East–West Schism

The East–West Schism is the medieval division of Chalcedonian Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became commonly known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. The East–West Schism is one of the two schisms to which the term "Great Schism" is applied (the other being the Western Schism).^[1]

Relations between East and West had long been embittered by ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.^[2]^[3]^[4] Prominent among these were the issues of the source of the Holy Spirit ("filioque"), whether leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist,^[5] the Pope's claim to universal jurisdiction, and the place of Constantinople in relation to the Pentarchy.^[6]

In 1053, the first step was taken in the process which led to formal schism. Patriarch of Constantinople Michael Cerularius ordered the closure of all Latin churches in Constantinople.^[7]^[8]^[9] According to the historian John Bagnell Bury, Cerularius' purpose in closing the Latin churches was "to cut short any attempt at conciliation".^[9]

In 1054, the Papal legate traveled to Constantinople for purposes that included refusing to Cerularius the title of "Ecumenical Patriarch" and insisting that he recognize Rome's claim to be the head and mother of the churches.^[2] The main purpose of the papal legation was to seek help from the Byzantine Emperor in view of the Norman conquest of southern Italy and to deal with recent attacks by Leo of Ohrid against the use of unleavened bread and other Western customs,^[10] attacks that had the support of Cerularius (Michael Caerularius); Axel Bayer says the legation was sent in response to two letters, one from the Emperor seeking assistance in arranging a common military campaign by the eastern and western empires against the Normans, and the other from Cerularius.^[11] On the refusal of Cerularius to accept the demand, the leader of the legation, Cardinal Humbert, excommunicated him, and in return Cerularius excommunicated Cardinal Humbert and the other legates.^[2] This was only the first act in a centuries-long process that eventually became a complete schism.^[12]

The validity of the Western legates' act is doubtful, since Pope Leo had died and Cerularius' excommunication applied only to the legates personally.^[2] Still, the Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical lines, and the fundamental breach has never been healed, with each side sometimes accusing the other of having fallen into heresy and of having initiated the division. The Crusades, the Massacre of the Latins in 1182, the West's retaliation in the Sacking of Thessalonica in 1185, the capture and sack of Constantinople in 1204, and the imposition of Latin patriarchs made reconciliation more difficult.^[2] Establishing Latin hierarchies in the Crusader states meant that there were two rival claimants to each of the patriarchal sees of Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, making the existence of schism clear.^[13]

The Second Council of Lyon, in 1274, and the Council of Florence in 1439 attempted to reunite the two churches. Despite acceptance by the participating eastern delegations, no effective reconciliation was realized, since the Orthodox believe that the acts of councils must be ratified by the wider Church and the acts of these councils never attained widespread acceptance among Orthodox churches. In 1484, 31 years after the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks, a Synod of Constantinople repudiated the Union of Florence, officially stating the position that had already been taken by Orthodox in general.

In 1965, Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Athenagoras I nullified the anathemas of 1054,^[2] although this nullification of measures taken against a few individuals was essentially a goodwill gesture and did not constitute any sort of reunion between churches.^[14] Contacts between the two sides continue: Every year a delegation from each joins in the other's celebration of its patronal feast, Saints Peter and Paul (29 June) for Rome and Saint Andrew (30 November) for Constantinople, and there have been a number of visits by the head of each to the other. The efforts of the Ecumenical Patriarchs towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church have often been the target of sharp criticism from some fellow Orthodox.^[15]

1 History
2 Modern state of affairs
3 Prospects for reconciliation
- 3.1 Ecclesiological reconciliation
- 3.2 Theological reconciliation
  - 3.2.1 Sacraments
4 Recent efforts at reconciliation
5 Differences underlying the schism
- 5.1 Ecclesiological disputes
- 5.2 Theological issues
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links

History[edit]

Main article: History of the East–West Schism

Centers of Christianity[edit]

Main article: Early centers of Christianity

Apart from Rome in the West, "many major Churches of the East claim to have been founded by the apostles: Antioch by Peter and Paul, Alexander by Mark, Constantinople by Andrew, Cyprus by Barnabas, Ethiopia by Matthew, India by Thomas, Edessa in eastern Syria by Thaddeus, Armenia by Bartholomew, Georgia by Simon the Zealot."^[24] Famous also are the seven churches of Asia (the Roman province of Asia), mentioned in the opening chapters of the Book of Revelation.

Claims of the see of Rome[edit]

While the church at Rome claimed a special authority over the other churches, the extant documents of that era yield "no clear-cut claims to, or recognition, of papal primacy."^[25]^[26]

Towards the end of the 2nd century, Victor, the Bishop of Rome, attempted to resolve the Quartodeciman controversy. The question was whether to celebrate Easter concurrently with the Jewish Passover, as Christians in the Roman province of Asia did, or to wait until the following Sunday, as was unanimously decreed by synods held in other Eastern provinces, such as those of Palestine and Pontus, the acts of which were still extant at the time of Eusebius, and in Rome.^[27]^[28] The pope attempted to excommunicate the churches in Asia, which refused to accept the observance on Sunday. He was rebuked for lack of wisdom and charity in doing so.^[29]^[30] Laurent Cleenewerck comments:

Victor obviously claimed superior authority, probably from St. Peter, and decided - or at least "attempted" to excommunicate a whole group of Churches because they followed a different tradition and refused to conform. One could therefore argue that the Great schism started with Victor, continued with Stephen and remained underground until the ninth century! But the question is this: even if Victor was not acting wisely, did he not have the power to "cut off whole Churches"? This is what Roman Catholics argue with the implication that such an excommunication would be ontologically meaningful and put someone "outside the Catholic Church". Yet, we do not see bishops "pleading" but indeed "sharply rebuking" and "admonishing" Victor. Ultimately this is why his letters of excommunication came to no effect. Nevertheless it is possible to read in Eusebius' account the possibility that St. Irenaeus that Victor could indeed "cut off whole Churches" and that such excommunication would have been ontologically meaningful. ... In the end, it took some patience and an Ecumenical Council to achieve what Victor could not achieve by his threat to excommunicate.^[31]

The opinion of the Bishop of Rome was often sought, especially when the patriarchs of the Eastern Mediterranean were locked in fractious dispute. However the Bishop of Rome's opinion was by no means accepted automatically. The bishops of Rome never obviously belonged to either the Antiochian or the Alexandrian schools of theology, and usually managed to steer a middle course between whatever extremes were being propounded by theologians of either school. Because Rome was remote from the centres of Christianity in the eastern Mediterranean, it was frequently hoped its bishop would be more impartial. For instance, in 431, Cyril, the patriarch of Alexandria, appealed to Pope Celestine I, as well as the other patriarchs, charging Constantinople Patriarch Nestorius with heresy, which was dealt with at the Council of Ephesus.

In 342, Pope Julius I wrote: "The custom has been for word to be written first to us [in the case of bishops under accusation, and notably in apostolic churches], and then for a just sentence to be passed from this place".^[32]

In 382 a synod in Rome protested against the raising of Constantinople to a position above that of Alexandria, and spoke of Rome as "the apostolic see".^[33] Pope Siricius (384–399) claimed for papal decretals the same binding force as decisions of synods, Pope Innocent I (401–417) said that all major judicial cases should be reserved for the see of Rome, and Pope Boniface I (418-422) declared that the church of Rome stands to "the churches throughout the world as the head to its members" and that bishops everywhere, while holding the one same episcopal office, must "recognise those to whom, for the sake of ecclesiastical discipline, they should be subject".^[34] Pope Celestine I (422–432) considered that the condemnation of Nestorius by his own Roman synod in 430 was sufficient, but consented to the general council as "of benefit in manifesting the faith"^[35] Pope Leo I and his successors rejected canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon, as a result of which it was not officially recorded even in the East until the 6th century.^[36]^[37] The Acacian schism (484–519), when, "for the first time, West lines up against East in a clear-cut fashion",^[38] ended with acceptance of a declaration insisted on by Pope Hormisdas (514–523) that "I hope I shall remain in communion with the apostolic see in which is found the whole, true, and perfect stability of the Christian religion".^[39] Earlier, in 494, Pope Gelasius I (492–496) wrote to Byzantine Emperor Anastasius, distinguishing the power of civil rulers from that of the bishops (called "priests" in the document), with the latter supreme in religious matters; he ended his letter with: "And if it is fitting that the hearts of the faithful should submit to all priests in general who properly administer divine affairs, how much the more is obedience due to the bishop of that see which the Most High ordained to be above all others, and which is consequently dutifully honoured by the devotion of the whole Church."^[40] Pope Nicholas I (858–867) made it clear that he believed the power of the papacy extended "over all the earth, that is, over every church".^[41]^[42]

Claims of the see of Constantinople[edit]

Hagia Sophia, cathedral of Constantinople at the time of the schism

In 330, Emperor Constantine moved the imperial capital to Byzantium, a strategically located city on the Bosporus. He renamed the capital Nova Roma ("New Rome"), but the city would become known as Constantinople.^[43] The centre of gravity in the empire was fully recognised to have completely shifted to the eastern Mediterranean. Rome lost the Senate to Constantinople and lost its status and gravitas as imperial capital.^[44]

The bishop of Byzantium was under the authority of the metropolitan of Heraclea when in 330 Roman Emperor Constantine I moved his residence to this town, which, rebuilt on a larger scale, became known as Constantinople.^[45] Thereafter, the bishop's connection with the imperial court meant that he was able to free himself from ecclesiastical dependency on Heraclea and in little more than half a century to obtain recognition of next-after-Rome ranking from the First Council of Constantinople (381), held in the new capital. No Western bishop took part in this council, and the Latin Church recognized it as ecumenical only in the mid-6th century.^[46] It decreed: "The Bishop of Constantinople, however, shall have the prerogative of honour after the Bishop of Rome; because Constantinople is New Rome",^[47] thus raising it above the sees of Alexandria and Antioch. This has been described as sowing the seed for the ecclesiastical rivalry between Constantinople and Rome that was a factor leading to the schism between East and West.^[48]^[49] The website of the Orthodox Church in America says that the Bishop of Byzantium was elevated to Patriarch already in the time of Constantine.^[50]

Disunion in the Roman Empire contributed to disunion in the Church. Theodosius the Great, who in 380 established Nicene Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire (see Edict of Thessalonica), was the last Emperor to rule over a united Roman Empire. Following the death of Theodosius in 395, the Empire was divided for the final time into western and eastern halves, and was never again reunited. In the 4th century, the Roman emperor (reigning in Constantinople) started to control the Church in his territory.^[51]

The patriarchs of Constantinople often tried to adopt an imperious position over the other patriarchs, provoking their resistance. For example, in 431 Patriarch St. Cyril of Alexandria impeached, for heresy, Patriarch Nestorius of Constantinople.^[52]^[52]

Alexandria's objections to Constantinople's promotion, which led to a constant struggle between the two sees in the first half of the 5th century,^[53] were supported by Rome, which proposed the theory that the most important sees were the three Petrine ones, of Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria,^[54] with Rome in first place.^[46]

However, the power of the patriarch of Constantinople continued to grow.^[55] Eastern Orthodox state that the 28th canon of the Council of Chalcedon (451) ^[56] explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople,^[57]^[58] and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople.^[56] The patriarch of the imperial capital succeeded in his efforts^[59] to become the leading bishop in the Byzantine Empire: he "headed a vast curia and other bishops who resided in Constantinople constituted a permanent synod, which became the real governing body of the church".^[60]

Patriarch John IV of Constantinople, who died in 595, assumed the title of "Ecumenical Patriarch".^[36]

The idea that with the transfer of the imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople, primacy in the Church was also transferred, is found in undeveloped form as early as John Philoponus (c. 490 – c. 570). It was enunciated in its most advanced form by Photios I of Constantinople (c. 810 – c. 893). Constantinople, as the seat of the ruler of the empire and therefore of the world, was the highest among the patriarchates and, like the emperor, had the right to govern them.^[61]

Council of Nicaea (325)[edit]

Main article: First Council of Nicaea

Icon depicting the Emperor Constantine (centre) and the bishops of the First Council of Nicaea (325) holding the Niceno–Constantinopolitan Creed of 381.

After the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great legalized Christianity (with the Edict of Milan), he summoned the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea in 325. The bishops at the council confirmed the position of the metropolitan sees of Rome and Alexandria as having authority outside their own province, and also the existing privileges of the churches in Antioch and the other provinces.^[62] These sees were later called Patriarchates.^{[citation needed]} These were given an order of precedence: Rome, as capital of the empire was naturally given first place, then came Alexandria and Antioch. In a separate canon the Council also approved the special honor given to Jerusalem over other sees subject to the same metropolitan.^[63]

First Council of Constantinople (381)[edit]

Further information: Patriarchy

Emperor Theodosius I called the Second Ecumenical Council, held at the new capital in 381. It elevated the see of Constantinople, to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome thus raising it above the sees of Alexandria and Antioch.^[64] This action has been described as sowing the seed for the ecclesiastical rivalry between Constantinople and Rome which was ultimately a factor leading to the schism between East and West.^[65]^[66]^[67] It divided the eastern Roman Empire into five "dioceses": Egypt (under Alexandria), the East (under Antioch), Asia (under Ephesus), Pontus (under Caesarea Cappadociae), and Thrace (originally under Heraclea, later under Constantinople);^[46] The council mentioned in particular the provinces of Asia, Pontus and Thrace, it decreed that the synod of each province should manage the ecclesiastical affairs of that province alone, except for the privileges already recognized for Alexandria and Antioch.^[68]

The Western bishops took no part. The Latin Church recognized the council as ecumenical in the mid-6th century.^[46]^[69]

Chalcedon (451)[edit]

Rome's Tome of Leo (449) was highly regarded, and formed the basis for the Council of Chalcedon formulation. But it was not universally accepted and was even called "impious" and "blasphemous" by those who condemned the council that approved and accepted it.^[70] The next ecumenical council corrected a possible imbalance in Pope Leo's presentation. Although the Bishop of Rome was well respected even at this early date, the East holds that the concept of the primacy of the Roman See and Papal Infallibility were only developed much later.

The disputed^[36]^[71] canon 28 of the Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon in 451, confirming the authority already held by Constantinople, granted its archbishop jurisdiction over Pontus and Thrace.^[72]

The council also ratified an agreement between Antioch and Jerusalem, whereby Jerusalem held jurisdiction over three provinces,^[73] numbering it among the five great sees.^[74] As thus interpreted, there were now five patriarchs presiding over the Church within the Byzantine Empire, in the following order of precedence: the Patriarch of Rome, the Patriarch of Constantinople, the Patriarch of Alexandria, the Patriarch of Antioch and the Patriarch of Jerusalem.

Although Pope Leo I, whose delegates were absent when this resolution was passed, recognized the council as ecumenical and confirmed its doctrinal decrees, he rejected its canon 28 on the ground that it contravened the sixth canon of Nicaea and infringed the rights of Alexandria and Antioch.^[46]^[75] However, by that time Constantinople, the permanent residence of the emperor, had in reality enormous influence, and had it not been for the opposition of Rome, its bishop could easily have been given first place among all the bishops.^[46]

This canon would remain a constant source of friction between East and West, until the mutual excommunications of 1054 made it irrelevant in that regard;^[76] but controversy about its applicability to the authority of the patriarchate of Constantinople still continues.^[77]

The same disputed canon also recognized an authority of Constantinople over bishops of dioceses "among the barbarians", which has been variously interpreted as referring either to all areas outside the Byzantine Empire or only to those in the vicinity of Pontus, Asia and Thrace or to non-Greeks within the empire.^[36]

Canon 9 of the Council also declared: "If a bishop or clergyman should have a difference with the metropolitan of the province, let him have recourse to the Exarch of the Diocese, or to the throne of the Imperial City of Constantinople, and there let it be tried." This has been interpreted as conferring on the see of Constantinople a greater privilege than what any council ever gave Rome,^[78] or as of much lesser significance than that.^[79]^[80]

After the Council of Chalcedon (451), the position of the Patriarchate of Alexandria was weakened by a division in which the great majority of its Christian population followed the form of Christianity that its opponents called Monophysitism.^[46]

Separation of the West from the Roman Empire[edit]

In 476, when the last emperor of the western part of the Roman Empire was deposed and the western imperial insignia were sent to Constantinople, there was once again a single Roman Emperor. However he had little power in the West, which was ruled almost entirely by various Germanic tribes. In the opinion of Randall R. Cloud, the permanent separation of the Greek East from the Latin West was "the fundamental reason for the estrangement that soon followed between the Greek and the Latin Christians".^[81]

The dominant language of the West was Latin, whilst that of the East was Greek. Soon after the fall of the West to invaders, the number of individuals who spoke both languages dwindled, and communication between East and West grew much more difficult. With linguistic unity gone, cultural unity began to crumble as well. The two halves of the Church were naturally divided along similar lines; they developed different rites and had different approaches to religious doctrines. Although the schism was still centuries away, its outlines were already perceptible.^[82]

In the areas under his control, Justinian I established caesaropapism as the constitution of the Church in a scheme according to which the emperor "had the right and duty of regulating by his laws the minutest detail of worship and discipline, and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church".^[83] According to the Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms, this caesaropapism was "a source of contention between Rome and Constantinople that led to the schism of 1054".^[84] Resentment in the West against the Byzantine emperor's governance of the Church is shown as far back as the 6th century, when "the tolerance of the Arian Gothic king was preferred to the caesaropapist claims of Constantinople".^[85] The origins of the distinct attitudes in West and East are sometimes traced back even to Augustine, who "saw the relationship between church and state as one of tension between the 'city of God' and the 'city of the world'", and Eusebius, who "saw the state as the protector of the church and the emperor as God's vicar on earth".^[86]

Decline of three patriarchies[edit]

By 661, Muslim Arabs had taken over the territories assigned to the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, which thereafter were never more than partially and temporarily recovered. In 732, Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, in revenge for the opposition of Pope Gregory III to the emperor's iconoclast policies, transferred Sicily, Calabria and Illyria from the patriarchate of Rome (whose jurisdiction until then extended as far east as Thessalonica) to that of Constantinople.^[87] The Constantinople patriarchate, after expanding eastward at the time of the Council of Chalcedon to take in Pontus and the Roman province of Asia, which at that time were still under the emperor's control, thus expanded equally to the west, and was practically coextensive with the Byzantine Empire.

Council in Trullo (Quinisext, 692)[edit]

The West's rejection of the Quinisext Council of 692 led to pressure from the Eastern Empire on the West to reject many Latin customs as non-Orthodox. The Latin practices that had got the attention of the other Patriarchates^{[citation needed]} and that had been condemned by this Council included the practice of celebrating Mass on weekdays in Lent (rather than having Pre-Sanctified Liturgies);^[88] fasting on Saturdays throughout the year;^[89] omitting the "Alleluia" in Lent; depicting Christ as a lamb;^[90] using unleavened bread.^[91] Larger disputes were revealed regarding Eastern and Western attitudes toward celibacy for priests and deacons, with the Council affirming the right of married men to become priests (though forbidding priests to marry and forbidding bishops to live with their wives)^[92]^[93] and prescribing deposition for anyone who attempted to separate a clergyman other than a bishop from his wife, or for any cleric other than a bishop who dismissed his wife.^[94]

Pope Sergius I, who was of Syrian ancestry, rejected the council.^[95] Emperor Justinian II ordered his arrest.^[96] This was thwarted.^[97]^[98]

In 694, in Visigothic Spain, the council was ratified by the Eighteenth Council of Toledo at the urging of the king, Wittiza.^[99] Fruela I of Asturias reversed the decision of Toledo sometime during his reign (757–768).^[99]

Papal supremacy and Pentarchy[edit]

Further information: Pentarchy

The primary causes of the schism were disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over papal authority—Pope Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs— and over the insertion of the Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch in 1014.^[100] Eastern Orthodox today state that the 28th Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople.^[101] The seventh canon of the Council of Ephesus declared:

It is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa. But those who shall dare to compose a different faith, or to introduce or offer it to persons desiring to turn to the acknowledgment of the truth, whether from Heathenism or from Judaism, or from any heresy whatsoever, shall be deposed, if they be bishops or clergymen; bishops from the episcopate and clergymen from the clergy; and if they be laymen, they shall be anathematized^[102]

Eastern Orthodox today state that this canon of the Council of Ephesus explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed drawn up by the first Ecumenical Council in 325, the wording of which but, it is claimed, not the substance, had been modified by the second Ecumenical Council, making additions such as "who proceeds from the Father".

Eastern Orthodox argue that the seventh canon of the Council of Ephesus explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed by any man (not by ecumenical church council) drawn up by the first Ecumenical Council in 325.^[103] In reality, the Council made no exception for an ecumenical council or any other body of bishops,^[104] and the Greeks participating in the Council of Florence emphatically denied that even an ecumenical council had the power to add anything to the creed.^[105] The creed quoted in the Acts of the Council of Ephesus of 431 (the third ecumenical council) is that of the first ecumenical council, that of Nicaea (325), without the modifications that the second ecumenical council, held in Constantinople in 381, is understood to have made to it, such as the addition of "who proceeds from the Father".^[106]^[107] Eastern Orthodox theologians state this change of the wording of the churches' original creed, was done to address various teachings outside of the church in specific the Macedonius I of Constantinople teaching which the council claimed was a distortion of the church's teaching on the Holy Spirit. This was not a change of the orthodoxy of the churches' original creed.^[108] Thus the word ἑτέραν in the seventh canon of the later Council of Ephesus is understood as meaning "different" or "contradictory" and not "another" in the sense of mere explanatory additions to the already existing creed.^[105] Some scholars hold that the additions attributed to the First Council of Constantinople were adopted only with the 451 Council of Chalcedon, 20 years after that of Ephesus,^[109]^[110] and even that the Council of Ephesus, in which Alexandrian influence was dominant, was by this canon excluding the Constantinopolitan Creed, which eventually annexed the name and fame of the creed adopted at Nicaea.^[111]

Other points of conflict[edit]

Many other issues increased tensions.

Theological

The iconoclast policy enforced by a series of decrees of Emperor Leo III the Isaurian in 726–729 was resisted in the West, giving rise to friction that ended in 787, when the Second Council of Nicaea reaffirmed that images are to be venerated, but not worshipped. The Libri Carolini, commissioned by Charlemagne criticized what a faulty translation gave as the council's decision, but their objections were rebutted by Pope Adrian I.
The Western Church's insertion of Filioque into its Latin version of the Nicene Creed (accepted in Rome in 1014) was objected to as done without holding a council or obtaining consent from the Eastern Churches.^[112]
In the East, the patriarch Photios responded to the practice of certain Frankish monks in Jerusalem who attempted to impose the practice of the Filioque on their Eastern brothers.^[113]^{[not in citation given]}

Jurisdictional

Disputes in the Balkans, Southern Italy, and Sicily over whether Rome or Constantinople had ecclesiastical jurisdiction.

Governance

The Byzantine Empire was a theocracy, the Emperor was the supreme authority in both church and state.^[114]^[115]^[116]^[117] "The king is not God among men but the Viceroy of God. He is not the logos incarnate but is in a special relation with the logos. He has been specially appointed and is continually inspired by God, the friend of God, the interpreter of the Word of God. His eyes look upward, to receive the messages of God. He must be surrounded with the reverence and glory that befits God's earthly copy; and he will 'frame his earthly government according to the pattern of the divine original, finding strength in its conformity with the monarchy of God'."^[118]
In the East, endorsement of Caesaropapism, subordination of the church to the religious claims of the dominant political order, was most fully evident in the Byzantine Empire at the end of the first millennium,^[119] while in the West, where the decline of imperial authority left the Church relatively independent,^[120]^[121]^[122]^[123] there was growth of the power of the Papacy.
As a result of the Muslim conquests of the territories of the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, only two rival powerful centres of ecclesiastical authority, Constantinople and Rome, remained.^[124] Until this happened, Rome often tried to act as a neutral mediator in disputes among the Eastern Patriarchies

Canonical

Certain liturgical practices in the West that the East believed represented illegitimate innovation: the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist, for example (see Azymite).
Celibacy among Western priests (both monastic and parish), as opposed to the Eastern discipline whereby parish priests could be married men. However, the Latin church has always had some priests who were legally married. They have been a small minority since the 12th century.

In Eastern Christendom, the teaching of papal supremacy is said to be based on the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals,^[125] documents attributed to early popes but actually forged, probably in the second quarter of the 9th century, with the aim of defending the position of bishops against metropolitans and secular authorities. The Orthodox East contests the teaching that Peter was the Patriarch of Rome, a title that the West too does not give him. Early sources such as St. Irenaeus can be interpreted as describing Pope Linus as the first bishop of Rome and Pope Cletus the second. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes states: "In the late 2nd or early 3rd cent. the tradition identified Peter as the first bishop of Rome. This was a natural development once the monarchical episcopate, i.e. government of the local church by a single bishop, as distinct from a group of presbyter bishops, finally emerged in Rome in the mid-2nd cent. The earlier tradition, however, which placed Peter and Paul in a class apart as the pioneers who together established the Roman church and its ministry, was never lost sight of."^[126] St. Peter was according to tradition bishop of Antioch at one point, and was then succeeded by Evodius and Ignatius. The Eastern Orthodox do not hold the primacy of the Pope of Rome over the Eastern church; they teach that the Pope of Rome is the first among equals. The first seven Ecumenical Councils were held in the East and called by the Eastern Emperors, Roman pontiffs never presided over any of them.^[127]

Filioque and primacy issues (867-879)[edit]

Main articles: Council of Constantinople (867), Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic), and Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)

Three councils were held, two by Constaninople, one by Rome.^[128] Rome attempted to replace a seated Patriarch with one amenable to the Filioque dispute. The Orthodox responded by denouncing the replacement and excommunicating the pope convening the Roman council, denouncing the pope's attempt to control affairs outside the purview of Rome, and renouncing the addition of Filioque as a heresy. Each church recognizes its own council(s) as legitimate and does not recognize the other's council(s).^[129]^[130]^[131]^[130]^[132]^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134]

Mutual excommunication of 1054[edit]

Changes in extent of the Empire ruled from Constantinople.
476 End of the Western Empire; 550 Conquests of Justinian I; 717 Accession of Leo the Isaurian; 867 Accession of Basil I; 1025 Death of Basil II; 1095 Eve of the First Crusade; 1170 Under Manuel I; 1270 Under Michael VIII Palaiologos; 1400 Before the fall of Constantinople

In 1054, Pope Leo IX sent a letter to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, that cited a large portion of the forgery called the Donation of Constantine, believing it genuine.^[135]^[136]^[137] Leo IX assured the Patriarch that the donation was completely genuine. The Patriarch rejected the claims of papal primacy.

The pope sent legates to Constantinople in 1054 to settle the dispute. They met with a hostile reception. The legates departed abruptly, leaving a message from the pope with the patriarch. The patriarch thereafter refused to recognize their status as legates.^[138] When Pope Leo died on 19 April 1054, the legates' authority perhaps legally ceased, but they effectively ignored this technicality.^[139]^[139]^[140] In response, the legates entered the church of Hagia Sophia during the Divine Liturgy and deposited a bull of excommunication on the altar. The year 1054 is now used to date the Schism.

Later events included seemingly mutual excommunication by both sides. The remainder of the Orthodox Patriarchs supported Michael.

In reality, only Michael may have been excommunicated along with his then-living adherents.^[141]

Division between the Eastern and Western Churches^[142]^[143]

The religious distribution in 1054^[144]

At the time of the excommunications, many contemporary historians, including Byzantine chroniclers, did not consider the event significant.^[145]^[146]^[147]^[148]

Efforts were made in subsequent centuries by emperors, popes and patriarchs to heal the rift between the churches. However, a number of factors and historical events worked to widen the separation over time.^[149]

East and West since 1054[edit]

"Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them. … The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in East and West were largely unaware".^[150]

There was no single event that marked the breakdown. Rather, the two churches slid into and out of schism over a period of several centuries, punctuated with temporary reconciliations.

Fourth Crusade (1204) and other military conflicts[edit]

Main articles: Fourth Crusade, Siege of Constantinople (1204), and Northern Crusades

Second Council of Lyon (1272)[edit]

The Second Council of Lyon was convoked to act on a pledge by Byzantine emperor Michael VIII to reunite the Eastern church with the West.^[157] Wishing to end the Great Schism that divided Rome and Constantinople, Gregory X had sent an embassy to Michael VIII, who had reconquered Constantinople, putting an end to the remnants of the Latin Empire in the East, and he asked Latin despots in the East to curb their ambitions.

On 29 June (Feast of Saints Peter and Paul patronal feast of Popes), Gregory X celebrated a Mass in St John's Church, where both sides took part. The council declared that the Roman church possessed "the supreme and full primacy and authority over the universal Catholic Church."

The union effected was "a sham and a political gambit", a fiction maintained by the emperor to prevent westerners from recovering the city of Constantinople, which they had lost just over a decade before, in 1261.^[158]^[159]^[160] It was fiercely opposed by clergy and people^[161]^[162] and never put into effect,^[163] in spite of a sustained campaign by Patriarch John XI of Constantinople (John Bekkos), a convert to the cause of union, to defend the union intellectually, and vigorous and brutal repression of opponents by Michael.^[161]^[164] In 1278 Pope Nicholas III, learning of the fictitious character of Greek conformity,^[160] sent legates to Constantinople, demanding the personal submission of every Orthodox cleric and adoption of the Filioque,^[165] as already the Greek delegates at Lyon had been required to recite the Creed with the inclusion of Filioque and to repeat it two more times.^[166] Emperor Michael's attempts to resolve the schism ended when Pope Martin IV, seeing that the union was only a sham, excommunicated Michael VIII 1281 in support of Charles of Anjou's attempts to mount a new campaign to retake the Eastern Roman provinces lost to Michael.^[167]^[168]^[169]^[170]^[171]^[172]^[161]^[173]^[174] Michael VIII's son and successor Andronicus II repudiated the union, and Bekkos was forced to abdicate, being eventually exiled and imprisoned until his death in 1297.

Council of Ferrara-Florence (1439)[edit]

In the 15th century, the eastern emperor John VIII Palaeologus, pressed hard by the Ottoman Turks, was keen to ally himself with the West, and to do so he arranged with Pope Eugene IV for discussions about reunion to be held again, this time at the Council of Ferrara-Florence. After several long discussions, the emperor managed to convince the Eastern representatives to accept the Western doctrines of Filioque, Purgatory and the supremacy of the Papacy. On 6 June 1439 an agreement was signed by all the Eastern bishops present but one, Mark of Ephesus, who held that Rome continued in both heresy and schism. It seemed that the Great Schism had been ended. However, upon their return, the Eastern bishops found their agreement with the West broadly rejected by the populace and by civil authorities (with the notable exception of the Emperors of the East who remained committed to union until the Fall of Constantinople two decades later). The union signed at Florence has never been accepted by the Eastern churches.

Fall of Constantinople[edit]

Main article: Fall of Constantinople

In 1453, the Eastern Roman Empire fell to the Ottoman Empire. But Orthodoxy was still very strong in Russia which became autocephalous (since 1448, although this was not officially accepted by Constantinople until 1589); and thus Moscow called itself the Third Rome, as the cultural heir of Constantinople.^{[citation needed]}

Under Ottoman rule, the Orthodox Church acquired power as an autonomous millet. The ecumenical patriarch became the religious and ruler of the entire Ottoman administrative unit, which encompassed all the Eastern Orthodox subjects of the Empire. Those appointed to the role were chosen by the Muslim State. In fact, when Mehmed II conquered the city, he formally assumed the legal function of the Byzantine Emperors, and the appointment of the patriarch Gennadius II. Mehmed and his agents did all they could to stamp out pro-Roman parties among the Greek Christians. To that end Mehmed strengthened the Greek church. This helped to protect the Ottoman Sultanate from any united Christian foe.^{[citation needed]}

As a result of the Ottoman conquest, the entire Orthodox communion of the Balkans and the Near East became suddenly isolated from the West. For the next four hundred years, it would be confined within the Islamic world, with which it had little in common religiously or culturally. The Russian Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Churches from Wallachia and Moldavia were the only part of the Orthodox communion that remained outside the control of the Ottoman Empire.

Rise of the Church of Moscow[edit]

The growing might of the Moscow contributed also to the growing authority of the Autocephalous Russian Church. In 1589, Metropolitan Job of Moscow became the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'; making the Russian Church one of the five honorable Patriarchates.

However, in 1721 Tsar Peter I abolished completely the patriarchate and so the Church effectively became a department of the government, ruled by a Holy Synod composed of senior bishops and lay bureaucrats appointed by the Tsar himself. An independent (from the state) patriarchate was reestablished in 1917, but after the death in 1925 of Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow, who had been persecuted by the Soviet authorities, the patriarchate remained vacant until 1943, when, during the Second World War, the Soviet government allowed somewhat greater freedom to the Church.

Modern state of affairs[edit]

Eastern Catholicism[edit]

The Eastern Catholic Churches consider themselves to have reconciled the East and West Schism by keeping their prayers and rituals similar to those of Eastern Orthodoxy, while also accepting the primacy of the Bishop of Rome. Some Eastern Orthodox charge that joining in this unity comes at the expense of ignoring critical doctrinal differences and past atrocities.

Since the beginnings of the Uniate movement, there have been periodic conflicts between the Orthodox and Uniate in Ukraine and Belarus, then under Polish rule,^[175] and later also in Transylvania (see the Romanian Church United with Rome). During Russia's Time of Troubles there was a plan by the conquering Polish monarchy (of Latin Rite, not Uniate) to convert all of Russia to Roman Catholicism.^{[citation needed]} The Russian national holiday, Unity Day, was established due to this conflict. Patriarch Hermogenes was martyred by the Poles and their supporters during this period (see also Polish-Lithuanian-Muscovite Commonwealth).^[176]^[177]

Pressure was also used by the Orthodox against Eastern Catholic Churches such as the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.^[178]

At a meeting in Balamand, Lebanon in June 1993, the Joint International Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church the delegates of the Eastern Orthodox Churches declared "...and that what has been called 'uniatism' can no longer be accepted either as a method to be followed nor as a model of the unity our Churches are seeking"^[179]

At the same time, the Commission stated:

Concerning the Eastern Catholic Churches, it is clear that they, as part of the Catholic Communion, have the right to exist and to act in response to the spiritual needs of their faithful.
The Oriental Catholic Churches who have desired to re-establish full communion with the See of Rome and have remained faithful to it, have the rights and obligations which are connected with this communion.

First Vatican Council[edit]

The doctrine of papal primacy was further developed in 1870 at the First Vatican Council which declared that "in the disposition of God the Roman church holds the preeminence of ordinary power over all the other churches". This council also affirmed the dogma of papal infallibility, declaring that the infallibility of the Christian community extends to the pope himself, when he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church.

Second Vatican Council[edit]

A major event of the Second Vatican Council, known as Vatican II, was the issuance by Pope Paul and Orthodox Patriarch Athenagoras of a joint expression of regret for many of the past actions that had led up to the Great Schism between the western and eastern churches, expressed as the Catholic-Orthodox Joint declaration of 1965. At the same time, they lifted the mutual excommunications dating from the 11th century.^[180]

Recent efforts at reconciliation[edit]

On June 29, 1995, Pope John Paul II and Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople again withdrew the excommunications imposed in the 11th century and concelebrated the Eucharist together. In May 1999, John Paul II was the first pope since the Great Schism to visit an Eastern Orthodox country: Romania. Upon greeting John Paul II, the Romanian Patriarch Teoctist stated: "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity."

Pope John Paul II visited other heavily Orthodox areas such as Ukraine, despite lack of welcome at times, and he said that healing the divisions between Western and Eastern Christianity was one of his fondest wishes.

The Roman Catholic Church recently^{[citation needed]} has shown some flexibility on the Filioque issue. In accordance with the Roman Catholic Church's practice of including the clause when reciting the Creed in Latin,^[181] but not when reciting the Creed in Greek,^[182] Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs Demetrius I and Bartholomew I in Greek without the Filioque clause.^[183]^[184]^[185]^[186]^[187]^[188] The action of these Patriarchs in reciting the Creed together with the Popes has been strongly criticized by some elements of Eastern Orthodoxy, such as the Metropolitan of Kalavryta, Greece in November 2008^[189]

Prospects for reconciliation[edit]

Despite efforts on the part of Catholic Popes and Orthodox Patriarchs to heal the schism, only limited progress towards reconciliation has been made over the last half century. One stumbling block is the fact that the Orthodox and the Catholics have different perceptions of the nature of the divide. The official Catholic teaching is that the Orthodox are schismatic, meaning that there is nothing heretical about their theology, only their unwillingness to accept the supremacy of the Pope which is presented in Catholic teaching as an ecclesiological issue, not a theological one. With respect to Primacy of the Pope, the two churches agree that the Pope, as Bishop of Rome, has primacy although they continue to have different interpretations of what that primacy entails.

The Roman Catholic Church's attitude was expressed by Pope John Paul II in the image of the Church "breathing with her two lungs".^[190]^[191]^[192] He meant that there should be a combination of the more rational, juridical, organisation-minded "Latin" temperament with the intuitive, mystical and contemplative spirit found in the east.^[193]

In the Orthodox view, the Bishop of Rome (i.e. the Pope) would have universal primacy in a reunited Christendom, as primus inter pares without power of jurisdiction.^[194]

Ecclesiological reconciliation[edit]

The Eastern Orthodox insist that the primacy is largely one of honor, the Pope being "first among equals" primus inter pares. The Catholic Church, on the other hand, insists on the doctrine of Supremacy. It is widely understood that, if there is to be reconciliation, both sides will have to compromise on this doctrine. Although some commentators have proposed ways in which such compromise can be achieved, there is no official indication that such compromise is being contemplated.

In his book Principles of Catholic Theology, Pope Benedict XVI (then Cardinal Ratzinger) assessed the range of "possibilities that are open to Christian ecumenism." He characterized the "maximum demand" of the West as the recognition by the East of and submission to the "primacy of the bishop of Rome in the full scope of the definition of 1870..." The "maximum demand" of the East was described as a declaration by the West of the 1870 doctrine of papal primacy as erroneous along with the "removal of the Filioque from the Creed and including the Marian dogmas of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries." Ratzinger asserted that "(n)one of the maximum solutions offers any real hope of unity."^[195] Ratzinger wrote that, "Rome must not require more from the East than had been formulated and what was lived in the first millenium." He concluded that "Reunion could take place in this context if, on the one hand, the East would cease to oppose as heretical the developments that took place in the West in the second millennium and would accept the Catholic Church as legitimate and orthodox in the form she had acquired in the course of that development, while on the other hand, the West would recognize the Church of the East as orthodox in the form she has always had."^[196]

The declaration of Ravenna in 2007 re-asserted the belief that the bishop of Rome is indeed the protos, although future discussions are to be held on the concrete ecclesiological exercise of papal primacy.

Theological reconciliation[edit]

Some scholars such as Jeffrey Finch assert that "the future of East-West rapprochement appears to be overcoming the modern polemics of neo-scholasticism and neo-Palamism".^[197]

The Eastern Orthodox reject the rational and philosophical foundations of Western Christianity as pagan and heretical and assert that until the Western Church learns to see God and know God as the Eastern Church does, there cannot be even the remotest possibility of reconciliation.^{[citation needed]}

These doctrinal issues center around the Orthodox perception that the Catholic theologians lack the actual experience of God called theoria and thereby fail to understand the importance of the heart as a noetic or intuitive faculty. It is what they consider to be the Catholic Church's reliance on pagan metaphysical philosophy and rational methods such as scholasticism rather than on intuitive experience of God (theoria) that causes Orthodox to consider the Catholic Church heretical. Other points of doctrinal difference include a difference regarding human nature as well as a difference regarding original sin, purgatory and the nature of Hell.

One point of theological difference is embodied in the dispute regarding the inclusion of the Filioque in the Nicene Creed. In the view of the Roman Catholic Church, what it calls the legitimate complementarity of the expressions "from the Father" and "from the Father and the Son" does not, provided it does not become rigid, affect the identity of faith in the reality of the same mystery confessed.^[198] The Orthodox, on the other hand, view inclusion of the phrase to be almost heretical (see also the Trinity section).

More importantly, the Orthodox see the Filioque as just the tip of the iceberg and really just a symptom of a much more deeply rooted problem of theology, one so deeply rooted that they consider it to be heretical and even, by some characterizations, an inability to "see God" and know God. This heresy is allegedly rooted in Frankish paganism, Arianism, Platonist and Aristotelian philosophy and Thomist rational and objective Scholasticism. In opposition to what they characterize as pagan, heretical and "godless" foundations, the Orthodox rely on an intuitive and mystical knowledge and vision of God (Theoria) based on Hesychasm and noesis.^{[citation needed]} While Catholics accept the Eastern Orthodox intuitive and mystical understanding of God as valid,^{[citation needed]} they consider it to be complementary to the rational and philosophical Scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas.

Sacraments[edit]

Most Orthodox Churches through economy do not require Baptism in the Orthodox Church for one who has been previously baptized in the Roman Catholic Church. Most Orthodox jurisdictions, based on that same principle of economy, allow a sacramental marriage between an Orthodox Christian and some non-Orthodox Christians. The Catholic Church allows its clergy to administer the sacraments of Penance, the Eucharist and Anointing of the Sick to members of the Eastern Orthodox Church, if these spontaneously ask for the sacraments and are properly disposed.^[199] It also allows Catholics who cannot approach a Catholic minister to receive these three sacraments from clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, whenever necessity requires or a genuine spiritual advantage commends it, and provided the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided.^[200] Catholic canon law allows marriage between a Catholic and an Orthodox.^[201] The Orthodox Church will only administer the sacraments to Christians who aren't Orthodox if there is an emergency.

The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches authorizes the local Catholic bishop to permit a Catholic priest, of whatever rite, to bless the marriage of Orthodox faithful who being unable without great difficulty to approach a priest of their own Church, ask for this spontaneously.^[202] In exceptional circumstances Catholics may, in the absence of an authorized priest, marry before witnesses. If a priest who is not authorized for the celebration of the marriage is available, he should be called in, although the marriage is valid even without his presence.^[203] The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches specifies that, in those exceptional circumstances, even a "non-Catholic" priest (and so not necessarily one belonging to an Eastern Church) may be called in.^[204]

Recent efforts at reconciliation[edit]

Patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church have shown a willingness to work with successive Popes of the Catholic Church in joint ecumenical efforts. A Joint Theological Commission meets regularly to identify areas where progress is needed in order to achieve reconciliation.

Second Vatican Council[edit]

A major event of the Second Vatican Council, known as Vatican II, was the issuance by Pope Paul VI and Orthodox Patriarch Athenagoras of a joint expression of regret for many of the past actions that had led up to the Great Schism between the Western and Eastern churches, expressed as the Catholic-Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965. At the same time, they lifted the mutual excommunications dating from the 11th century.^[205]

Joint Theological Commission[edit]

The Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church first met in Rhodes in 1980.

Other moves toward reconciliation[edit]

On a number of occasions, Pope John Paul II recited the Nicene Creed several times with patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Greek according to the original text.^[206] Both he and his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs Demetrius I and Bartholomew I in Greek without the Filioque clause.^[207]^[208]

In June 1995, Patriarch Bartholomew I, who was elected as the 273rd Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in October 1991, visited the Vatican for the first time, when he joined in the historic inter-religious day of prayer for peace at Assisi. Pope John Paul II and the Patriarch explicitly stated their mutual "desire to relegate the excommunications of the past to oblivion and to set out on the way to re-establishing full communion."^[209]

In May 1999, John Paul II was the first pope since the Great Schism to visit an Eastern Orthodox country: Romania. Upon greeting John Paul II, the Romanian Patriarch Teoctist stated: "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity." Pope John Paul II visited other heavily Orthodox areas such as Ukraine, despite lack of welcome at times, and he said that healing the divisions between Western and Eastern Christianity was one of his fondest wishes.

In June 2004, the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I's visit to Rome for the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (29 June) afforded him the opportunity for another personal meeting with Pope John Paul II, for conversations with the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and for taking part in the celebration for the feast day in St. Peter's Basilica.

The Patriarch's partial participation in the Eucharistic liturgy at which the Pope presided followed the program of the past visits of Patriarch Dimitrios (1987) and Patriarch Bartholomew I himself: full participation in the Liturgy of the Word, joint proclamation by the Pope and by the Patriarch of the profession of faith according to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed in Greek and as the conclusion, the final Blessing imparted by both the Pope and the Patriarch at the Altar of the Confessio.^[210] The Patriarch did not fully participate in the Liturgy of the Eucharist involving the consecration and distribution of the Eucharist itself.^[211]^[212]

In accordance with the Roman Catholic Church's practice of including the clause when reciting the Creed in Latin,^[181] but not when reciting the Creed in Greek,^[182] Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs Demetrius I and Bartholomew I in Greek without the Filioque clause.^[207]^[208]

Criticism of reconciliation efforts[edit]

The efforts of Orthodox patriarchs towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church has been strongly criticized by some elements of Eastern Orthodoxy, such as the Metropolitan of Kalavryta, Greece, in November 2008.^[213]^[214]

In 2010, Patriarch Bartholomew I issued an encyclical lauding the ongoing dialogue between the Orthodox Church and other Christian churches and criticizing those who are "unacceptably fanatical" in challenging such dialogue. The encyclical lamented that the dialogues between the two churches were being criticized in "an unacceptably fanatical way" by some who claim to be defenders of Orthodoxy despite the fact that these dialogues are being conducted "with the mutual agreement and participation of all local Orthodox Churches". The Patriarch warned that "such opponents raise themselves above episcopal synods and risk creating schisms". He further accused some critics of distorting reality to "deceive and arouse the faithful" and of depicting theological dialogue not as a pan-Orthodox effort, but an effort of the Ecumenical Patriarchate alone. As an example, he pointed to "false rumors that union between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches is imminent" claiming that the disseminators of such rumors were fully aware that "the differences discussed in these theological dialogues remain numerous and require lengthy debate". The Patriarch re-emphasized that "union is not decided by theological commissions but by Church Synods".^[215]

Differences underlying the schism[edit]

Jaroslav Pelikan emphasizes that "while the East-West schism stemmed largely from political and ecclesiastical discord, this discord also reflected basic theological differences". Pelikan further argues that the antagonists in the 11th century inappropriately exaggerated their theological differences whereas modern historians tend to minimize them. Pelikan asserts that the documents from that era evidence the "depths of intellectual alienation that had developed between the two sections of Christendom." While the two sides were technically more guilty of schism than heresy, they often charged each other with allegations of heresy. Pelikan describes much of the dispute as dealing with "regional differences in usages and customs" some of which were adiaphorus (i.e. neither right nor wrong). However, he goes on to say that while it was easy in principle to accept the existence of adiaphora, it was difficult in actual practice to distinguish customs which were innocuously adiaphoric from those that had doctrinal implications.^[216]

It is the position of Orthodox Christianity that Catholic arguments in support of its teachings have relied on proofs from Fathers that have either been misinterpreted or so taken out of context as to misrepresent their true intent. It is the position of Orthodox Christianity that a closer examination of those supposed supports would have the effect of either not supporting the argument or have the opposite effect of supporting the counter-argument.

Ecclesiological disputes[edit]

Types of ecclesiologies[edit]

There are several different ecclesiologies: "communion ecclesiology", "eucharistic ecclesiology", "baptismal ecclesiology", "trinitarian ecclesiology", "kerygmatic theology".^[218] Other ecclesiologies are the "hierarchical-institutional" and the "organic-mystical",^[219] and the "congregationalist".^[220]

Ecclesiological structure[edit]

Haight characterizes the difference in ecclesiologies as "the contrast between a pope with universal jurisdiction and a combination of patriarchal superstructure with an episcopal and synodal communion ecclesiology analogous to that found in Cyprian."^[221]

The Eastern Churches maintained the idea that every local city-church with its bishop, presbyters, deacons and people celebrating the Eucharist constituted the whole Church. In this view called Eucharistic ecclesiology (or more recently holographic ecclesiology), every bishop is Saint Peter's successor in his church ("the Church") and the churches form what Eusebius called a common union of churches. This implied that all bishops were ontologically equal, although functionally particular bishops could be granted special privileges by other bishops and serve as metropolitans, archbishops or patriarchs. Within the Roman Empire, from the time of Constantine to the final extinction of the empire in 1453, universal ecclesiology, rather than eucharistic, "became the operative principle".^[222] The view prevailed that, "when the Roman Empire became Christian the perfect world order willed by God had been achieved: one universal empire was sovereign, and coterminous with it was the one universal church".^[223] Early on, the ecclesiology of the Roman Church was universal in nature, with the idea that the Church was a worldwide organism with a divinely (not functionally) appointed center: the Church/Bishop of Rome. These two views are still present in modern Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism and can be seen as foundational causes for the schisms and Great Schism between East and West.^{[citation needed]}

"The Orthodox Church does not accept the doctrine of Papal authority set forth in the Vatican Council of 1870, and taught today in the Roman Catholic Church."^[224] The Orthodox Church has always maintained the original position of collegiality of the bishops resulting in the structure of the church being closer to a confederacy in structure.^[225] The Orthodox have synods where the highest authorities in each Church community are brought together, but unlike Roman Catholicism no central individual or figure has the absolute and infallible last word on church doctrine. In practice, this has sometimes led to divisions among Greek, Russian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches, as no central authority can serve as a rallying point for various internal disputes.

Early on, the ecclesiology of the Roman Church was universal in nature, with the idea that the Church was a worldwide organism with a divinely (not functionally) appointed center: the Church/Bishop of Rome. The Second Vatican Council has re-asserted the importance of collegiality to a degree that appears satisfying to most if not all ecclesial parties.^{[citation needed]} Starting from the second half of the 20th century, eucharistic ecclesiology is upheld by Roman Catholic theologians. Henri de Lubac wrote: "The Church, like the Eucharist, is a mystery of unity - the same mystery, and one with inexhaustible riches. Both are the body of Christ - the same body."^[226] Joseph Ratzinger called eucharistic ecclesiology "the real core of Vatican II's teaching on the cross".^[219] According to Ratzinger, the one church of God exists in no other way than in the various individual local congregations.^[227] In these the Eucharist is celebrated in union with the Church everywhere.^[228] Eucharistic ecclesiology led the Second Vatican Council to "affirm the theological significance of the local church. If each celebration of the Eucharist is a matter not only of Christ's sacramental presence on the altar, but also of his ecclesial presence in the gathered community, then each eucharistic local church must be more than a subset of the universal church; it must be the body of Christ 'in that place'."^[229]

Papal primacy[edit]

The ecclesiological dimension of the East-West schism revolves around the authority of bishops within their dioceses^[230]^{[not in citation given]} and the lines of authority between bishops of different dioceses. It is common for Catholics to insist on the primacy of Roman and papal authority based on patristic writings and conciliar documents.^[231]

Papal privilege and authority[edit]

See also: Pseudo-Isidore and Donation of Constantine

The Roman Catholic Church's current official teachings about papal privilege and power that are unacceptable to the Eastern Orthodox churches are the dogma of the pope's infallibility when speaking officially "from the chair of Peter (ex cathedra Petri)" on matters of faith and morals to be held by the whole Church, so that such definitions are irreformable "of themselves, and not by the consent of the Church" (ex sese et non ex consensu ecclesiae)^[232] and have a binding character for all (Catholic) Christians in the world; the pope's direct episcopal jurisdiction over all (Catholic) Christians in the world; the pope's authority to appoint (and so also to depose)^{[citation needed]} the bishops of all (Catholic) Christian churches except in the territory of a patriarchate;^[233] and the affirmation that the legitimacy and authority of all (Catholic) Christian bishops in the world derive from their union with the Roman see and its bishop, the Supreme Pontiff, the unique Successor of Peter and Vicar of Christ on earth.^{[citation needed]}

Principal among the ecclesiastical issues that separate the two churches is the meaning of papal primacy within any future unified church. The Orthodox insist that it should be a "primacy of honor", as in the ancient church, and not a "primacy of authority",^[234] whereas the Catholics see the pontiff's role as requiring for its exercise power and authority the exact form of which is open to discussion with other Christians.^[235]

According to Orthodox belief, the test of catholicity is adherence to the authority of Scripture and then by the Holy Tradition of the church. It is not defined by adherence to any particular See. It is the position of the Orthodox Church that it has never accepted the pope as de jure leader of the entire church. All bishops are equal 'as Peter' therefore every church under every bishop (consecrated in apostolic succession) is fully complete (the original meaning of catholic).^{[citation needed]}

Referring to Ignatius of Antioch^[236] Carlton says

"Contrary to popular opinion, the word catholic does not mean "universal"; it means "whole, complete, lacking nothing." ...Thus , to confess the Church to be catholic is to say that She possesses the fullness of the Christian faith. To say, however, that Orthodox and Rome constitute two lungs of the same Church is to deny that either Church separately is catholic in any meaningful sense of the term. This is not only contrary to the teaching of Orthodoxy, it is flatly contrary to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, which considered itself truly catholic"^[237]

The church is in the image of the Trinity^[238] and reflects the reality of the incarnation.

"The body of Christ must always be equal with itself…The local church which manifests the body of Christ cannot be subsumed into any larger organisation or collectivity which makes it more catholic and more in unity, for the simple reason that the principle of total catholicity and total unity is already intrinsic to it."^[239]

Any changes to the understanding of the church would reflect a change in the understanding of the Trinity.

Theological issues[edit]

Main articles: Catholic - Orthodox theological differences and Contra Errores Graecorum

From the perspective of the Catholic Church, the ecclesiological issues are the central issue which is why they characterize the split between the two churches as a schism. In their view, the Eastern Orthodox are very close to them in theology and the Catholic Church does not consider the Orthodox beliefs to be heretical. However, from the perspective of Orthodox theologians, there are theological issues that run much deeper than just the theology around the primacy and/or supremacy of the Pope. In fact, unlike the Catholics who do not generally consider the Orthodox heretical, and speak instead about the Eastern "schism",^[240] some prominent Orthodox theologians do consider the Catholic Church to be heretical on fundamental doctrinal issues of theology, such as the Filioque. These issues have a long history as can be seen in the 11th-century works of Orthodox theologian and Saint Nikitas Stithatos.

In the Roman Catholic Church too, some writers can be found who speak pejoratively of the Eastern Orthodox Church and its theology, but these writers are marginal.^[241] The official view of the Catholic Church is that expressed in the Decree Unitatis redintegratio of the Second Vatican Council:

In the study of revelation East and West have followed different methods, and have developed differently their understanding and confession of God's truth. It is hardly surprising, then, if from time to time one tradition has come nearer to a full appreciation of some aspects of a mystery of revelation than the other, or has expressed it to better advantage. In such cases, these various theological expressions are to be considered often as mutually complementary rather than conflicting. Where the authentic theological traditions of the Eastern Church are concerned, we must recognize the admirable way in which they have their roots in Holy Scripture, and how they are nurtured and given expression in the life of the liturgy. They derive their strength too from the living tradition of the apostles and from the works of the Fathers and spiritual writers of the Eastern Churches. Thus they promote the right ordering of Christian life and, indeed, pave the way to a full vision of Christian truth.^[242]

Trinity[edit]

Experience of God (Theoria) vs. Scholasticism[edit]

Further information: Hesychasm

Vladimir Lossky, a noted modern Eastern Orthodox theologian, argues the difference in East and West is due to the Roman Catholic Church's use of pagan metaphysical philosophy (and scholasticism) rather than actual experience of God called theoria, to validate the theological dogmas of Roman Catholic Christianity. For this reason, Lossky argues that Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics have become "different men".^[262] Other Eastern Orthodox theologians such as John Romanides^[263] and Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos have made similar pronouncements.^[264] According to the Orthodox teachings, Theoria can be achieved through ascetic practices like hesychasm (see St John Climacus), which was condemned as a heresy by Barlaam of Seminara.

The heart reconciled with the mind higher than reason alone[edit]

Orthodox theologians charge that, in contrast to Orthodox theology, western theology is based on philosophical discourse which reduces humanity and nature to cold mechanical concepts.^[265]^[266] Orthodox theologians argue that the mind (reason, rationality) is the focus of Western theology, whereas in Eastern theology, the mind must be put in the heart, so they are united into what is called nous, this unity as heart is the focus of Eastern Orthodox Christianity^[267] involving the unceasing Prayer of the heart.^[268]

Theological consequences of the division East and West[edit]

Further information: Noesis and Spiritual Warfare

In Orthodox theology, in the Eastern ascetic traditions one of the goals of ascetic practice is to obtain sobriety of consciousness, awakeness (nepsis). For humankind this is reached in the healing of whole person called the soul, heart. When a person's heart is reconciled with their mind, this is referred to as a healing of the nous or the "eye, focus of the heart or soul".^[269]^[270] Part of this process is the healing and or reconciliation of humankind's reason being called logos or dianoia with the heart, soul.^[271] While mankind's spirit and body are energies vivified by the soul, Orthodoxy teaches man's sin, suffering, sorrow is caused by his heart and mind being a duality and in conflict.^[272] According to Orthodox theology, lack of noetic understanding (sickness) can be neither circumvented nor satisfied by rational or discursive thought (i.e. systematization),^[269] and denying the needs of the human heart (a more Western expression would be the needs of the soul) causes various negative or destructive manifestations such as addiction, atheism and evil thoughts etc.^[273]^[274] A cleaned, healed or restored Nous creates the condition of sobriety or nepsis of the mind.

Uncreated light[edit]

Main article: Kollyvades Movement

See also: Tabor light and Nicholas Cabasilas

Orthodox theologians assert that the theological division of East and West culminated into a direct theological conflict known as the Hesychasm controversy during several councils at Constantinople New Rome, between the years 1341–1351. They argue that this controversy highlighted the sharp contrast between what is embraced by the Roman Catholic Church as proper (or orthodox) theological dogma and how theology is validated and what is considered valid theology by the Eastern Orthodox. The essence of the disagreement is that in the East a person cannot be a genuine true theologian, or teach knowledge of God, without having experienced God, as is defined as the vision of God (theoria). At the heart of the issue was the teaching of the Essence-Energies distinctions (which states that while creation can never know God's uncreated essence, it can know his uncreated energies) by Gregory Palamas.

Original sin, free will and the Immaculate Conception[edit]

Augustine's doctrine of original sin[edit]

Church teachings on original sin[edit]

What the Eastern Orthodox accepts is that ancestral sin corrupted their existence (their bodies and environment) that each person is born into and thus we are born into a corrupted existence (by the ancestral sin of Adam and Eve)^[278]^{[page needed]} and that "original sin is hereditary. It did not remain only Adam and Eve's. As life passes from them to all of their descendants, so does original sin. All of us participate in original sin because we are all descended from the same forefather, Adam."^[279]

Both East^{[citation needed]} and West^[280] hold that each person is not called to atone for the actual sin committed by Adam and Eve. Rather each person is called to overcome the corrupted world they are born into and seek salvation by way of the community established by God. By attaining the Holy Spirit which validates this community (church).^[281] Here the two churches greatly differ, as to the meaning of attaining the Holy Spirit, both having radically different meanings East and West.^[282]^[283]

The teaching of the Roman Catholic Church about original sin is that all people inherit the sin of Adam,^[284] and the teaching of the Eastern Orthodox Church is that, as a result of Adam's sin, "hereditary sin flowed to his posterity; so that everyone who is born after the flesh bears this burden, and experiences the fruits of it in this present world."^[285]

According to the Western Church, "original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam's descendants",^[280] and the Eastern Church teaches that "by these fruits and this burden we do not understand [actual] sin".^[285] The Orthodox^{[citation needed]} and the Catholics^[286] believe that people inherit only the spiritual sickness (in which all suffer and sin) of Adam and Eve, caused by their ancestral sin (what has flowed to them), a sickness leaving them weakened in their powers, subject to ignorance, suffering and the domination of death, and inclined to sin.^[286]

Immaculate Conception rejected by the East[edit]

Some Orthodox theologians also express the belief that the doctrine of Original Sin has led western theology to develop the doctrine about the "Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary" (which was defined by Pope Pius IX in 1854).^[287] Eastern theologians consider this doctrine to be wrong, since it claims that God Himself protected the Virgin Mary from the sickness of sin, so that she could give birth to Christ, while they believe that the Virgin Mary was chosen to give birth to Christ, because of^{[citation needed]} her own desire to love God and follow God's will.^[288]^[289]^[290]

Sin, Purgatory and Hell[edit]

Purgatory[edit]

Another point of theological contention between the western and eastern churches, is the doctrine of purgatory (as it was shown at the Second Council of Lyons and the Council of Ferrara-Florence).^[291] It was developed in time in western theology, according to which, "all who die in God's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven."^[292] However, some eastern theologians, while agreeing that there is beyond death a state in which believers continue to be perfected and led to full divinization, consider that it is a state not of punishment but of growth;^[293] hold that suffering cannot purify sin, since they have a different view of sin and consider suffering as a result of a spiritual sickness.^[294] Western theology usually considers sin not only as a sickness that weakens and impedes, but also as something that merits punishment.^[295]

The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that "there is a state beyond death where believers continue to be perfected and led to full divinization".^[293]^{[citation needed]} Although some Orthodox^[who?] have described this intermediate state as "purgatory", others distinguish it from aspects associated with it in the West: at the Council of Ferrara-Florence, the Orthodox Bishop and Saint Mark of Ephesus argued that there are in it no purifying fires.^[296]

Damnation[edit]

Eastern Orthodox consider the teaching of punishment in the after life by Western Christianity^[297] a corruption of the original teaching of the eternal fire.^{[citation needed]} The traditional Orthodox teaching is that "those who reject Christ will face punishment. According to the Confession of Dositheus, persons go immediately to joy in Christ or to the torments of punishment".^[293]

In Orthodox doctrine there is no place without God. In eternity there is no hiding from God. In Catholic theology, God is present everywhere not only by his power but in himself.^[298] Hell is a state of self-selected separation from God. In Orthodoxy, torment for the damned is not some created place called "Hell" where people are without God.^{[citation needed]}

Eastern theology considers the desire to sin, as the result of a spiritual sickness (caused by Adam and Eve's pride), which needs to be cured.^[299] One such theologian gives his interpretation of Western theology as follows: "According to the holy Fathers of the Church, there is not an uncreated Paradise and a created Hell, as the Franco-Latin tradition teaches".^[300] The eastern Church, believes that hell or eternal damnation and heaven exist and are the same place, which is being with God, and that the very same Divine love (God's uncreated energies) which is a source of bliss and consolation for the righteous (because they love God, His love is Heaven for them), is also a source of torment (or a "Lake of Fire") for sinners (because they don't love God, they will feel His love this way).^[301]^[302]^[303]^[304] The Western Church speaks of heaven^[305] and hell^[306] as states of existence rather than as places. Whereas in Eastern Orthodoxy there is no Hell per se, there is damnation or punishment in eternity for the rejection of God's grace.

Notes[edit]

^ Article "Great Schism" in Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cross, F. L., ed., ed. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280290-9. , article "Great Schism (1)"
^ See M. G. D'Agostino, Il Primato della Sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049–1054). Studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano, Edizioni San Paolo, Cinisello Balsamo 2008.
^ See A. Bayer, Spaltung der Christenheit. Das sogennante Morgenländische Schisma von 1054, Köln-Weimar-Wien 2002.
^ A late 11th-century pamphlet, Against the Franks [1] falsely attributed to Photios lists this as second point, right after the filioque. J. Hergenröther, Monumenta Graeca ad Photium eiusque historiam pertinentiam, Regensburg 1869, pp. 62–71. Hans-Georg Beck, Byzantinisches Lesebuch, München 1982, pp. 245–247.
^ Martin Lembke, lecture in the course "Meetings with the World's Religions", Centre for Theology and Religious Studies, Lund University, Spring Term 2010.
^ Anthony Dragani (2007). ''Adrian Fortescue and the Eastern Christian Churches''. Gorgias ress. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-59333345-4. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Karl Bihlmeyer, Hermann Tüchle (1967). ''Church History: The Middle Ages''. Newman Press. p. 102. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ ^a ^b John Bagnell Bury (1923). ''The Cambridge Medieval Histories'' 4. Plantagenet Publishing. p. 267. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ A. Edward Siecienski, The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy (Oxford University Press 2010 ISBN 9780195372045), p. 113
^ Axel Bayer, Spaltung der Christenheit (Böhlau Verlag 2004 ISBN 9783412142049), p. 80
^ Runciman 1955
^ Aidan Nichols, OP (2010). ''Rome and the Eastern Churches''. Ignatius Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-58617282-4. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ The absence of full communion between the churches is mentioned explicitly even in the permission that canon 844 §3 of the Code of Canon Law accords for the administering by Catholic ministers of the sacraments of penance, the Eucharist and anointing of the sick to spontaneously requesting members of eastern churches such as the Eastern Orthodox Church (as also the Oriental Orthodox churches and the Church of the East) and of western churches such as the Old Catholic Church.
^ Eastern Churches Journal (Society of Saint John Chrysostom) 8 (Issues 1–2): 149. 2001.
^ Granfield, Patrick; Phan, Peter C. (1 November 2000). The Gift of the Church: A Textbook Ecclesiology in Honor of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B.. Liturgical Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8146-5931-1. Retrieved 26 October 2012. "(t)he divergence of the Eastern and Western churches, leading ultimately to the East-West Schism, was a process of many centuries, influenced by a host of political, cultural and theological factors"
^ ^a ^b Haight, Roger D. (16 September 2004). Christian Community in History Volume 1: Historical Ecclesiology. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-8264-1630-8. Retrieved 26 October 2012. "The [East-West Schism] should not be understood to have occurred in the mutual excommunications [of 1054] ... only one factor in a much longer and larger story involving cultural, political and theological factors"
^ Schadé, Johannes P. (30 December 2006). Encyclopedia of World Religions. Foreign Media Group. p. 805. ISBN 978-1-60136-000-7. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
^ Cleenewerck, Laurent His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Washington, DC: EUC Press (2008) pp. 145–155
^ Soloviev, V.S.; Wozniuk, Vladimir (1 July 2009). Freedom, Faith, and Dogma: Essays by V. S. Soloviev on Christianity and Judaism. SUNY Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7914-7536-2. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
^ Makrides, Vasilios N. (1 September 2009). Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present. NYU Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8147-9568-2. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
^ Rome and the Eastern Churches by Aidan Nichols pages 227–272 (chapter "The Photian Schism and the 'Filioque'") Publisher: Ignatius Press (February 1, 2010) ISBN 1586172824 ISBN 978-1586172824
^ See Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople
^ [http://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&pg=PA144&dq=Binns+%22many+major+Churches%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0h52UtPrLauw7Ab8h4GYDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Binns%20%22many%20major%20Churches%22&f=false John Binns, An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2002, p144
^ Kling, David W. (20 April 2005). The Bible in History:How the Texts Have Shaped the Times. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-988096-6. Retrieved 31 October 2012. "Obviously, the church at Rome, given the dual presence of the apostles Peter and Paul, claimed a special authority. In the ﬁrst three centuries, church leaders and thinkers throughout the empire increasingly recognized Rome as a center of Christianity. At the same time, the literary evidence yields no clear-cut claims to, or recognition of, papal primacy."
^ "Roman Presidency and Christian Unity in our Time". Orthodoxytoday.org. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Eusebius, ''Church History'', chapter 23". Ccel.org. 2005-07-13. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline". Orthodox Answers. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Eusebius, ''Church History'', chapter 24". Ccel.org. 2005-07-13. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Eusebius of Caesarea. Church History V. p. xxiv. "But this did not please all the bishops. And they besought him to consider the things of peace, and of neighborly unity and love. Words of theirs are extant, sharply rebuking Victor. Among them was Irenæus, who, sending letters in the name of the brethren in Gaul over whom he presided, maintained that the mystery of the resurrection of the Lord should be observed only on the Lord's day. He fittingly admonishes Victor that he should not cut off whole churches of God which observed the tradition of an ancient custom.""
^ Cleenewerck, Laurent (2007). His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Euclid University Press. p. 155-page156. ISBN 978-0-615-18361-9. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
^ Aidan Nichols, Rome and the Eastern Churches (Ignatius Press 2010 ISBN 978-1-58617282-4), p. 199. This was also decreed by the Council of Sardica, which declared Saint Athanasius to be the lawful bishop of Alexandria (Council of Sardica, canons 3-5).
^ Nichols (2010), p. 202
^ Nichols (2010), p. 203
^ Nichols (2010), p. 203. The First Council of Ephesus in 431 stated that it condemned Nestorius "compelled thereto by the canons and by the letter of our most holy father and fellow-servant Coelestine, the Roman bishop" ([http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xi.html Decree of the Council against Nestorius).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d George C. Michalopulos (2009-09-11). "Canon 28 and Eastern Papalism: Cause or Effect?". Aoiusa.org. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Nichols (2010), p. 208]
^ Nichols (2010), pp. 209–210
^ Nichols (2010), p. 210; Kenneth D. Whitehead, One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic (Ignatius Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-89870802-8); Joseph Cullen Ayer, Jr, A Source Book for Ancient Church History (Mundus Publishing 2008), p. 537
^ "Gelasius I on Spiritual and Temporal Power". Fordham.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Bishop Kallistos Ware, The Great Schism
^ Mark Galli, ''The Great Divorce''. Ctlibrary.com (1997-04-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Marcus Louis Rautman (2006). Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-313-32437-6. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ see also Fall of Rome
^ Kallistos Ware, Orthodox Church, "Byzantium: The Church of the Seven Councils"
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "L'idea di pentarchia nella cristianità". Homolaicus.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Canon 3
^ Deno John Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West (University of Wisconsin Press 1989 ISBN 978-0-29911884-6), p. 172
^ Robert Andrew Baker, John M. Landers, A Summary of Christian History (B&H Publishing Group 2005 ISBN 978-0-80543288-6), p. 110
^ St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople. Saint Metrophanes, Patriarch of Constantinople, was a contemporary of St Constantine the Great (306–337). His father, Dometius, was a brother of the Roman emperor Probus (276–282). Seeing the falseness of the pagan religion, Dometius came to believe in Christ. During a time of terrible persecution of Christians at Rome, St Dometius set off to Byzantium with two of his sons, Probus and Metrophanes. They were instructed in the law of the Lord by Bishop Titus, a man of holy life. Seeing the ardent desire of Dometius to labor for the Lord, St Titus ordained him presbyter. After the death of Titus first Dometius (272–303) was elevated to the bishop's throne, and thereafter his sons, Probus (303–315) and in 316 St Metrophanes. The emperor Constantine once came to Byzantium, and was delighted by the beauty and comfortable setting of the city. And having seen the holiness of life and sagacity of St Metrophanes, the emperor took him back to Rome. Soon Constantine the Great transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantium and he brought St Metrophanes there. The First Ecumenical Council was convened in 325 to resolve the Arian heresy. Constantine the Great had the holy Fathers of the Council bestow upon St Metrophanes the title of Patriarch. Thus, the saint became the first Patriarch of Constantinople.[2]
^ John Binns, An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2002, pp 162–164
^ ^a ^b John McGuckin, Saint Cyril of Alexandria and the Christological Controversy, SVS Press, NY, 2004, p173
^ "Klaus Schatz: Primat und Reichskirchliche Strukturen im 5. – 9. Jahrhundert". Sankt-georgen.de. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Manion, Gerard; Richard Gailardetz, et al (2003). Readings in Church Authority: Gifts and Challenges for Contemporary Catholicism. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 211. ISBN 0-7546-0530-2.
^ "Following the establishment of Constantinople (the ancient city of Byzantium) as the state capital of the Roman Empire in the early part of the fourth century, a series of significant ecclesiastical events saw the status of the Bishop of New Rome (as Constantinople was then called) elevated to its current position and privilege" (website of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
^ ^a ^b NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Ccel.org (2005-06-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ There are no primacies nor primates according to Roman Orthodox Canon Law, but only bishops with "Seniority of Honor" since all bishops are doctrinally equal. The Franco-Latin and Protestant translations of "Seniority of honor" by "primacy of honor" is theirs, not ours John Romanides [3]
^ Council of Chalcedon, 451: Resource Materials. Monachos.net (2012-05-28). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Matthew Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (Infobase Publishing 2009 ISBN 978-1-43811027-1), p. 115
^ Johannes P. Schadé, Encyclopedia of World Religions (Foreign Media Group 2006 ISBN 978-1-60136000-7), section 8
^ "Milton V. Anastos, ''Aspects of the Mind of Byzantium (Political Theory, Theology, and Ecclesiastical Relations with the See of Rome)'' Variorum Collected Studies Series". 2001. ISBN 0-86078-840-7publisher=Ashgate Publications. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Let the ancient customs in Egypt, Libya and Pentapolis prevail, that the Bishop of Alexandria have jurisdiction in all these, since the like is customary for the Bishop of Rome also. Likewise in Antioch and the other provinces, let the Churches retain their privileges" (First Ecumenical Council, Canon VI).
^ "Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of Ælia [i.e., Jerusalem] should be honoured, let him, saving its due dignity to the Metropolis, have the next place of honour" (First Ecumenical Council, Canon VII
^ Following the establishment of Constantinople (the ancient city of Byzantium) as the state capital of the Roman Empire in the early part of the 4th century, a series of significant ecclesiastical events saw the status of the Bishop of New Rome (as Constantinople was then called) elevated to its current position and privilege.[4]
^ Deno John Geanakoplos (1989). ''Constantinople and the West''. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-29911884-6. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Robert Andrew Baker, John M. Landers (2005). ''A Summary of Christian History''. B&H Publishing Group. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-80543288-6. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "The Bishop of Constantinople, however, shall have the prerogative of honor after the Bishop of Rome; because Constantinople is New Rome." (Second Ecumenical Council, [5])
^ "Let the Bishop of Alexandria, according to the canons, alone administer the affairs of Egypt; and let the bishops of the East manage the East alone, the privileges of the Church in Antioch, which are mentioned in the canons of Nice, being preserved; and let the bishops of the Asian Diocese administer the Asian affairs only; and the Pontic bishops only Pontic matters; and the Thracian bishops only Thracian affairs" (Second Ecumenical Council, Canon II)
^ "Canon 3". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "The Sixth Book of the Select Letters of Severus, Patriarch of Antioch, vol. II" (PDF). p. 254. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Patriarch Alexis of Moscow and All Russia, "A Letter To The Ecumenical Patriarch Concerning The Situation Of The Diaspora"
^ "Canon XXVIII". Fourth Ecumenical Council. "[T]he Fathers rightly granted privileges to the throne of old Rome, because it was the royal city. And the One Hundred and Fifty most religious Bishops [i.e., the Second Ecumenical Council], actuated by the same consideration, gave equal privileges (ἴσα πρεσβεῖα) to the most holy throne of New Rome, justly judging that the city which is honored with the Sovereignty and the Senate, and enjoys equal privileges with the old imperial Rome, should in ecclesiastical matters also be magnified as she is, and rank next after her; so that, in the Pontic, the Asian, and the Thracian dioceses, the metropolitans only and such bishops also of the Dioceses aforesaid as are among the barbarians, should be ordained by the aforesaid most holy throne of the most holy Church of Constantinople."
^ Fourth Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Jurisdiction of Jerusalem and Antioch
^ Bishop Kallistos (Ware) (1963), The Orthodox Church (Penguin Books, London, ISBN 0-14-020592-6), p. 34
^ "Encyclopædia Britannica 1911: ''Council of Chalcedon''". 1911encyclopedia.org. 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ McGuckin, John Anthony (18 October 2010). The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to its History, Doctrine, and Spiritual Culture. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 32, 137. ISBN 978-1-4443-3731-0. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
^ McGuckin (2010), p. 137
^ Johnson, quoted by Schaff
^ Hefele, quoted by Schaff
^ "Canon 9 and Notes". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Randall R. Cloud (2007). ''Aristotle's Journey to Europe''. ProQuest. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-54929226-5. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Orthodox Church in the Philippines - East-West Schism 01". Orthodox.org.ph. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Ayer, John Cullen, ed. (1913). A Source Book for Ancient Church History. Mundus Publishing (2008 reprint).
^ Donald K. McKim, Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms (Westminster John Knox Press 1996 ISBN 978-0-66425511-4), p. 35
^ Herwig Wolfram, History of the Goths (University of California Press 1990 ISBN 978-0-52006983-1), p. 328
^ Carl Volz, The Medieval Church (Abingdon Press 2011 ISBN 978-1-42672477-0)
^ "Encyclopædia Britannica: ''Leo III''". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Canon LII". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xiv.iii.lvi.html Canon LV". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Canon LXXXII". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Canon XI". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Canon VI and Schaff, "Excursus on the Marriage of the Clergy"
^ "Canon XII". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Canon XIII and Canon XLVIII
^ Economou, Andrew J. (2007). Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. New York City: Lexington Books. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-73911977-8. "to die rather than consent to erroneous novelties ... [would not be]its captive in matters of religion"
^ Ekonomou (2007), p. 223
^ Ekonomou (2007), p. 224
^ Walter Ullmann, ''A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages''. Routledge. 2003. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-41530227-2. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ ^a ^b Collins, 19.
^ Aristeides Papadakis, The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy, Face Press, NY, 1994, p. 14.)
^ The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500 By Wilfried Hartmann, Kenneth Pennington pg 63 Publisher: Catholic University of America Press (February 27, 2012) ISBN 0813216796 ISBN 978-0813216799 [6]
^ (Extracts from the Acts of the Council of Ephesus). The creed quoted in the Acts of the Council of Ephesus (the Third Ecumenical Council) is that of the first Ecumenical Council, not the creed as modified by the second Ecumenical Council, and so does not have additions such as "who proceeds from the Father" (ibidem).
^ NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Ccel.org (2005-06-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ The seventh canon of the Council of Ephesus declared: "It is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa. But those who shall dare to compose a different faith, or to introduce or offer it to persons desiring to turn to the acknowledgment of the truth, whether from Heathenism or from Judaism, or from any heresy whatsoever, shall be deposed, if they be bishops or clergymen; bishops from the episcopate and clergymen from the clergy; and if they be laymen, they shall be anathematized."
^ ^a ^b "Excursus on the words πίστιν ἑτέραν". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ (Extracts from the Acts of the Council of Ephesus
^ Council of Ephesus, 431: Definition of the faith at Nicaea^{[dead link]}
^ "However, the chief of the heretics who distorted the apostolic teaching concerning the Holy Spirit was Macedonius, who occupied the cathedra of Constantinople as archbishop in the 4th century and found followers for himself among former Arians and Semi-Arians. He called the Holy Spirit a creation of the Son, and a servant of the Father and the Son. Accusers of his heresy were Fathers of the Church like Sts. Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, Athanasius the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, Ambrose, Amphilocius, Diodores of Tarsus, and others, who wrote works against the heretics. The false teaching of Macedonius was refuted first in a series of local councils and finally at the Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 381. In preserving Orthodoxy, the Second Ecumenical Council completed the Nicaean Symbol of Faith with these words: "And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life, Who proceedeth from the Father, Who with the Father and the Son is equally worshiped and glorified, Who spake by the Prophets," as well as those articles of the Creed which follow this in the Nicaean-Constantinopolitan Symbol of Faith." Orthodox Dogmatic Theology: A Concise Exposition Protopresbyter Michael Pomazansky St Herman of Alaska Brotherhood press 1994 (ISBN 0-938635-69-7) [7]
^ J.N.D. Kelly, ''Early Christian Creeds'' (Continuum International 2006 ISBN 978-0-82649216-6), chapter X. Books.google.ie. 2006-11-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ John Haddon Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (Westminster John Knox Press 1982 ISBN 978-0-80420526-9), p. 31. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Joan Mervyn Hussey, ''The Cambridge Medieval History'' (CUP Archive), vol. 8, p. 177. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ ^a ^b Quoting Aleksey Khomyakov on the Filioque and economy of the Eastern Churches and Roman Catholicism pg 87 History of Russian Philosophy by N. O. Lossky ISBN 978-0-8236-8074-0
^ The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism By Richard McBrien, Harold Attridge pp. 529–530 ISBN 978-0-06-065338-5
^ Judith Herrin, Margins and Metropolis (Princeton University Press 2013 ISBN 978-0-69115301-8), p. 11
^ Jenny Fretland VanVoorst, The Byzantine Empire (Capstone 2012 ISBN 978-0-75654565-9), p. 14
^ Rebecca Stefoff, Monarchy (|Marshall Cavendish 2007 ISBN 978-0-76142630-1), P. 62
^ Christopher Dawson, The Formation of Christendom (Ignatius Press 2008 ISBN 978-1-58617239-8), p. 140
^ Steven Runciman. The Byzantine Theocracy. Cambridge University Press, 1977.
^ "Church and State in the Byzantine Empire". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
^ "Church and State in Western Europe". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
^ John C. Dwyer, Church History (Paulist Press 1998 ISBN 978-0-8091-3830-2), p. 118
^ Matthew Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (Facts on File 2002 ISBN 978-0-8160-4562-4), pp. 115–116
^ Deno John Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West (University of Wisconsin Press 1989 ISBN 978-0-299-11884-6), p. 226
^ "During the decade following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, his followers captured three of the five 'patriarchates' of the early church — Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem — leaving only Rome and Constantinople, located at opposite ends of the Mediterranean and, eventually, also at opposite ends of the Schism of 1054" (Encyclopaedia Britannica).
^ [8]
^ J. N. D. Kelly, Oxford Dictionary of Popes, 2005, page 6
^ The Orthodox attitude to the papacy is expressed by a 12th-century writer, Nicetas, Archbishop of Nicomedia

My dearest brother, we do not deny to the Roman Church the primacy amongst the five sister Patriarchates; and we recognize her right to the most honorable seat at an Ecumenical Council. But she has separated herself from us by her own deeds, when through pride she assumed a monarchy which does not belong to her office... How shall we accept decrees from her that have been issued without consulting us and even without our knowledge? If the Roman Pontiff, seated on the lofty throne of his glory, wishes to thunder at us and, so to speak, hurl his mandates at us from on high, and if he wishes to judge us and even to rule us and our Churches, not by taking counsel with us but at his own arbitrary pleasure, what kind of brotherhood, or even what kind of parenthood can this be? We should be the slaves, not the sons, of such a Church, and the Roman See would not be the pious mother of sons but a hard and imperious mistress of slaves (Quoted in S. Runciman, The Eastern Schism, p. 116).Orthodox Church by Bishop Kallistos Ware Part I: History. ISBN 978-0-14-014656-1
^ Eighth Ecumenical Council: Constantinople IV (869) The Fourth General Council of Constantinople, under Pope Adrian II and Emperor Basil numbering 102 bishops, 3 papal legates, and 4 patriarchs, consigned to the flames the Acts of an irregular council (conciliabulum) brought together by Photius against Pope Nicholas and Ignatius the legitimate Patriarch of Constantinople; it condemned Photius who had unlawfully seized the patriarchal dignity. The Photian Schism, however, triumphed in the Greek Church, and no other general council took place in the East.[9]
^ A. Fortescue, The Orthodox Eastern Church, pages 147–148;
^ ^a ^b Andrew Louth, Greek East and Latin West, pg171
^ ^a ^b S. Tougher, The Reign of Leo VI, pg69
^ ^a ^b The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy pg103 By A. Edward Siecienski Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA (12 May 2010) ISBN 978-0-19-537204-5 [10]
^ A. Fortescue, The Orthodox Eastern Church, pages 147–148
^ Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 2 By André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge Publisher: Routledge; 1 edition (1 April 2001) ISBN 978-1-57958-282-1 Product Dimensions: 11.1x9 [11]
^ Migne's Patrologia Latina, Vol. 143 (cxliii), Col. 744–769. Also Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova Amplissima Collectio, Vol. 19 (xix) Col. 635–656.
^ Knights of Columbus. Catholic Truth Committee (1913). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church. Encyclopedia Press. pp. 120–. Retrieved 2 June 2012. "The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon it was Leo IX; in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, he cites the "Donatio" to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood"
^ "Donation of Constantine". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
^ Norwich, John J. (1967). The Normans in the South 1016–1130. p. 102.
^ ^a ^b Norwich, John J. (1992). Byzantium, The Apogee. pp. 320–321.
^ Text of the bull of excommunication. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ New Catholic Encyclopedia. "...in 1053 he [Michael Caerularius] sends off a declaration of war, then shuts up the Latin churches at Constantinople, hurls a string of wild accusations, and shows in every possible way that he wants a schism, apparently for the mere pleasure of not being in communion with the West. He got his wish. After a series of wanton aggressions, unparalleled in church history, after he had begun by striking the pope's name from his diptychs, the Roman legates excommunicated him (16 July 1054). But still there was no idea of a general excommunication of the Byzantine Church, still less of all the East. The legates carefully provided against that in their Bull. They acknowledged that the emperor (Constantine IX, who was excessively annoyed at the whole quarrel), the Senate, and the majority of the inhabitants of the city were "most pious and orthodox." They excommunicated Caerularius, Leo of Achrida, and their adherents. This quarrel, too, need no more have produced a permanent state of schism than the excommunication of any other contumacious bishop. The real tragedy is that gradually all the other Eastern patriarchs took sides with Caerularius, obeyed him by striking the pope's name from their diptychs, and chose of their own accord to share his schism. At first they do not seem to have wanted to do so. John III of Antioch certainly refused to go into schism at Caerularius's bidding. But, eventually, the habit they had acquired of looking to Constantinople for orders proved too strong. The emperor (not Constantine IX, but his successor) was on the side of his patriarch and they had learned too well to consider the emperor as their over-lord in spiritual matters too. Again, it was the usurped authority of Constantinople, the Erastianism of the East that turned a personal quarrel into a great schism."
^ "Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land". Rbedrosian.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "home.comcast.net". Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Dragan Brujić (2005). "Vodič kroz svet Vizantije (Guide to the Byzantine World)". Beograd. p. 51.
^ John Binns, An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches (Cambridge University Press 2002 ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8), p. 203
^ Dvornik, Francis (January–March 1945). "News". Eastern Churches Quarterly. pp. 29–30. "In spite of what happened in 1054, the faithful of both church remained long unaware of any change in their relations and acts of intercommunion were so numerous that 1054 as the date of the schism becomes inadmissible." More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)
^ King, Archdale (2007). The Rites of Eastern Christendom 1. Gorgias Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-59333-391-1.
^ Kallistos, Bishop (2001). The Great Schism. New York City. p. 67. ISBN 0-06-621330-4. "Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them. … The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in the East and West were largely unaware"
^ The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. 2008. p. 596. ISBN 978-0-19-925246-6.
^ Bishop Kallistos (Ware), op. cit., p. 67
^ ^a ^b During the Crusades the schism was deepened by the brutal atrocities of the French and Venetian soldiers in the pillage of Constantinople (1204), the establishment of a Latin empire, and the appointment by the pope of Latin bishops in Greek sees.318 Although this artificial empire lasted only half a century (1204–1261), it left a legacy of burning hatred in the memories of horrible desecrations and innumerable insults and outrages, which the East had to endure from the Western barbarians. Churches and monasteries were robbed and desecrated, the Greek service mocked, the clergy persecuted, and every law of decency set at defiance. In Constantinople "a prostitute was seated on the throne of the patriarch; and that daughter of Belial, as she is styled, sung and danced in the church to ridicule the hymns and processions of the Orientals." Even Pope Innocent III. accuses the pilgrims that they spared in their lust neither age nor sex, nor religious profession, and that they committed fornication, adultery, and incest in open day (in oculis omnium), "abandoning matrons and virgins dedicated to God to the lewdness of grooms." And yet this great pope insulted the Eastern church by the establishment of a Latin hierarchy on the ruins of the Byzantine empire.[12]
^ The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time - Jonathan Howard - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ The Library: An Illustrated History - Stuart A P Murray - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ The Great Betrayal: The Great Siege of Constantinople - Ernle Bradford - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations By Donald M. Nicol pg 169 [13]
^ ^a ^b Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.
^ Wetterau, Bruce. World history. New York: Henry Holt and company. 1994.
^ Donald M. Nicol, The Byzantine Lady (Cambridge University Press 1996 ISBN 978-0-52157623-9), p. 38
^ Charles William Previté-Orton, The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History (Cambridge University Press 1975 ISBN 978-0-52109977-6), p. 735
^ ^a ^b Donald M. Nicol, ''The Last Centuries of Byzantium'' (Cambridge University Press 1993 ISBN 9780521439916), p. 63. Books.google.com. 1993-10-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nicol (1993), p. 79. Books.google.com. 1993-10-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Charles W. Prévité-Orton, ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'' (Cambridge University Press 1975 9780521099776), p. 735. Books.google.com. 1975-07-25. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Daniel W. Threadgold, ''Russia 1472-1917'' (Cambridge University Press 1973 ISBN 9780521097253), p. 2. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Schaff, ''History of the Christian Church'', vol. VI, §18". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy By A. Edward Siecienski pg 140 [14]
^ The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy By A. Edward Siecienski pg 137 [15]
^ Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes - George L. Williams - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Dogma Evolution & Papal Fallacies - Imma Penn - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2007-05-30. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ History of the Church: Volume 3: The Revolt Against The Church: Aquinas To ... - Philip Hughes - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ OSV's Encyclopedia of Catholic History - Matthew Bunson, Monsignor Timothy M Dolan - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Councils and Assemblies: Papers Read at the Eighth Summer Meeting and the ... - Ecclesiastical History Society, G. J. Cuming, Derek Baker - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Pocket Dictionary of Popes - Michael J. Walsh - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Martin Iv". Newadvent.org. 1910-10-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/churchhistory220/lectureeight/13thCenturyPopes.htm
^ Dimitry Pospielovsky (1998). The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-0-88141-179-9. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Reverend R Thornton. Lives of Eminent Russian Prelates. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-4179-4649-0. Page 3
^ "He endured to the end and was accounted worthy of the crown of martyrdom: inflexible alike to prayers and threats, he was starved to death in prison, to be a pledge of deliverance to his country". – A N Mouravieff. A History of the Church of Russia, 1842, reprinted 2004. ISBN 1-4179-1250-2. Page 166.
^ The Ukrainian Greek Catholics: A Historical Survey. Risu.org.ua. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ section 12 of the document
^ "Joint Declaration". Vatican.va. 1965-12-07. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ ^a ^b Missale Romanum 2002 (Roman Missal in Latin), p. 513
^ ^a ^b Ρωμαϊκό Λειτουργικό 2006 (Roman Missal in Greek), vol. 1, p. 347
^ "Video recording of joint recitation". Youtube.com. 2008-07-21. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ "Programme of the celebration". Vatican.va. 2004-06-29. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Pope, Patriarch appeal for unity^{[dead link]}
^ Gheddo, Piero. "Pope: Rome, unity and mission to all peoples at feast of Peter and Paul". Asianews.it. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ [16]^{[dead link]}
^ "CNS STORY: Pope gives palliums to archbishops, says church's mission is to unite". Catholicnews.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ The Metropolitan's own blog, reported also by this Religious News Agency and the Russian Orthodox
^ "I, myself, have often spoken of the 'two lungs' – the East and the West – without which Europe could not breathe. There will be no peaceful Europe in the future, nor one whose civilization will shine forth, without this osmosis and this sharing of values which are different yet complementary. It is on this 'humus' that the Europeans are called to build up their common house" (John Paul II 22 December 1989)
^ Ut unum sint, 54
^ Constitution ''Sacri Canones''. Vatican.va (1930-04-02). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ of Pope John Paul II. Guardian (2005-04-02). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Emmanuel Clapsis. "Papal primacy". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-10-16. "The regional primacy can be conceived not as power or jurisdiction but only as an expression of the unity and unanimity of all the bishops, and consequently of all the churches, of an area. We must understand the universal primacy of the Roman Church similarly. Based on Christian Tradition, it is possible to affirm the validity of the church of Rome's claims of universal primacy. [...] Orthodoxy does not reject Roman primacy as such, but simply a particular way of understanding that primacy. Within a reintegrated Christendom the bishop of Rome will be considered primus inter pares serving the unity of God's Church in love. He cannot be accepted as set up over the Church as a ruler whose diakonia is conceived through legalistic categories of power of jurisdiction."
^ Cleenewerck, Laurent (1 January 2008). His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Euclid University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-615-18361-9. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^ Ratzinger, Joseph; Boeve, Lieven; Mannion, Gerard (8 July 2010). The Ratzinger Reader: Mapping a Theological Journey. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-567-03214-0. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^ Michael J. Christensen; Jeffery A. Wittung (31 January 2007). Partakers of the Divine Nature: The History and Development of Deificiation in the Christian Traditions. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-8386-4111-8. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ of the Catholic Church, 248. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism, 125; cf.Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §3 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §3
^ Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism, 123; cf.Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §2 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §2
^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 813 and Code of Canon Law, canon 1124
^ ''Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches'', canon 833. Intratext.com (2007-05-04). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Code of Canon Law, canon 1116 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 832
^ ''Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches'', canon 832. Intratext.com (2007-05-04). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ "JOINT CATHOLIC-ORTHODOX DECLARATION OF HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI AND THE ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH ATHENAGORAS I".
^ Statement of the North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation, 25 October 2003. Retrieved on 2012-10-17.
^ ^a ^b programme of the celebration. Vatican.va (2004-06-29). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ ^a ^b Video recording of joint recitation. Youtube.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Common Declaration. Ewtn.com (1995-06-29). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Report on Catholic-Orthodox Relations. Ewtn.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Presentation of the Celebration. Vatican.va (2004-06-29). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Common Declaration. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ The Metropolitan's own blog. Mkka.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Ο Πάπας, ο Πατριάρχης και η…ένωση των εκκλησιών. romfea.gr
^ "Patriarch of Constantinople's new encyclical defends Catholic-Orthodox dialogue". Catholic News Agency. Feb. 20, 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-27. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Pelikan, Jaroslav (15 July 1977). The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700). University of Chicago Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-0-226-65373-0. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
^ Doyle, Dennis; Bazzell, Pascal D.; Furry, Timothy J. (1 September 2012). Ecclesiology and Exclusion: Boundaries of Being and Belonging in Postmodern Times. Orbis Books. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-57075-982-6. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
^ L. Millet, ''By What Authority?'' (Mercer University Press 2010 ISBN 978-0-88146201-2), pp. 43-44. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ ^a ^b Miroslav Volf, ''After Our Likeness'' (Eerdmans 1998 ISBN 978-0-80284440-8), p. 42. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Volf (1998), p. 44
^ Haight, Roger D. (16 September 2004). Christian Community in History Volume 1: Historical Ecclesiology. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-8264-1630-8. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
^ Cleenewerck (2008), p. 107; cf. pp. 108, 209; cf. also Ferencz, American Orthodoxy and Parish Congregationalism (Gorgias Press 2006 ISBN 978-159333195-5), pp. 21-22
^ Johannes P. Schadé, ''Encyclopedia of World Religions (Foreign Media Group 2006 ISBN 978-1-60136000-7), section 8. Books.google.com. 2006-12-30. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Kallistos Ware The Orthodox Church [17]
^ Quoting Aleksey Khomyakov p. 87 The legal formalism and logical rationalism of the Roman Catholic Church have their roots in the Roman State. These features developed in it more strongly than ever when the Western Church without consent of the Eastern introduced into the Nicean Creed the filioque clause. Such arbitrary change of the creed is an expression of pride and lack of love for one's brethren in the faith. "In order not to be regarded as a schism by the Church, Romanism was forced to ascribe to the bishop of Rome absolute infallibility." In this way Catholicism broke away from the Church as a whole and became an organization based upon external authority. Its unity is similar to the unity of the state: it is not super-rational but rationalistic and legally formal. Rationalism has led to the doctrine of the works of superarogation, established a balance of duties and merits between God and man, weighing in the scales sins and prayers, trespasses and deeds of expiation; it adopted the idea of transferring one person's debts or credits to another and legalized the exchange of assumed merits; in short, it introduced into the sanctuary of faith the mechanism of a banking house. History of Russian Philosophy by Nikolai LosskyISBN 978-0-8236-8074-0 p. 87
^ Paul McPartlan, ''Sacrament of Salvation'' (Continuum International 2000 ISBN 978-0-56729299-5), p. xv. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Volf (1998), p. 43
^ Ratzinger, "Theological Notes", quoted in Adriano Garuti, The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome and Ecumenical Dialogue (Ignatius Press 2004 ISBN 978-0-89870879-0), p. 66
^ Richard R. Gaillardetz, ''The Church in the Making'' (Paulist Press 2006 ISBN 978-0-80914276-7), p. 46. Books.google.com. 2006-10-15. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Cleenewerck, Laurent (1 January 2008). His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Euclid University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-615-18361-9. Retrieved 28 October 2012. "It is my contention in this book, not as a pioneer but as a follower of the great proponents of Eucharistic theology, that the catholic Church is fundamentally the local Eucharistic assembly, gathered around its bishop. Thus, the "Church of God which is at Ephesus or Corinth' is the "whole Church" and the "catholic Church."
^ Shaw, Russell B. (2000). Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-87973-555-5. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
^ "Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ, chapter 4".
^ "Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 181".
^ as can be seen in the words of Archbishop Nicetas of Nicomedia of the 12th century: "My dearest brother, we do not deny to the Roman Church the primacy among the five sister patriarchates and we recognize her right to the most honorable seat at the Ecumenical Council. But she has separated herself from us by her own deeds when through pride she assumed a monarchy which does not belong to her office… How shall we accept decrees from her that have been issued without consulting us and even without our knowledge? If the Roman pontiff seated on the lofty throne of his glory wished to thunder at us and, so to speak, hurl his mandates at us from on high and if he wishes to judge us and even to rule us and our churches, not by taking counsel with us but at his own arbitrary pleasure what kind of brotherhood, or even what kind of parenthood can this be? We should be the slaves not the sons, of such a church and the Roman see would not be the pious mother of sons but a hard and imperious mistress of slaves."The Orthodox Church London by Ware, Kallistos St. Vladimir's Seminary Press 1995 ISBN 978-0-913836-58-3
^ In 1995 Pope John Paul II wrote: "With the power and the authority without which such an office would be illusory, the Bishop of Rome must ensure the communion of all the Churches." He invited "Church leaders and their theologians to examine with me in a patient and fraternal dialogue on this subject, a dialogue in which, leaving useless controversies behind, we could listen to one another, keeping before us only the will of Christ for his Church and allowing ourselves to be deeply moved by his plea 'that they may all be one ... so that the world may believe that you have sent me' (Encyclical Ut unum sint section 96). The Ravenna document of 13 October 2007 is one response to this invitation.
^ Epistle to the Smyrnaeans - Chapter VIII.-Let Nothing Be Done Without the Bishop.
^ Carlton, C., (1999), "The Truth: What Every Roman Catholic Should know about the Orthodox Church", (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p22.
^ Lossky, V., (2002) The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, (St Vladimirs Seminary Press; Crestwood, NY), p.176
^ Sherrard, P., (1978) Church, Papacy and Schism: A Theological Enquiry. (Denise Harvey Publisher; Limni, Greece), p15
^ Catholic Encyclopedia, ''The Eastern Schism''. Newadvent.org (1912-02-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ An example is Curiosities from the "Orthodox" Arena, by Atila Sinke Guimarães
^ Unitatis Redintegratio 17
^ Pomazansky, Michael. Orthodox Dogmatic Theology. "The ancient Orthodox teaching of the personal attributes of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit was distorted in the Latin Church by the creation of a teaching of the procession, outside of time and from all eternity, of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son — the Filioque. The idea that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son originated in certain expressions of Blessed Augustine. It became established in the West as obligatory in the ninth century, and when Latin missionaries came to the Bulgarians in the middle of the ninth century, the Filioque was in their Symbol of Faith."
^ Romanides, John S. "Part I: Augustine's Teachings Which Were Condemned As Those of Barlaam the Calabrian by the Ninth Ecumenical Council of 1351.". "Augustine unknowingly rejects the doctrine of the ecumenical councils concerning the Old Testament Lord of glory incarnate and his Vatican and Protestant followers do the same"
^ Romanides, John S. "Filioque". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. "The pretext of the Filioque controversy was the Frankish acceptance of Augustine as the key to understanding the theology of the First and Second Ecumenical Synods."
^ Romanides, John S. "Filioque". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. "During the ensuing centuries long course of the controversy, the Franks not only forced the Patristic tradition into an Augustinian mold, but they confused Augustine's Trinitarian terminology with that of the Father's of the First and Second Ecumenical Synods. This is nowhere so evident as in the Latin handling of Maximos the Confessor's description, composed in 650, of the West Roman Orthodox Filioque at the Council of Florence (1438–42). The East Romans hesitated to present Maximos' letter to Marinos about this West Roman Orthodox Filioque because the letter did not survive in its complete form."
^ Romanides, John S. Franks, Romans, Feudalism, and Doctrine — Part 2. Empirical Theology versus Speculative Theology -Empirical Theology. "A basic characteristic of the Frankish scholastic method, mislead by Augustinian Platonism and Thomistic Aristotelianism, had been its naive confidence in the objective existence of things rationally speculated about. By following Augustine, the Franks substituted the patristic concern for spiritual observation, (which they had found firmly established in Gaul when they first conquered the area) with a fascination for metaphysics. They did not suspect that such speculations had foundations neither in created nor in spiritual reality."
^ Thomas Herbert Bindley, ''The Oecumenical Documents of the Faith'' (Taylor & Francis 1950, reprinted in 1980 by Greenwood Press, a division of Congressional Information Service ISBN 0-313-22197-9), p. 78. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ ^a ^b "Schaff, ''Creeds of Christendom''". Ccel.org. 2005-07-13. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Nicene Creed (Armenian Apostolic Church); The Coptic Orthodox Church: Our Creed (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria); Nicene Creed (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church); The Nicene Creed (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church); The Nicene Creed (Syriac Orthodox Church).
^ Creed of Nicaea (Assyrian Church of the East)
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church. pp. 246–248.
^ "Article 5 of the Thirty-Nine Articles".
^ Lutheranism (Book of Concord, The Nicene Creed and the Filioque: A Lutheran Approach), Presbyterianism (Union Presbyterian Church, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand, Reformed Presbyterian Church); Methodism (United Methodist Hymnal)
^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 247". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ The Holy See encourages Eastern Catholics who had included Filioque in languages such as Syriac to remove it: "Though it is quite true to say that the Spirit proceeds from both the 'Father and the Son', the Eastern Church, encouraged by the Holy See, has asked us to return to the original form of the Creed" (Q & A on the Reformed Chaldean Mass).
^ Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity: The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit (scanned image of the English translation on L'Osservatore Romano of 20 September 1995); also text with Greek letters transliterated and text omitting two sentences at the start of the paragraph that it presents as beginning with "The Western tradition expresses first …"
^ Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs, 1848 A Reply to the Epistle of Pope Pius IX, "to the Easterns". Fordham.edu. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Lossky, Vladimir (1997). The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church. SVS Press. ISBN 0-913836-31-1.
^ Pomazansky, Michael. "On the procession of the Holy Spirit". "Oneness of Essence, and it is absolutely essential to distinguish this from another dogma, the dogma of the begetting and the procession, in which, as the Holy Fathers express it, is shown the Cause of the existence of the Son and the Spirit. All of the Eastern Fathers acknowledge that the Father is monos aitios, the sole Cause" of the Son and the Spirit. Orthodox Dogmatic Theology"
^ "The Filioque controversy which has separated us for so many centuries is more than a mere technicality, but it is not insoluble. Qualifying the firm position taken when I wrote The Orthodox Church twenty years ago, I now believe, after further study, that the problem is more in the area of semantics than in any basic doctrinal differences." (Bishop Kallistos Ware, Diakonia, quoted from Elias Zoghby's A Voice from the Byzantine East, p.43)
^ In the Introduction p. 21 "We have become different men" The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, by Vladimir Lossky, SVS Press, 1997. (ISBN 0-913836-31-1) James Clarke & Co Ltd, 1991. (ISBN 0-227-67919-9)
^ Romanides, John S. "Franks, Romans, Feudalism, and Doctrine — Part 2. Empirical Theology versus Speculative Theology -Empirical Theology". "A basic characteristic of the Frankish scholastic method, misled by Augustinian Platonism and Thomistic Aristotelianism, had been its naive confidence in the objective existence of things rationally speculated about. By following Augustine, the Franks substituted the patristic concern for spiritual observation, (which they had found firmly established in Gaul when they first conquered the area) with a fascination for metaphysics. They did not suspect that such speculations had foundations neither in created nor in spiritual reality. No one would today accept as true what is not empirically observable, or at least verifiable by inference, from an attested effect. So it is with patristic theology. Dialectical speculation about God and the Incarnation as such are rejected. Only those things which can be tested by the experience of the grace of God in the heart are to be accepted. "Be not carried about by divers and strange teachings. For it is good that the heart be confirmed by grace," a passage from Hebrews 13.9, quoted by the Fathers to this effect."
^ Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos. "Knowledge of God according to St. Gregory Palamas". "As I have indicated, Barlaam insisted that knowledge of God depends not on vision of God but on one's understanding. He said that we can acquire knowledge of God through philosophy, and therefore he considered the prophets and apostles who saw the uncreated light, to be below the philosophers. He called the uncreated light sensory, created, and "inferior to our understanding". However, St. Gregory Palamas, a bearer of the Tradition and a man of revelation, supported the opposite view. In his theology he presented the teaching of the Church that uncreated light, that is, the vision of God, is not simply a symbolic vision, nor sensory and created, nor inferior to understanding, but it is deification. Through deification man is deemed worthy of seeing God. And this deification is not an abstract state, but a union of man with God. That is to say, the man who beholds the uncreated light sees it because he is united with God. He sees it with his inner eyes, and also with his bodily eyes, which, however, have been altered by God's action. Consequently theoria is union with God. And this union is knowledge of God. At this time one is granted knowledge of God, which is above human knowledge and above the senses."
^ Pomazansky, Michael. Orthodox Dogmatic Theology: A Concise Exposition Protopresbyter Appendices New currents in Russian philosophico-theological thought Philosophy and Theology.
^ "Roman Catholicism rationalizes even the sacrament of the Eucharist: it interprets spiritual action as purely material and debases the sacrament to such an extent that it becomes in its view a kind of atomistic miracle. The Orthodox Church has no metaphysical theory of Transsubstantiation, and there is no need of such a theory. Christ is the Lord of the elements and it is in His power to do so that 'every thing, without in the least changing its physical substance' could become His Body. Christ's Body in the Eucharist is not physical flesh." History of Russian Philosophy by Nikolai Lossky ISBN 978-0-8236-8074-0 p. 87
^ ""The Relationship between Prayer and Theology" from the official website of "The American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese"". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Romanides: "the unceasing prayer in the hearts which repairs the short-circuit between the heart and the brain."
^ ^a ^b Neptic Monasticism. Greekorthodoxchurch.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos (1 January 2005). Orthodox Psychotherapy CHAPTER III. Birth of Theotokos Monastery,Greece. ISBN 978-960-7070-27-2.
^ What is the Human Nous? by John Romanides
^ "as the Trinitarian God is Nous, Word and Spirit, so the soul too has nous, word and spirit." (but in humans' case they "are not hypostases") Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos (2005), Orthodox Psychotherapy, Tr. Esther E. Cunningham Williams (Birth of Theotokos Monastery, Greece), ISBN 978-960-7070-27-2
^ "JESUS CHRIST – THE LIFE OF THE WORLD", John S. Romanides
^ "THE ILLNESS AND CURE OF THE SOUL" Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos
^ ^a ^b "Augustine claims that all humans have sinned in Adam. The Council, however, interprets Rom. 5:12 as saying that, 'By one man sin entered the world, and by sin death, and thus to all men [death] passed, in which all have sinned.' In other words all sin because of the spiritual death which each one suffers by not being in communion with the glory of God": Romanides
^ Ancestral Versus Original Sin: An Overview with Implications for Psychotherapy by V. Rev. Antony Hughes, M.Div St. Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts
^ (The Freedom of Morality, p. 151n. Christos Yannaras)
^ The Ancestral SinJohn S. Romanides George S. Gabriel, translator. Store.holycrossbookstore.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Original Sin And Its Consequences. Metropolitan Archbishop Sotirios, Orthodox Catechism: Basic Teachings of the Orthodox Faith
^ ^a ^b "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 405". Web.archive.org. 2010-10-27. Archived from the original on 2010-10-27. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 797–798. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ A Comparison: Francis of Assisi and St. Seraphim of Sarov by Father George Macris [18]
^ From Saint Seraphim of Sarov On Acquisition of the Holy Spirit by Nikolay Motovilov [19]
^ "Following St. Paul, the Church has always taught that the overwhelming misery which oppresses men and their inclination towards evil and death cannot be understood apart from their connection with Adam's sin and the fact that he has transmitted to us a sin with which we are all born afflicted" (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 403) (emphasis added).
^ ^a ^b Confession of Dositheus, Decree 6. Crivoice.org (2011-11-11). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ ^a ^b Catechism of the Catholic Church, 418. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Kallistos Ware. "The Orthodox Way" ISBN 978-0-913836-58-3
^ [20] "from ''the first instant of her conception, the Blessed Virgin Mary was, by a most singular grace and privilege of Almighty God, and in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Redeemer of the human race, preserved from all stain of Original Sin. It is a doctrine revealed by God, and therefore to be firmly and steadfastly believed by all the faithful'' (from the ''Bull Ineffabilis Deus'')." WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORTHODOXY AND ROMAN CATHOLICISM? By Father Michael Azkoul.
^ [21] "However, we do believe that the Virgin Mary is an image, as St. Maximos the Confessor says, of the Christian goal of becoming Christ-like, of ''theosis''. Just as the Theotokos gave birth to Christ in a bodily way, so we must, St. Maximos tells us, give birth to Christ in an unbodily or spiritual way. In so doing, we imitate her practical spiritual life, including the purity and humility by which she formed her free will into perfect obedience to the Will of God.", "we cannot lose sight of the importance of free will in the development and expression of her rich personality." An Orthodox View of the Virgin Mary.
^ "The Patriarchal Encyclical of 1895". Orthodoxinfo.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Thomas P. Rausch; Catherine E. Clifford (1 February 2003). Catholicism in the Third Millennium. Liturgical Press. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-0-8146-5899-4. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1030
^ ^a ^b ^c Ted A. Campbell, Christian Confessions: a Historical Introduction (Westminster John Knox Press 1996 ISBN 0-664-25650-3), p. 54.
^ What Are The Differences Between Orthodoxy And Roman Catholicism? By Father Michael Azkoul. Ocf.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ "Venial sin weakens charity; it manifests a disordered affection for created goods; it impedes the soul's progress in the exercise of the virtues and the practice of the moral good; it merits temporal punishment." Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1863
^ Life After Death by Metropolitan Hierotheos
^ What is evil? Is it not the estrangement from God Who is Life? 1 Is it not death? What does Western theology teach about death? All Roman Catholics and most Protestants consider death as a punishment from God. God considered all men guilty of Adam's sin and punished them by death, that is by cutting them away from Himself; depriving them of His live giving energy, and so killing them spiritually at first and later bodily, by some sort of spiritual starvation. Augustine interprets the passage in Genesis "If you eat of the fruit of this tree, you will die the death" as "If you eat of the fruit of this tree, I will kill you".[22]
^ Catholic Encyclopedia: ''The Nature and Attributes of God''. Newadvent.org (1909-09-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ "Human nature, according to St Symeon, needs a physician who can heal it from its corruptibility, and this physician is Jesus Christ Himself." An Online Orthodox Catechism. Orthodoxeurope.org (2003-09-24). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Life After Death by Metropolitan Hierotheos
^ An Online Orthodox Catechism. Orthodoxeurope.org (2003-09-24). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ "the biblical concept of heaven and hell also becomes distorted, since the eternal fires of hell and the outer darkness become creatures also whereas, they are the uncreated glory of God as seen by those who refuse to love." Filioque by John Romanides
^ Life After Death by Metropolitan Hierotheos
^ "Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. 'The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves" (V. Lossky, The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, p. 234 ISBN 978-0-913836-31-6).
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1024. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1033. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

References[edit]

Henry Chadwick. East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence. Oxford University Press, 2003.
Joseph P. Farrell. God, History, & Dialectic: The Theological Foundations of the Two Europes and Their Cultural Consequences. Bound edition 1997. Electronic edition 2008.
Chrysostom Frank. Orthodox-Catholic Relations: An Orthodox Reflection. 1998
Aidan Nichols. Rome and the Eastern Churches: a Study in Schism. 2010
John Romanides, The Cure of the Neurobiological Sickness of Religion, the Hellenic Civilization of the Roman Empire, Charlemagne's Lie of 794 and His Lie Today
Steven Runciman. The Eastern Schism: A Study of the Papacy and the Eastern Churches during the XIth and XIIth Centuries. 1955
Robert F. Taft. Perceptions and Realities in Orthodox-Catholic Relations Today. 2010

External links[edit]

[1] Article "Great Schism" in Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3)

[Cross-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Cross, F. L., ed., ed. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280290-9. , article "Great Schism (1)"

[3] See M. G. D'Agostino, Il Primato della Sede di Roma in Leone IX (1049–1054). Studio dei testi latini nella controversia greco-romana nel periodo pregregoriano, Edizioni San Paolo, Cinisello Balsamo 2008.

[4] See A. Bayer, Spaltung der Christenheit. Das sogennante Morgenländische Schisma von 1054, Köln-Weimar-Wien 2002.

[5] A late 11th-century pamphlet, Against the Franks [1] falsely attributed to Photios lists this as second point, right after the filioque. J. Hergenröther, Monumenta Graeca ad Photium eiusque historiam pertinentiam, Regensburg 1869, pp. 62–71. Hans-Georg Beck, Byzantinisches Lesebuch, München 1982, pp. 245–247.

[6] Martin Lembke, lecture in the course "Meetings with the World's Religions", Centre for Theology and Religious Studies, Lund University, Spring Term 2010.

[7] Anthony Dragani (2007). ''Adrian Fortescue and the Eastern Christian Churches''. Gorgias ress. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-59333345-4. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[8] Karl Bihlmeyer, Hermann Tüchle (1967). ''Church History: The Middle Ages''. Newman Press. p. 102. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[Bury-9] John Bagnell Bury (1923). ''The Cambridge Medieval Histories'' 4. Plantagenet Publishing. p. 267. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[10] A. Edward Siecienski, The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy (Oxford University Press 2010 ISBN 9780195372045), p. 113

[11] Axel Bayer, Spaltung der Christenheit (Böhlau Verlag 2004 ISBN 9783412142049), p. 80

[12] Runciman 1955

[13] Aidan Nichols, OP (2010). ''Rome and the Eastern Churches''. Ignatius Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-1-58617282-4. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[14] The absence of full communion between the churches is mentioned explicitly even in the permission that canon 844 §3 of the Code of Canon Law accords for the administering by Catholic ministers of the sacraments of penance, the Eucharist and anointing of the sick to spontaneously requesting members of eastern churches such as the Eastern Orthodox Church (as also the Oriental Orthodox churches and the Church of the East) and of western churches such as the Old Catholic Church.

[15] Eastern Churches Journal (Society of Saint John Chrysostom) 8 (Issues 1–2): 149. 2001.

[GranfieldPhan2000-16] Granfield, Patrick; Phan, Peter C. (1 November 2000). The Gift of the Church: A Textbook Ecclesiology in Honor of Patrick Granfield, O.S.B.. Liturgical Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8146-5931-1. Retrieved 26 October 2012. "(t)he divergence of the Eastern and Western churches, leading ultimately to the East-West Schism, was a process of many centuries, influenced by a host of political, cultural and theological factors"

[Haight2004.p289-17] Haight, Roger D. (16 September 2004). Christian Community in History Volume 1: Historical Ecclesiology. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-8264-1630-8. Retrieved 26 October 2012. "The [East-West Schism] should not be understood to have occurred in the mutual excommunications [of 1054] ... only one factor in a much longer and larger story involving cultural, political and theological factors"

[Schad.C3.A92006-18] Schadé, Johannes P. (30 December 2006). Encyclopedia of World Religions. Foreign Media Group. p. 805. ISBN 978-1-60136-000-7. Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[19] Cleenewerck, Laurent His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Washington, DC: EUC Press (2008) pp. 145–155

[WozniukWozniuk2009-20] Soloviev, V.S.; Wozniuk, Vladimir (1 July 2009). Freedom, Faith, and Dogma: Essays by V. S. Soloviev on Christianity and Judaism. SUNY Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7914-7536-2. Retrieved 9 November 2012.

[Makrides2009-21] Makrides, Vasilios N. (1 September 2009). Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present. NYU Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-8147-9568-2. Retrieved 9 November 2012.

[22] Rome and the Eastern Churches by Aidan Nichols pages 227–272 (chapter "The Photian Schism and the 'Filioque'") Publisher: Ignatius Press (February 1, 2010) ISBN 1586172824 ISBN 978-1586172824

[23] See Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople

[John_Binns_2002.2C_p144-24] [http://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&pg=PA144&dq=Binns+%22many+major+Churches%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0h52UtPrLauw7Ab8h4GYDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Binns%20%22many%20major%20Churches%22&f=false John Binns, An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2002, p144

[Kling2005.p61-25] Kling, David W. (20 April 2005). The Bible in History:How the Texts Have Shaped the Times. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-988096-6. Retrieved 31 October 2012. "Obviously, the church at Rome, given the dual presence of the apostles Peter and Paul, claimed a special authority. In the ﬁrst three centuries, church leaders and thinkers throughout the empire increasingly recognized Rome as a center of Christianity. At the same time, the literary evidence yields no clear-cut claims to, or recognition of, papal primacy."

[26] "Roman Presidency and Christian Unity in our Time". Orthodoxytoday.org. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[Eusebius23-27] "Eusebius, ''Church History'', chapter 23". Ccel.org. 2005-07-13. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[OrthAns-28] "An Orthodox Christian Historical Timeline". Orthodox Answers. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[29] "Eusebius, ''Church History'', chapter 24". Ccel.org. 2005-07-13. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[30] Eusebius of Caesarea. Church History V. p. xxiv. "But this did not please all the bishops. And they besought him to consider the things of peace, and of neighborly unity and love. Words of theirs are extant, sharply rebuking Victor. Among them was Irenæus, who, sending letters in the name of the brethren in Gaul over whom he presided, maintained that the mystery of the resurrection of the Lord should be observed only on the Lord's day. He fittingly admonishes Victor that he should not cut off whole churches of God which observed the tradition of an ancient custom.""

[31] Cleenewerck, Laurent (2007). His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Euclid University Press. p. 155-page156. ISBN 978-0-615-18361-9. Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[32] Aidan Nichols, Rome and the Eastern Churches (Ignatius Press 2010 ISBN 978-1-58617282-4), p. 199. This was also decreed by the Council of Sardica, which declared Saint Athanasius to be the lawful bishop of Alexandria (Council of Sardica, canons 3-5).

[33] Nichols (2010), p. 202

[34] Nichols (2010), p. 203

[35] Nichols (2010), p. 203. The First Council of Ephesus in 431 stated that it condemned Nestorius "compelled thereto by the canons and by the letter of our most holy father and fellow-servant Coelestine, the Roman bishop" ([http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.x.xi.html Decree of the Council against Nestorius).

[Michalopulos-36] George C. Michalopulos (2009-09-11). "Canon 28 and Eastern Papalism: Cause or Effect?". Aoiusa.org. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[37] Nichols (2010), p. 208]

[38] Nichols (2010), pp. 209–210

[39] Nichols (2010), p. 210; Kenneth D. Whitehead, One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic (Ignatius Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-89870802-8); Joseph Cullen Ayer, Jr, A Source Book for Ancient Church History (Mundus Publishing 2008), p. 537

[40] "Gelasius I on Spiritual and Temporal Power". Fordham.edu. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[41] Bishop Kallistos Ware, The Great Schism

[42] Mark Galli, ''The Great Divorce''. Ctlibrary.com (1997-04-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[43] Marcus Louis Rautman (2006). Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-313-32437-6. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

[44] see also Fall of Rome

[45] Kallistos Ware, Orthodox Church, "Byzantium: The Church of the Seven Councils"

[Idea-46] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "L'idea di pentarchia nella cristianità". Homolaicus.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[47] Canon 3

[48] Deno John Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West (University of Wisconsin Press 1989 ISBN 978-0-29911884-6), p. 172

[49] Robert Andrew Baker, John M. Landers, A Summary of Christian History (B&H Publishing Group 2005 ISBN 978-0-80543288-6), p. 110

[50] St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople. Saint Metrophanes, Patriarch of Constantinople, was a contemporary of St Constantine the Great (306–337). His father, Dometius, was a brother of the Roman emperor Probus (276–282). Seeing the falseness of the pagan religion, Dometius came to believe in Christ. During a time of terrible persecution of Christians at Rome, St Dometius set off to Byzantium with two of his sons, Probus and Metrophanes. They were instructed in the law of the Lord by Bishop Titus, a man of holy life. Seeing the ardent desire of Dometius to labor for the Lord, St Titus ordained him presbyter. After the death of Titus first Dometius (272–303) was elevated to the bishop's throne, and thereafter his sons, Probus (303–315) and in 316 St Metrophanes. The emperor Constantine once came to Byzantium, and was delighted by the beauty and comfortable setting of the city. And having seen the holiness of life and sagacity of St Metrophanes, the emperor took him back to Rome. Soon Constantine the Great transferred the capital from Rome to Byzantium and he brought St Metrophanes there. The First Ecumenical Council was convened in 325 to resolve the Arian heresy. Constantine the Great had the holy Fathers of the Council bestow upon St Metrophanes the title of Patriarch. Thus, the saint became the first Patriarch of Constantinople.[2]

[51] John Binns, An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2002, pp 162–164

[John_McGuckin_2004.2C_p173-52] John McGuckin, Saint Cyril of Alexandria and the Christological Controversy, SVS Press, NY, 2004, p173

[53] "Klaus Schatz: Primat und Reichskirchliche Strukturen im 5. – 9. Jahrhundert". Sankt-georgen.de. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[54] Manion, Gerard; Richard Gailardetz, et al (2003). Readings in Church Authority: Gifts and Challenges for Contemporary Catholicism. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 211. ISBN 0-7546-0530-2.

[55] "Following the establishment of Constantinople (the ancient city of Byzantium) as the state capital of the Roman Empire in the early part of the fourth century, a series of significant ecclesiastical events saw the status of the Bishop of New Rome (as Constantinople was then called) elevated to its current position and privilege" (website of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

[ReferenceB-56] NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Ccel.org (2005-06-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[57] There are no primacies nor primates according to Roman Orthodox Canon Law, but only bishops with "Seniority of Honor" since all bishops are doctrinally equal. The Franco-Latin and Protestant translations of "Seniority of honor" by "primacy of honor" is theirs, not ours John Romanides [3]

[58] Council of Chalcedon, 451: Resource Materials. Monachos.net (2012-05-28). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[59] Matthew Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (Infobase Publishing 2009 ISBN 978-1-43811027-1), p. 115

[60] Johannes P. Schadé, Encyclopedia of World Religions (Foreign Media Group 2006 ISBN 978-1-60136000-7), section 8

[61] "Milton V. Anastos, ''Aspects of the Mind of Byzantium (Political Theory, Theology, and Ecclesiastical Relations with the See of Rome)'' Variorum Collected Studies Series". 2001. ISBN 0-86078-840-7publisher=Ashgate Publications. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[62] "Let the ancient customs in Egypt, Libya and Pentapolis prevail, that the Bishop of Alexandria have jurisdiction in all these, since the like is customary for the Bishop of Rome also. Likewise in Antioch and the other provinces, let the Churches retain their privileges" (First Ecumenical Council, Canon VI).

[63] "Since custom and ancient tradition have prevailed that the Bishop of Ælia [i.e., Jerusalem] should be honoured, let him, saving its due dignity to the Metropolis, have the next place of honour" (First Ecumenical Council, Canon VII

[64] Following the establishment of Constantinople (the ancient city of Byzantium) as the state capital of the Roman Empire in the early part of the 4th century, a series of significant ecclesiastical events saw the status of the Bishop of New Rome (as Constantinople was then called) elevated to its current position and privilege.[4]

[65] Deno John Geanakoplos (1989). ''Constantinople and the West''. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-29911884-6. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[66] Robert Andrew Baker, John M. Landers (2005). ''A Summary of Christian History''. B&H Publishing Group. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-80543288-6. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[67] "The Bishop of Constantinople, however, shall have the prerogative of honor after the Bishop of Rome; because Constantinople is New Rome." (Second Ecumenical Council, [5])

[68] "Let the Bishop of Alexandria, according to the canons, alone administer the affairs of Egypt; and let the bishops of the East manage the East alone, the privileges of the Church in Antioch, which are mentioned in the canons of Nice, being preserved; and let the bishops of the Asian Diocese administer the Asian affairs only; and the Pontic bishops only Pontic matters; and the Thracian bishops only Thracian affairs" (Second Ecumenical Council, Canon II)

[69] "Canon 3". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[70] "The Sixth Book of the Select Letters of Severus, Patriarch of Antioch, vol. II" (PDF). p. 254. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[71] Patriarch Alexis of Moscow and All Russia, "A Letter To The Ecumenical Patriarch Concerning The Situation Of The Diaspora"

[72] "Canon XXVIII". Fourth Ecumenical Council. "[T]he Fathers rightly granted privileges to the throne of old Rome, because it was the royal city. And the One Hundred and Fifty most religious Bishops [i.e., the Second Ecumenical Council], actuated by the same consideration, gave equal privileges (ἴσα πρεσβεῖα) to the most holy throne of New Rome, justly judging that the city which is honored with the Sovereignty and the Senate, and enjoys equal privileges with the old imperial Rome, should in ecclesiastical matters also be magnified as she is, and rank next after her; so that, in the Pontic, the Asian, and the Thracian dioceses, the metropolitans only and such bishops also of the Dioceses aforesaid as are among the barbarians, should be ordained by the aforesaid most holy throne of the most holy Church of Constantinople."

[73] Fourth Ecumenical Council, Decree on the Jurisdiction of Jerusalem and Antioch

[74] Bishop Kallistos (Ware) (1963), The Orthodox Church (Penguin Books, London, ISBN 0-14-020592-6), p. 34

[75] "Encyclopædia Britannica 1911: ''Council of Chalcedon''". 1911encyclopedia.org. 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[76] McGuckin, John Anthony (18 October 2010). The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to its History, Doctrine, and Spiritual Culture. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 32, 137. ISBN 978-1-4443-3731-0. Retrieved 9 November 2012.

[77] McGuckin (2010), p. 137

[78] Johnson, quoted by Schaff

[79] Hefele, quoted by Schaff

[80] "Canon 9 and Notes". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[81] Randall R. Cloud (2007). ''Aristotle's Journey to Europe''. ProQuest. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-54929226-5. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[82] "Orthodox Church in the Philippines - East-West Schism 01". Orthodox.org.ph. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[83] Ayer, John Cullen, ed. (1913). A Source Book for Ancient Church History. Mundus Publishing (2008 reprint).

[84] Donald K. McKim, Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms (Westminster John Knox Press 1996 ISBN 978-0-66425511-4), p. 35

[85] Herwig Wolfram, History of the Goths (University of California Press 1990 ISBN 978-0-52006983-1), p. 328

[86] Carl Volz, The Medieval Church (Abingdon Press 2011 ISBN 978-1-42672477-0)

[87] "Encyclopædia Britannica: ''Leo III''". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[88] "Canon LII". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[89] "http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.xiv.iii.lvi.html Canon LV". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[90] "Canon LXXXII". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[91] "Canon XI". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[92] Canon VI and Schaff, "Excursus on the Marriage of the Clergy"

[93] "Canon XII". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[94] Canon XIII and Canon XLVIII

[95] Economou, Andrew J. (2007). Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes. New York City: Lexington Books. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-73911977-8. "to die rather than consent to erroneous novelties ... [would not be]its captive in matters of religion"

[96] Ekonomou (2007), p. 223

[97] Ekonomou (2007), p. 224

[98] Walter Ullmann, ''A Short History of the Papacy in the Middle Ages''. Routledge. 2003. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-41530227-2. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[Collins-99] Collins, 19.

[100] Aristeides Papadakis, The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy, Face Press, NY, 1994, p. 14.)

[101] The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500 By Wilfried Hartmann, Kenneth Pennington pg 63 Publisher: Catholic University of America Press (February 27, 2012) ISBN 0813216796 ISBN 978-0813216799 [6]

[102] (Extracts from the Acts of the Council of Ephesus). The creed quoted in the Acts of the Council of Ephesus (the Third Ecumenical Council) is that of the first Ecumenical Council, not the creed as modified by the second Ecumenical Council, and so does not have additions such as "who proceeds from the Father" (ibidem).

[103] NPNF2-14. The Seven Ecumenical Councils – Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Ccel.org (2005-06-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[104] The seventh canon of the Council of Ephesus declared: "It is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa. But those who shall dare to compose a different faith, or to introduce or offer it to persons desiring to turn to the acknowledgment of the truth, whether from Heathenism or from Judaism, or from any heresy whatsoever, shall be deposed, if they be bishops or clergymen; bishops from the episcopate and clergymen from the clergy; and if they be laymen, they shall be anathematized."

[Excursus-105] "Excursus on the words πίστιν ἑτέραν". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[106] (Extracts from the Acts of the Council of Ephesus

[107] Council of Ephesus, 431: Definition of the faith at Nicaea^{[dead link]}

[108] "However, the chief of the heretics who distorted the apostolic teaching concerning the Holy Spirit was Macedonius, who occupied the cathedra of Constantinople as archbishop in the 4th century and found followers for himself among former Arians and Semi-Arians. He called the Holy Spirit a creation of the Son, and a servant of the Father and the Son. Accusers of his heresy were Fathers of the Church like Sts. Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, Athanasius the Great, Gregory of Nyssa, Ambrose, Amphilocius, Diodores of Tarsus, and others, who wrote works against the heretics. The false teaching of Macedonius was refuted first in a series of local councils and finally at the Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople in 381. In preserving Orthodoxy, the Second Ecumenical Council completed the Nicaean Symbol of Faith with these words: "And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the Giver of Life, Who proceedeth from the Father, Who with the Father and the Son is equally worshiped and glorified, Who spake by the Prophets," as well as those articles of the Creed which follow this in the Nicaean-Constantinopolitan Symbol of Faith." Orthodox Dogmatic Theology: A Concise Exposition Protopresbyter Michael Pomazansky St Herman of Alaska Brotherhood press 1994 (ISBN 0-938635-69-7) [7]

[109] J.N.D. Kelly, ''Early Christian Creeds'' (Continuum International 2006 ISBN 978-0-82649216-6), chapter X. Books.google.ie. 2006-11-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[110] John Haddon Leith, ''Creeds of the Churches'' (Westminster John Knox Press 1982 ISBN 978-0-80420526-9), p. 31. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[111] Joan Mervyn Hussey, ''The Cambridge Medieval History'' (CUP Archive), vol. 8, p. 177. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[r1-112] Quoting Aleksey Khomyakov on the Filioque and economy of the Eastern Churches and Roman Catholicism pg 87 History of Russian Philosophy by N. O. Lossky ISBN 978-0-8236-8074-0

[Richard_P_pg_529-530-113] The HarperCollins Encyclopedia of Catholicism By Richard McBrien, Harold Attridge pp. 529–530 ISBN 978-0-06-065338-5

[114] Judith Herrin, Margins and Metropolis (Princeton University Press 2013 ISBN 978-0-69115301-8), p. 11

[115] Jenny Fretland VanVoorst, The Byzantine Empire (Capstone 2012 ISBN 978-0-75654565-9), p. 14

[116] Rebecca Stefoff, Monarchy (|Marshall Cavendish 2007 ISBN 978-0-76142630-1), P. 62

[117] Christopher Dawson, The Formation of Christendom (Ignatius Press 2008 ISBN 978-1-58617239-8), p. 140

[118] Steven Runciman. The Byzantine Theocracy. Cambridge University Press, 1977.

[119] "Church and State in the Byzantine Empire". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.

[120] "Church and State in Western Europe". Archived from the original on 2009-10-31.

[121] John C. Dwyer, Church History (Paulist Press 1998 ISBN 978-0-8091-3830-2), p. 118

[122] Matthew Bunson, Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire (Facts on File 2002 ISBN 978-0-8160-4562-4), pp. 115–116

[123] Deno John Geanakoplos, Constantinople and the West (University of Wisconsin Press 1989 ISBN 978-0-299-11884-6), p. 226

[124] "During the decade following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, his followers captured three of the five 'patriarchates' of the early church — Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem — leaving only Rome and Constantinople, located at opposite ends of the Mediterranean and, eventually, also at opposite ends of the Schism of 1054" (Encyclopaedia Britannica).

[125] [8]

[126] J. N. D. Kelly, Oxford Dictionary of Popes, 2005, page 6

[127] The Orthodox attitude to the papacy is expressed by a 12th-century writer, Nicetas, Archbishop of Nicomedia

My dearest brother, we do not deny to the Roman Church the primacy amongst the five sister Patriarchates; and we recognize her right to the most honorable seat at an Ecumenical Council. But she has separated herself from us by her own deeds, when through pride she assumed a monarchy which does not belong to her office... How shall we accept decrees from her that have been issued without consulting us and even without our knowledge? If the Roman Pontiff, seated on the lofty throne of his glory, wishes to thunder at us and, so to speak, hurl his mandates at us from on high, and if he wishes to judge us and even to rule us and our Churches, not by taking counsel with us but at his own arbitrary pleasure, what kind of brotherhood, or even what kind of parenthood can this be? We should be the slaves, not the sons, of such a Church, and the Roman See would not be the pious mother of sons but a hard and imperious mistress of slaves (Quoted in S. Runciman, The Eastern Schism, p. 116).Orthodox Church by Bishop Kallistos Ware Part I: History. ISBN 978-0-14-014656-1

[128] Eighth Ecumenical Council: Constantinople IV (869) The Fourth General Council of Constantinople, under Pope Adrian II and Emperor Basil numbering 102 bishops, 3 papal legates, and 4 patriarchs, consigned to the flames the Acts of an irregular council (conciliabulum) brought together by Photius against Pope Nicholas and Ignatius the legitimate Patriarch of Constantinople; it condemned Photius who had unlawfully seized the patriarchal dignity. The Photian Schism, however, triumphed in the Greek Church, and no other general council took place in the East.[9]

[129] A. Fortescue, The Orthodox Eastern Church, pages 147–148;

[Latin_West_pg171-130] Andrew Louth, Greek East and Latin West, pg171

[S._Tougher_pg69-131] S. Tougher, The Reign of Leo VI, pg69

[books.google.com-132] The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy pg103 By A. Edward Siecienski Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA (12 May 2010) ISBN 978-0-19-537204-5 [10]

[133] A. Fortescue, The Orthodox Eastern Church, pages 147–148

[134] Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Volume 2 By André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Adrian Walford, Michael Lapidge Publisher: Routledge; 1 edition (1 April 2001) ISBN 978-1-57958-282-1 Product Dimensions: 11.1x9 [11]

[135] Migne's Patrologia Latina, Vol. 143 (cxliii), Col. 744–769. Also Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Nova Amplissima Collectio, Vol. 19 (xix) Col. 635–656.

[136] Knights of Columbus. Catholic Truth Committee (1913). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church. Encyclopedia Press. pp. 120–. Retrieved 2 June 2012. "The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon it was Leo IX; in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, he cites the "Donatio" to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood"

[WikisourceCatholicEncyclopedia1913-137] "Donation of Constantine". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.

[138] Norwich, John J. (1967). The Normans in the South 1016–1130. p. 102.

[NorwichApogee-139] Norwich, John J. (1992). Byzantium, The Apogee. pp. 320–321.

[140] Text of the bull of excommunication. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[141] New Catholic Encyclopedia. "...in 1053 he [Michael Caerularius] sends off a declaration of war, then shuts up the Latin churches at Constantinople, hurls a string of wild accusations, and shows in every possible way that he wants a schism, apparently for the mere pleasure of not being in communion with the West. He got his wish. After a series of wanton aggressions, unparalleled in church history, after he had begun by striking the pope's name from his diptychs, the Roman legates excommunicated him (16 July 1054). But still there was no idea of a general excommunication of the Byzantine Church, still less of all the East. The legates carefully provided against that in their Bull. They acknowledged that the emperor (Constantine IX, who was excessively annoyed at the whole quarrel), the Senate, and the majority of the inhabitants of the city were "most pious and orthodox." They excommunicated Caerularius, Leo of Achrida, and their adherents. This quarrel, too, need no more have produced a permanent state of schism than the excommunication of any other contumacious bishop. The real tragedy is that gradually all the other Eastern patriarchs took sides with Caerularius, obeyed him by striking the pope's name from their diptychs, and chose of their own accord to share his schism. At first they do not seem to have wanted to do so. John III of Antioch certainly refused to go into schism at Caerularius's bidding. But, eventually, the habit they had acquired of looking to Constantinople for orders proved too strong. The emperor (not Constantine IX, but his successor) was on the side of his patriarch and they had learned too well to consider the emperor as their over-lord in spiritual matters too. Again, it was the usurped authority of Constantinople, the Erastianism of the East that turned a personal quarrel into a great schism."

[142] "Atlas of the Historical Geography of the Holy Land". Rbedrosian.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[143] "home.comcast.net". Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[144] Dragan Brujić (2005). "Vodič kroz svet Vizantije (Guide to the Byzantine World)". Beograd. p. 51.

[145] John Binns, An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches (Cambridge University Press 2002 ISBN 978-0-521-66738-8), p. 203

[146] Dvornik, Francis (January–March 1945). "News". Eastern Churches Quarterly. pp. 29–30. "In spite of what happened in 1054, the faithful of both church remained long unaware of any change in their relations and acts of intercommunion were so numerous that 1054 as the date of the schism becomes inadmissible." More than one of |work= and |newspaper= specified (help)

[147] King, Archdale (2007). The Rites of Eastern Christendom 1. Gorgias Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-59333-391-1.

[148] Kallistos, Bishop (2001). The Great Schism. New York City. p. 67. ISBN 0-06-621330-4. "Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them. … The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in the East and West were largely unaware"

[149] The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies. Oxford University Press. 2008. p. 596. ISBN 978-0-19-925246-6.

[150] Bishop Kallistos (Ware), op. cit., p. 67

[ccel.org-151] During the Crusades the schism was deepened by the brutal atrocities of the French and Venetian soldiers in the pillage of Constantinople (1204), the establishment of a Latin empire, and the appointment by the pope of Latin bishops in Greek sees.318 Although this artificial empire lasted only half a century (1204–1261), it left a legacy of burning hatred in the memories of horrible desecrations and innumerable insults and outrages, which the East had to endure from the Western barbarians. Churches and monasteries were robbed and desecrated, the Greek service mocked, the clergy persecuted, and every law of decency set at defiance. In Constantinople "a prostitute was seated on the throne of the patriarch; and that daughter of Belial, as she is styled, sung and danced in the church to ridicule the hymns and processions of the Orientals." Even Pope Innocent III. accuses the pilgrims that they spared in their lust neither age nor sex, nor religious profession, and that they committed fornication, adultery, and incest in open day (in oculis omnium), "abandoning matrons and virgins dedicated to God to the lewdness of grooms." And yet this great pope insulted the Eastern church by the establishment of a Latin hierarchy on the ruins of the Byzantine empire.[12]

[152] The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time - Jonathan Howard - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[153] The Library: An Illustrated History - Stuart A P Murray - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[154] The Great Betrayal: The Great Siege of Constantinople - Ernle Bradford - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[155] Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations By Donald M. Nicol pg 169 [13]

[Christiansen-156] Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.

[World_History-157] Wetterau, Bruce. World history. New York: Henry Holt and company. 1994.

[Nicol1996-158] Donald M. Nicol, The Byzantine Lady (Cambridge University Press 1996 ISBN 978-0-52157623-9), p. 38

[159] Charles William Previté-Orton, The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History (Cambridge University Press 1975 ISBN 978-0-52109977-6), p. 735

[LastCenturies-160] Donald M. Nicol, ''The Last Centuries of Byzantium'' (Cambridge University Press 1993 ISBN 9780521439916), p. 63. Books.google.com. 1993-10-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[Nicol1993-161] Nicol (1993), p. 79. Books.google.com. 1993-10-14. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[162] Charles W. Prévité-Orton, ''The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History'' (Cambridge University Press 1975 9780521099776), p. 735. Books.google.com. 1975-07-25. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[163] Daniel W. Threadgold, ''Russia 1472-1917'' (Cambridge University Press 1973 ISBN 9780521097253), p. 2. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[164] "Schaff, ''History of the Christian Church'', vol. VI, §18". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[165] The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy By A. Edward Siecienski pg 140 [14]

[166] The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy By A. Edward Siecienski pg 137 [15]

[167] Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes - George L. Williams - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[168] Dogma Evolution & Papal Fallacies - Imma Penn - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2007-05-30. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[169] History of the Church: Volume 3: The Revolt Against The Church: Aquinas To ... - Philip Hughes - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[170] OSV's Encyclopedia of Catholic History - Matthew Bunson, Monsignor Timothy M Dolan - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[171] Councils and Assemblies: Papers Read at the Eighth Summer Meeting and the ... - Ecclesiastical History Society, G. J. Cuming, Derek Baker - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[172] Pocket Dictionary of Popes - Michael J. Walsh - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[173] "Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Martin Iv". Newadvent.org. 1910-10-01. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[174] ttp://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/churchhistory220/lectureeight/13thCenturyPopes.htm

[175] Dimitry Pospielovsky (1998). The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia. St Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 96–. ISBN 978-0-88141-179-9. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

[176] Reverend R Thornton. Lives of Eminent Russian Prelates. Kessinger Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-4179-4649-0. Page 3

[177] "He endured to the end and was accounted worthy of the crown of martyrdom: inflexible alike to prayers and threats, he was starved to death in prison, to be a pledge of deliverance to his country". – A N Mouravieff. A History of the Church of Russia, 1842, reprinted 2004. ISBN 1-4179-1250-2. Page 166.

[178] The Ukrainian Greek Catholics: A Historical Survey. Risu.org.ua. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[179] section 12 of the document

[180] "Joint Declaration". Vatican.va. 1965-12-07. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[ReferenceC-181] Missale Romanum 2002 (Roman Missal in Latin), p. 513

[autogenerated347-182] Ρωμαϊκό Λειτουργικό 2006 (Roman Missal in Greek), vol. 1, p. 347

[183] "Video recording of joint recitation". Youtube.com. 2008-07-21. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[184] "Programme of the celebration". Vatican.va. 2004-06-29. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[185] Pope, Patriarch appeal for unity^{[dead link]}

[186] Gheddo, Piero. "Pope: Rome, unity and mission to all peoples at feast of Peter and Paul". Asianews.it. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[187] [16]^{[dead link]}

[188] "CNS STORY: Pope gives palliums to archbishops, says church's mission is to unite". Catholicnews.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[189] The Metropolitan's own blog, reported also by this Religious News Agency and the Russian Orthodox

[190] "I, myself, have often spoken of the 'two lungs' – the East and the West – without which Europe could not breathe. There will be no peaceful Europe in the future, nor one whose civilization will shine forth, without this osmosis and this sharing of values which are different yet complementary. It is on this 'humus' that the Europeans are called to build up their common house" (John Paul II 22 December 1989)

[191] Ut unum sint, 54

[192] Constitution ''Sacri Canones''. Vatican.va (1930-04-02). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[193] Pope John Paul II. Guardian (2005-04-02). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[194] Emmanuel Clapsis. "Papal primacy". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-10-16. "The regional primacy can be conceived not as power or jurisdiction but only as an expression of the unity and unanimity of all the bishops, and consequently of all the churches, of an area. We must understand the universal primacy of the Roman Church similarly. Based on Christian Tradition, it is possible to affirm the validity of the church of Rome's claims of universal primacy. [...] Orthodoxy does not reject Roman primacy as such, but simply a particular way of understanding that primacy. Within a reintegrated Christendom the bishop of Rome will be considered primus inter pares serving the unity of God's Church in love. He cannot be accepted as set up over the Church as a ruler whose diakonia is conceived through legalistic categories of power of jurisdiction."

[Cleenewerck2008-195] Cleenewerck, Laurent (1 January 2008). His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Euclid University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-615-18361-9. Retrieved 27 October 2012.

[RatzingerBoeve2010-196] Ratzinger, Joseph; Boeve, Lieven; Mannion, Gerard (8 July 2010). The Ratzinger Reader: Mapping a Theological Journey. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-567-03214-0. Retrieved 27 October 2012.

[197] Michael J. Christensen; Jeffery A. Wittung (31 January 2007). Partakers of the Divine Nature: The History and Development of Deificiation in the Christian Traditions. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-8386-4111-8. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

[198] the Catholic Church, 248. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[199] Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism, 125; cf.Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §3 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §3

[200] Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism, 123; cf.Code of Canon Law, canon 844 §2 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 671 §2

[201] Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 813 and Code of Canon Law, canon 1124

[202] ''Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches'', canon 833. Intratext.com (2007-05-04). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[203] Code of Canon Law, canon 1116 and Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 832

[204] ''Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches'', canon 832. Intratext.com (2007-05-04). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[205] "JOINT CATHOLIC-ORTHODOX DECLARATION OF HIS HOLINESS POPE PAUL VI AND THE ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH ATHENAGORAS I".

[206] Statement of the North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation, 25 October 2003. Retrieved on 2012-10-17.

[programme_of_the_celebration-207] rogramme of the celebration. Vatican.va (2004-06-29). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[Video_recording_of_joint_recitation-208] Video recording of joint recitation. Youtube.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[209] Common Declaration. Ewtn.com (1995-06-29). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[210] Report on Catholic-Orthodox Relations. Ewtn.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[211] Presentation of the Celebration. Vatican.va (2004-06-29). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[212] Common Declaration. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[213] The Metropolitan's own blog. Mkka.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[214] Ο Πάπας, ο Πατριάρχης και η…ένωση των εκκλησιών. romfea.gr

[215] "Patriarch of Constantinople's new encyclical defends Catholic-Orthodox dialogue". Catholic News Agency. Feb. 20, 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-27. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[Pelikan1977-216] Pelikan, Jaroslav (15 July 1977). The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600-1700). University of Chicago Press. pp. 170–171. ISBN 978-0-226-65373-0. Retrieved 26 October 2012.

[DoyleBazzell2012-217] Doyle, Dennis; Bazzell, Pascal D.; Furry, Timothy J. (1 September 2012). Ecclesiology and Exclusion: Boundaries of Being and Belonging in Postmodern Times. Orbis Books. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-57075-982-6. Retrieved 27 October 2012.

[218] L. Millet, ''By What Authority?'' (Mercer University Press 2010 ISBN 978-0-88146201-2), pp. 43-44. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[Volf-219] Miroslav Volf, ''After Our Likeness'' (Eerdmans 1998 ISBN 978-0-80284440-8), p. 42. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[220] Volf (1998), p. 44

[Haight2004.p290-221] Haight, Roger D. (16 September 2004). Christian Community in History Volume 1: Historical Ecclesiology. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-8264-1630-8. Retrieved 26 October 2012.

[222] Cleenewerck (2008), p. 107; cf. pp. 108, 209; cf. also Ferencz, American Orthodoxy and Parish Congregationalism (Gorgias Press 2006 ISBN 978-159333195-5), pp. 21-22

[223] Johannes P. Schadé, ''Encyclopedia of World Religions (Foreign Media Group 2006 ISBN 978-1-60136000-7), section 8. Books.google.com. 2006-12-30. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[224] Kallistos Ware The Orthodox Church [17]

[225] Quoting Aleksey Khomyakov p. 87 The legal formalism and logical rationalism of the Roman Catholic Church have their roots in the Roman State. These features developed in it more strongly than ever when the Western Church without consent of the Eastern introduced into the Nicean Creed the filioque clause. Such arbitrary change of the creed is an expression of pride and lack of love for one's brethren in the faith. "In order not to be regarded as a schism by the Church, Romanism was forced to ascribe to the bishop of Rome absolute infallibility." In this way Catholicism broke away from the Church as a whole and became an organization based upon external authority. Its unity is similar to the unity of the state: it is not super-rational but rationalistic and legally formal. Rationalism has led to the doctrine of the works of superarogation, established a balance of duties and merits between God and man, weighing in the scales sins and prayers, trespasses and deeds of expiation; it adopted the idea of transferring one person's debts or credits to another and legalized the exchange of assumed merits; in short, it introduced into the sanctuary of faith the mechanism of a banking house. History of Russian Philosophy by Nikolai LosskyISBN 978-0-8236-8074-0 p. 87

[226] Paul McPartlan, ''Sacrament of Salvation'' (Continuum International 2000 ISBN 978-0-56729299-5), p. xv. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[227] Volf (1998), p. 43

[228] Ratzinger, "Theological Notes", quoted in Adriano Garuti, The Primacy of the Bishop of Rome and Ecumenical Dialogue (Ignatius Press 2004 ISBN 978-0-89870879-0), p. 66

[229] Richard R. Gaillardetz, ''The Church in the Making'' (Paulist Press 2006 ISBN 978-0-80914276-7), p. 46. Books.google.com. 2006-10-15. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[Cleenewerck2008.p22-230] Cleenewerck, Laurent (1 January 2008). His Broken Body: Understanding and Healing the Schism Between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. Euclid University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-615-18361-9. Retrieved 28 October 2012. "It is my contention in this book, not as a pioneer but as a follower of the great proponents of Eucharistic theology, that the catholic Church is fundamentally the local Eucharistic assembly, gathered around its bishop. Thus, the "Church of God which is at Ephesus or Corinth' is the "whole Church" and the "catholic Church."

[Shaw2000-231] Shaw, Russell B. (2000). Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-87973-555-5. Retrieved 26 October 2012.

[232] "Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ, chapter 4".

[233] "Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, canon 181".

[234] s can be seen in the words of Archbishop Nicetas of Nicomedia of the 12th century: "My dearest brother, we do not deny to the Roman Church the primacy among the five sister patriarchates and we recognize her right to the most honorable seat at the Ecumenical Council. But she has separated herself from us by her own deeds when through pride she assumed a monarchy which does not belong to her office… How shall we accept decrees from her that have been issued without consulting us and even without our knowledge? If the Roman pontiff seated on the lofty throne of his glory wished to thunder at us and, so to speak, hurl his mandates at us from on high and if he wishes to judge us and even to rule us and our churches, not by taking counsel with us but at his own arbitrary pleasure what kind of brotherhood, or even what kind of parenthood can this be? We should be the slaves not the sons, of such a church and the Roman see would not be the pious mother of sons but a hard and imperious mistress of slaves."The Orthodox Church London by Ware, Kallistos St. Vladimir's Seminary Press 1995 ISBN 978-0-913836-58-3

[235] In 1995 Pope John Paul II wrote: "With the power and the authority without which such an office would be illusory, the Bishop of Rome must ensure the communion of all the Churches." He invited "Church leaders and their theologians to examine with me in a patient and fraternal dialogue on this subject, a dialogue in which, leaving useless controversies behind, we could listen to one another, keeping before us only the will of Christ for his Church and allowing ourselves to be deeply moved by his plea 'that they may all be one ... so that the world may believe that you have sent me' (Encyclical Ut unum sint section 96). The Ravenna document of 13 October 2007 is one response to this invitation.

[236] Epistle to the Smyrnaeans - Chapter VIII.-Let Nothing Be Done Without the Bishop.

[237] Carlton, C., (1999), "The Truth: What Every Roman Catholic Should know about the Orthodox Church", (Regina Orthodox Press; Salisbury, MA), p22.

[238] Lossky, V., (2002) The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, (St Vladimirs Seminary Press; Crestwood, NY), p.176

[239] Sherrard, P., (1978) Church, Papacy and Schism: A Theological Enquiry. (Denise Harvey Publisher; Limni, Greece), p15

[240] Catholic Encyclopedia, ''The Eastern Schism''. Newadvent.org (1912-02-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[241] An example is Curiosities from the "Orthodox" Arena, by Atila Sinke Guimarães

[242] Unitatis Redintegratio 17

[243] Pomazansky, Michael. Orthodox Dogmatic Theology. "The ancient Orthodox teaching of the personal attributes of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit was distorted in the Latin Church by the creation of a teaching of the procession, outside of time and from all eternity, of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son — the Filioque. The idea that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son originated in certain expressions of Blessed Augustine. It became established in the West as obligatory in the ninth century, and when Latin missionaries came to the Bulgarians in the middle of the ninth century, the Filioque was in their Symbol of Faith."

[244] Romanides, John S. "Part I: Augustine's Teachings Which Were Condemned As Those of Barlaam the Calabrian by the Ninth Ecumenical Council of 1351.". "Augustine unknowingly rejects the doctrine of the ecumenical councils concerning the Old Testament Lord of glory incarnate and his Vatican and Protestant followers do the same"

[245] Romanides, John S. "Filioque". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. "The pretext of the Filioque controversy was the Frankish acceptance of Augustine as the key to understanding the theology of the First and Second Ecumenical Synods."

[246] Romanides, John S. "Filioque". Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. "During the ensuing centuries long course of the controversy, the Franks not only forced the Patristic tradition into an Augustinian mold, but they confused Augustine's Trinitarian terminology with that of the Father's of the First and Second Ecumenical Synods. This is nowhere so evident as in the Latin handling of Maximos the Confessor's description, composed in 650, of the West Roman Orthodox Filioque at the Council of Florence (1438–42). The East Romans hesitated to present Maximos' letter to Marinos about this West Roman Orthodox Filioque because the letter did not survive in its complete form."

[247] Romanides, John S. Franks, Romans, Feudalism, and Doctrine — Part 2. Empirical Theology versus Speculative Theology -Empirical Theology. "A basic characteristic of the Frankish scholastic method, mislead by Augustinian Platonism and Thomistic Aristotelianism, had been its naive confidence in the objective existence of things rationally speculated about. By following Augustine, the Franks substituted the patristic concern for spiritual observation, (which they had found firmly established in Gaul when they first conquered the area) with a fascination for metaphysics. They did not suspect that such speculations had foundations neither in created nor in spiritual reality."

[248] Thomas Herbert Bindley, ''The Oecumenical Documents of the Faith'' (Taylor & Francis 1950, reprinted in 1980 by Greenwood Press, a division of Congressional Information Service ISBN 0-313-22197-9), p. 78. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[Schaff-249] "Schaff, ''Creeds of Christendom''". Ccel.org. 2005-07-13. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[250] Nicene Creed (Armenian Apostolic Church); The Coptic Orthodox Church: Our Creed (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria); Nicene Creed (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church); The Nicene Creed (Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church); The Nicene Creed (Syriac Orthodox Church).

[251] Creed of Nicaea (Assyrian Church of the East)

[252] Catechism of the Catholic Church. pp. 246–248.

[253] "Article 5 of the Thirty-Nine Articles".

[254] Lutheranism (Book of Concord, The Nicene Creed and the Filioque: A Lutheran Approach), Presbyterianism (Union Presbyterian Church, Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand, Reformed Presbyterian Church); Methodism (United Methodist Hymnal)

[255] "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 247". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[256] The Holy See encourages Eastern Catholics who had included Filioque in languages such as Syriac to remove it: "Though it is quite true to say that the Spirit proceeds from both the 'Father and the Son', the Eastern Church, encouraged by the Holy See, has asked us to return to the original form of the Creed" (Q & A on the Reformed Chaldean Mass).

[PCPCU-257] Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity: The Greek and the Latin Traditions regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit (scanned image of the English translation on L'Osservatore Romano of 20 September 1995); also text with Greek letters transliterated and text omitting two sentences at the start of the paragraph that it presents as beginning with "The Western tradition expresses first …"

[258] Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs, 1848 A Reply to the Epistle of Pope Pius IX, "to the Easterns". Fordham.edu. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[259] Lossky, Vladimir (1997). The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church. SVS Press. ISBN 0-913836-31-1.

[260] Pomazansky, Michael. "On the procession of the Holy Spirit". "Oneness of Essence, and it is absolutely essential to distinguish this from another dogma, the dogma of the begetting and the procession, in which, as the Holy Fathers express it, is shown the Cause of the existence of the Son and the Spirit. All of the Eastern Fathers acknowledge that the Father is monos aitios, the sole Cause" of the Son and the Spirit. Orthodox Dogmatic Theology"

[261] "The Filioque controversy which has separated us for so many centuries is more than a mere technicality, but it is not insoluble. Qualifying the firm position taken when I wrote The Orthodox Church twenty years ago, I now believe, after further study, that the problem is more in the area of semantics than in any basic doctrinal differences." (Bishop Kallistos Ware, Diakonia, quoted from Elias Zoghby's A Voice from the Byzantine East, p.43)

[262] In the Introduction p. 21 "We have become different men" The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, by Vladimir Lossky, SVS Press, 1997. (ISBN 0-913836-31-1) James Clarke & Co Ltd, 1991. (ISBN 0-227-67919-9)

[263] Romanides, John S. "Franks, Romans, Feudalism, and Doctrine — Part 2. Empirical Theology versus Speculative Theology -Empirical Theology". "A basic characteristic of the Frankish scholastic method, misled by Augustinian Platonism and Thomistic Aristotelianism, had been its naive confidence in the objective existence of things rationally speculated about. By following Augustine, the Franks substituted the patristic concern for spiritual observation, (which they had found firmly established in Gaul when they first conquered the area) with a fascination for metaphysics. They did not suspect that such speculations had foundations neither in created nor in spiritual reality. No one would today accept as true what is not empirically observable, or at least verifiable by inference, from an attested effect. So it is with patristic theology. Dialectical speculation about God and the Incarnation as such are rejected. Only those things which can be tested by the experience of the grace of God in the heart are to be accepted. "Be not carried about by divers and strange teachings. For it is good that the heart be confirmed by grace," a passage from Hebrews 13.9, quoted by the Fathers to this effect."

[264] Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos. "Knowledge of God according to St. Gregory Palamas". "As I have indicated, Barlaam insisted that knowledge of God depends not on vision of God but on one's understanding. He said that we can acquire knowledge of God through philosophy, and therefore he considered the prophets and apostles who saw the uncreated light, to be below the philosophers. He called the uncreated light sensory, created, and "inferior to our understanding". However, St. Gregory Palamas, a bearer of the Tradition and a man of revelation, supported the opposite view. In his theology he presented the teaching of the Church that uncreated light, that is, the vision of God, is not simply a symbolic vision, nor sensory and created, nor inferior to understanding, but it is deification. Through deification man is deemed worthy of seeing God. And this deification is not an abstract state, but a union of man with God. That is to say, the man who beholds the uncreated light sees it because he is united with God. He sees it with his inner eyes, and also with his bodily eyes, which, however, have been altered by God's action. Consequently theoria is union with God. And this union is knowledge of God. At this time one is granted knowledge of God, which is above human knowledge and above the senses."

[265] Pomazansky, Michael. Orthodox Dogmatic Theology: A Concise Exposition Protopresbyter Appendices New currents in Russian philosophico-theological thought Philosophy and Theology.

[266] "Roman Catholicism rationalizes even the sacrament of the Eucharist: it interprets spiritual action as purely material and debases the sacrament to such an extent that it becomes in its view a kind of atomistic miracle. The Orthodox Church has no metaphysical theory of Transsubstantiation, and there is no need of such a theory. Christ is the Lord of the elements and it is in His power to do so that 'every thing, without in the least changing its physical substance' could become His Body. Christ's Body in the Eucharist is not physical flesh." History of Russian Philosophy by Nikolai Lossky ISBN 978-0-8236-8074-0 p. 87

[267] ""The Relationship between Prayer and Theology" from the official website of "The American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese"". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[268] Romanides: "the unceasing prayer in the hearts which repairs the short-circuit between the heart and the brain."

[Neptic_Monasticism-269] Neptic Monasticism. Greekorthodoxchurch.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[270] Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos (1 January 2005). Orthodox Psychotherapy CHAPTER III. Birth of Theotokos Monastery,Greece. ISBN 978-960-7070-27-2.

[271] What is the Human Nous? by John Romanides

[272] "as the Trinitarian God is Nous, Word and Spirit, so the soul too has nous, word and spirit." (but in humans' case they "are not hypostases") Metropolitan Hierotheos Vlachos (2005), Orthodox Psychotherapy, Tr. Esther E. Cunningham Williams (Birth of Theotokos Monastery, Greece), ISBN 978-960-7070-27-2

[273] "JESUS CHRIST – THE LIFE OF THE WORLD", John S. Romanides

[274] "THE ILLNESS AND CURE OF THE SOUL" Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos

[Neuro-275] "Augustine claims that all humans have sinned in Adam. The Council, however, interprets Rom. 5:12 as saying that, 'By one man sin entered the world, and by sin death, and thus to all men [death] passed, in which all have sinned.' In other words all sin because of the spiritual death which each one suffers by not being in communion with the glory of God": Romanides

[276] Ancestral Versus Original Sin: An Overview with Implications for Psychotherapy by V. Rev. Antony Hughes, M.Div St. Mary Antiochian Orthodox Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts

[277] (The Freedom of Morality, p. 151n. Christos Yannaras)

[278] The Ancestral SinJohn S. Romanides George S. Gabriel, translator. Store.holycrossbookstore.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[279] Original Sin And Its Consequences. Metropolitan Archbishop Sotirios, Orthodox Catechism: Basic Teachings of the Orthodox Faith

[CCC405-280] "Catechism of the Catholic Church, 405". Web.archive.org. 2010-10-27. Archived from the original on 2010-10-27. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

[281] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 797–798. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[282] A Comparison: Francis of Assisi and St. Seraphim of Sarov by Father George Macris [18]

[283] From Saint Seraphim of Sarov On Acquisition of the Holy Spirit by Nikolay Motovilov [19]

[284] "Following St. Paul, the Church has always taught that the overwhelming misery which oppresses men and their inclination towards evil and death cannot be understood apart from their connection with Adam's sin and the fact that he has transmitted to us a sin with which we are all born afflicted" (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 403) (emphasis added).

[Dositheus6-285] Confession of Dositheus, Decree 6. Crivoice.org (2011-11-11). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[CCC418-286] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 418. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[287] Kallistos Ware. "The Orthodox Way" ISBN 978-0-913836-58-3

[288] [20] "from ''the first instant of her conception, the Blessed Virgin Mary was, by a most singular grace and privilege of Almighty God, and in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Redeemer of the human race, preserved from all stain of Original Sin. It is a doctrine revealed by God, and therefore to be firmly and steadfastly believed by all the faithful'' (from the ''Bull Ineffabilis Deus'')." WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORTHODOXY AND ROMAN CATHOLICISM? By Father Michael Azkoul.

[289] [21] "However, we do believe that the Virgin Mary is an image, as St. Maximos the Confessor says, of the Christian goal of becoming Christ-like, of ''theosis''. Just as the Theotokos gave birth to Christ in a bodily way, so we must, St. Maximos tells us, give birth to Christ in an unbodily or spiritual way. In so doing, we imitate her practical spiritual life, including the purity and humility by which she formed her free will into perfect obedience to the Will of God.", "we cannot lose sight of the importance of free will in the development and expression of her rich personality." An Orthodox View of the Virgin Mary.

[290] "The Patriarchal Encyclical of 1895". Orthodoxinfo.com. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[291] Thomas P. Rausch; Catherine E. Clifford (1 February 2003). Catholicism in the Third Millennium. Liturgical Press. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-0-8146-5899-4. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

[292] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1030

[Confessions-293] Ted A. Campbell, Christian Confessions: a Historical Introduction (Westminster John Knox Press 1996 ISBN 0-664-25650-3), p. 54.

[294] What Are The Differences Between Orthodoxy And Roman Catholicism? By Father Michael Azkoul. Ocf.org. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[295] "Venial sin weakens charity; it manifests a disordered affection for created goods; it impedes the soul's progress in the exercise of the virtues and the practice of the moral good; it merits temporal punishment." Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1863

[296] Life After Death by Metropolitan Hierotheos

[297] What is evil? Is it not the estrangement from God Who is Life? 1 Is it not death? What does Western theology teach about death? All Roman Catholics and most Protestants consider death as a punishment from God. God considered all men guilty of Adam's sin and punished them by death, that is by cutting them away from Himself; depriving them of His live giving energy, and so killing them spiritually at first and later bodily, by some sort of spiritual starvation. Augustine interprets the passage in Genesis "If you eat of the fruit of this tree, you will die the death" as "If you eat of the fruit of this tree, I will kill you".[22]

[298] Catholic Encyclopedia: ''The Nature and Attributes of God''. Newadvent.org (1909-09-01). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[299] "Human nature, according to St Symeon, needs a physician who can heal it from its corruptibility, and this physician is Jesus Christ Himself." An Online Orthodox Catechism. Orthodoxeurope.org (2003-09-24). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[300] Life After Death by Metropolitan Hierotheos

[301] An Online Orthodox Catechism. Orthodoxeurope.org (2003-09-24). Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[302] "the biblical concept of heaven and hell also becomes distorted, since the eternal fires of hell and the outer darkness become creatures also whereas, they are the uncreated glory of God as seen by those who refuse to love." Filioque by John Romanides

[303] Life After Death by Metropolitan Hierotheos

[304] "Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. 'The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves" (V. Lossky, The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church, p. 234 ISBN 978-0-913836-31-6).

[CCC1024-305] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1024. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[306] Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1033. Vatican.va. Retrieved on 2012-06-02.

[note_n1-307] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.

[note_n2-308] Semi-autonomous part of the Russian Orthodox Church whose autonomy is not universally recognized.

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East–West Schism

Contents

History[edit]

Centers of Christianity[edit]

Claims of the see of Rome[edit]

Claims of the see of Constantinople[edit]

Council of Nicaea (325)[edit]

First Council of Constantinople (381)[edit]

Chalcedon (451)[edit]

Separation of the West from the Roman Empire[edit]

Decline of three patriarchies[edit]

Council in Trullo (Quinisext, 692)[edit]

Papal supremacy and Pentarchy[edit]

Other points of conflict[edit]

Filioque and primacy issues (867-879)[edit]

Mutual excommunication of 1054[edit]

East and West since 1054[edit]

Fourth Crusade (1204) and other military conflicts[edit]

Second Council of Lyon (1272)[edit]

Council of Ferrara-Florence (1439)[edit]

Fall of Constantinople[edit]

Rise of the Church of Moscow[edit]

Modern state of affairs[edit]

Eastern Catholicism[edit]

First Vatican Council[edit]

Second Vatican Council[edit]

Recent efforts at reconciliation[edit]

Prospects for reconciliation[edit]

Ecclesiological reconciliation[edit]

Theological reconciliation[edit]

Sacraments[edit]

Recent efforts at reconciliation[edit]

Second Vatican Council[edit]

Joint Theological Commission[edit]

Other moves toward reconciliation[edit]

Criticism of reconciliation efforts[edit]

Differences underlying the schism[edit]

Ecclesiological disputes[edit]

Types of ecclesiologies[edit]

Ecclesiological structure[edit]

Papal primacy[edit]

Papal privilege and authority[edit]

Theological issues[edit]

Trinity[edit]

Experience of God (Theoria) vs. Scholasticism[edit]

The heart reconciled with the mind higher than reason alone[edit]

Theological consequences of the division East and West[edit]

Uncreated light[edit]

Original sin, free will and the Immaculate Conception[edit]

Augustine's doctrine of original sin[edit]

Church teachings on original sin[edit]

Immaculate Conception rejected by the East[edit]

Sin, Purgatory and Hell[edit]

Purgatory[edit]

Damnation[edit]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

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