gov/research/deformation/modeling/socal/index_gerald.html. Retrieved 2008-10-06. 
  38. ^ a b "Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000) - Canoga Park Pierce Collg, CA" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/041484.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-19. 
  39. ^ "Pacific Ocean Temperatures on California Coast" - beachcalifornia.com
  40. ^ "Los Angeles Climate Guide" - weather2travel.com
  41. ^ Rasmussen, Cecilia (2005-03-10). "We're Not in Kansas, but We Do Get Twisters – Los Angeles Times". Articles.latimes.com. http://articles.latimes.com/2005/mar/10/local/me-surroundings10. Retrieved 2009-01-08. 
  42. ^ Burt, Christopher. Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book. New York: Norton, 2004: 100.
  43. ^ a b "Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000) - Los Angeles Downtown USC, CA" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2004. http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/045115.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  44. ^ "Los Angeles Climate Guide". weather2travel.com. http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/united-states/california/los-angeles-ca.php. Retrieved 2010-07-25. 
  45. ^ Advisory Committee on Technology Innovation, Board on Science and Technology for International Development, Commission on International Relations, National Research Council (1979). Tropical Legumes: Resources for the Future. National Academy of Sciences. p. 258. http://books.google.com/?id=MkArAAAAYAAJ. 
  46. ^ "San Diego Zoo". San Diego Zoo. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080415143133/http://www.sandiegozoo.org/CF/plants/species_detail.cfm?ID=130. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  47. ^ According to Gordon J. MacDonald, geophysicist and professor formerly with the University of California, San Diego, quoted by Chris Bowman in "Smoke is Normal - for 1800" in the The Sacramento Bee (July 8, 2008)
  48. ^ Miles, Christopher. "How Smog Forms in Los Angeles". Laweekly.com. http://www.laweekly.com/index.php?option=com_lawcontent&task=view&id=8115&Itemid=122. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  49. ^ Driveclean from the California Government web site[dead link]
  50. ^ People at Risk In 25 U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Short-Term Particle Pollution. American Lung Association. Retrieved on January 5, 2007.
  51. ^ People at Risk In 25 U.S. Cities Most Polluted by Year-Round Particle Pollution. American Lung Association. Retrieved on January 5, 2007.
  52. ^ "Pittsburgh and Los Angeles the most polluted US cities". http://www.citymayors.com/environment/polluted_uscities.html. 
  53. ^ Lopez, Theresa Adams. "Air Quality Programs at the Port of Los Angeles saw Refinement in 2005 with Focus on Ramping up in 2006PDF (109 KB)". Port of Los Angeles (News Release). February 17, 2006.
  54. ^ Staff Writer. "Air Quality Protections Take Off". Environmental Defense. December 6, 2004.
  55. ^ a b "City-data.com". City-data.com. http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Los-Angeles-Economy.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  56. ^ CIA World Factbook, 2009: GDP (Official Exchange Rate), October, 2008.
  57. ^ Muniservies.com; Evaluation of alternatives to the city's gross receipts business taxPDF (1.89 MB) UT Strategies, et al. Competitiveness of City Taxes and Fees. 1997.
  58. ^ Competitiveness 22.
  59. ^ Evan George, Trojan Dollars: Study Finds USC Worth $4 Billion Annually to L.A. County, Los Angeles Downtown News, December 11, 2006.
  60. ^ "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Research Network. GaWC Loughborough University. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html. Retrieved 2009-04-29. 
  61. ^ Hyland, Alexa. "SoCal’s Aerospace Sector Still Has Lots of Lift." Los Angeles Business Journal. January 11, 2010. Retrieved on January 10, 2010.
  62. ^ "Is Los Angeles really the creative capital of the world? Report says yes". SmartPlanet. 2009-11-19. http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/smart-takes/is-los-angeles-really-the-creative-capital-of-the-world/2202/. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  63. ^ a b "Only In LA". Stevens.usc.edu. http://stevens.usc.edu/news_only_in_la.php. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  64. ^ a b "Microsoft PowerPoint - TTMA 2008 Short presentation [Compatibility Mode]" (PDF). http://www.ttma.org/presentations/TTMAAugust2008Presentation.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  65. ^ "Explore the Center". Musiccenter.org. http://www.musiccenter.org/visit/index.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  66. ^ "The Los Angeles Region". Lmu.edu. 2008-05-05. http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  67. ^ "Family Fun in Los Angeles". Csmc.edu. http://www.csmc.edu/1001.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  68. ^ "Allocation information, The Museum of Broadcast Communications". Museum.tv. http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  69. ^ Hong, Peter. "Few Tears Here". Los Angeles Times 29 June 1995: B1.
  70. ^ Business Wire. "Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring announces move of NFL franchise" 2 February 1996. . Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  71. ^ Satzman, Darrell. Los Angeles Business Journal. "NFL's interest in returning to L.A. long on desire, far from reality - Up Front". 27 January 2003. . Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  72. ^ Joyner, James. Outside the Beltway. "NFL May Move Saints to Los Angeles". 27 October 2005. . Retrieved 3 September 2007.
  73. ^ Leonard Pitt, Dale Pitt (1997). Los Angeles A to Z. University of California Press. pp. 560–561. ISBN 0520205308. 
  74. ^ Pomfret, John. Cardinal Puts Church in Fight for Immigration Rights. Washington Post. April 2, 2006. Retrieved May 28, 2007
  75. ^ "LDS - Los Angeles California Temple". Ldschurchtemples.com. http://www.ldschurchtemples.com/losangeles/. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  76. ^ "The Largest Jewish Communities". http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_judaism.html. Retrieved 2007-08-13. 
  77. ^ "World Jewish Population from". SimpleToRemember.com. http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/world-jewish-population.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  78. ^ "Washington Symposium and Exhibition Highlight Restoration and Adaptive Reuse of American Synagogues" Jewish Heritage Report Issue No. 1 / March 1997
  79. ^ "Los Angeles’s Breed Street Shul Saved by Politicians" Jewish Heritage Report Vol. II, Nos. 1–2 / Spring-Summer 1998)
  80. ^ "US Census, District information". Census.gov. http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/saipe/district.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  81. ^ Magnet schools just as competitive as private schools
  82. ^ "LA Public Library". Lapl.org. http://www.lapl.org/branches/. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  83. ^ Texas Transportation Institute Urban Mobility Report 2007, Table 1
  84. ^ "American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802". U.S. Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServlet?ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_. 
  85. ^ Apta transit ridership reportPDF (158 KB)
  86. ^ "LACMTA ridership, June 2008". Metro.net. http://www.metro.net/news_info/ridership_avg.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  87. ^ Les Christie (June 29, 2007). "New Yorkers are Top Transit Users". CNNMoney.com. Cable News Network. http://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm. Retrieved August 20, 2008. 
  88. ^ American Public Transportation Association, Heavy Rail Transit Ridership Report, First Quarter 2008.
  89. ^ "LAX Volume of air traffic". Lawa.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080414230447/http://www.lawa.org/lax/volTraffic.cfm. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  90. ^ "United Airlines - Vacation Planning at United.com: Visit Los Angeles". United.com. http://www.united.com/page/article/0,6722,52124,00.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  91. ^ "Los Angeles World Airports". Lawa.org. http://www.lawa.org/vny/. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  92. ^ Facilities - The Port of Los Angeles site
  93. ^ Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Safety Committee
  94. ^ Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association
  95. ^ AAPA World Port Rankings 2008
  96. ^ About the Port - The Port of Los Angeles site
  97. ^ "Los Angeles City Lifeguards". Lacitylifeguards.pyroinnovations.com. http://lacitylifeguards.pyroinnovations.com/. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  98. ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 41.
  99. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2009 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. 2009-07-01. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2009-01.csv. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  100. ^ "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006-2008: Los Angeles city, California". 2006-2008 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0644000&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false. Retrieved July 9, 2010. 
  101. ^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006-2008: Los Angeles city, California". 2006-2008 American Community Survey. United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000US0644000&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false. Retrieved July 9, 2010. 
  102. ^ "California" (PDF). 2010-04-30. http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-1/2009-10/documents/E-1_2010-Press_Release.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-28. 
  103. ^ a b c d "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
  104. ^ "Racial and Ethnic Tensions in American Communities: Poverty, Inequality, and Discrimination. Volume V: The Los Angeles Report". U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
  105. ^ "Census 2000 Demographic Profile Highlights for Los Angeles, California". United States Census Bureau. 2000. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=ChangeGeoContext&geo_id=16000US0644000&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US06&_street=&_county=Los+Angeles&_cityTown=Los+Angeles&_state=04000US06&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=DEC_2000_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=. Retrieved 2008-08-07. 
  106. ^ Modern Language Association Data Center Results of Los Angeles, California Modern Language Association
  107. ^ "Richer and Poorer: Income Inequality in Los Angeles". Unitedwayla.org. http://www.unitedwayla.org/getinformed/rr/newsletter/Pages/richerandpoorer.aspx. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  108. ^ "Median household income neighborhood ranking - Mapping L.A. - Los Angeles Times". Projects.latimes.com. http://projects.latimes.com/mapping-la/neighborhoods/income/neighborhood/list/. Retrieved 2010-04-13. [dead link]
  109. ^ "City basics". Lacity.org. 2005-04-12. http://www.lacity.org/mayor/deliveringresults/results_cibasic.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  110. ^ "Crime rate lowest in 50 years, LAPD says". Los Angeles Wave. Wire services. January 10, 2010. http://www.wavenewspapers.com/news/local/northeast-edition/80935317.html. Retrieved April 14, 2010.  Northeast Edition.
  111. ^ "LAPD year-end crime statistics". http://www.lapdonline.org/read_the_beat_magazine/pdf_view/43819. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  112. ^ "Mayors Against Illegal Guns: Coalition Members". http://www.mayorsagainstillegalguns.org/html/about/members.shtml. 
  113. ^ "LAPD Online Crime Rates" (PDF). http://www.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/cityprof.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  114. ^ "Simmons, Randal". LAPD. http://www.lapdonline.org/officers_killed_in_the_line_of_duty/content_basic_view/37466. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
  115. ^ "The Mafia Encyclopedia. mafia машины. three 6 mafia. тренер mafia". Mafia.z04.org.ua. 1926-11-12. http://mafia.z04.org.ua/zPage_48.html. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  116. ^ "Los Angeles Police Department Gang subsite". Lapdonline.org. http://www.lapdonline.org/get_informed/content_basic_view/1396. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 
  117. ^ "Police target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs" – Reuters AlertNet
  118. ^ "Post Office Location - Los Angeles". United States Postal Service. Retrieved on April 17, 2009.
  119. ^ "Post Office Location - Main office LA". United States Postal Service. Retrieved on April 17, 2009.
  120. ^ "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". Retrieved on December 18, 2009.
  121. ^ "Twinning link with LA". Manchester Evening News. http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1128076_twinning_link_with_la. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 
  122. ^ "Sister cities of Los Angeles, Inc.". 2010. http://sistercitiesofla.com/. Retrieved February 8, 2010. 
  123. ^ "Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership". The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles. 2007. Archived from the original on June 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080623075353/http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm. Retrieved 2008-08-07. 

Further reading

External links

Find more about Los Angeles on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"
Personal tools
Namespaces
Variants
Actions
Navigation
Interaction
Toolbox
Print/export
Languages