Gerald L. K. Smith
Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith (February 27, 1898 – April 15, 1976) was a clergyman and political organizer, who became a leader of the Share Our Wealth movement during the Great Depression and later the Christian Nationalist Crusade. He founded the America First Party in 1944, for which he was a presidential candidate in the election that year.[1][2]
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Early life and education
He was born in Pardeeville, Wisconsin on February 27, 1898 to Sarah and Lyman Z. Smith. He had one sister. The family moved and the children grew up in Viroqua, Wisconsin. He graduated from Valparaiso University in Indiana in 1918 with a degree in biblical studies.[1]
The descendant of three generations of Disciples of Christ ministers, he followed his father into the ministry, becoming ordained in 1916. He first ministered in the Midwest: Wisconsin, Illinois and Indiana.[1]
Marriage and family
Smith married Elna Sorenson in 1922. They adopted their only child, whom they named Gerald L. K. Smith Jr.[1]
Louisiana and politics
Smith moved his family to Louisiana in 1928 because his wife contracted tuberculosis, and facilities in Shreveport had a good reputation for helping those with the disease. Smith served as a minister in Shreveport, making radio broadcasts attacking local utility companies and corruption, while supporting trade unions.[1]
Smith met senator Huey P. Long in 1929 and became his national organizer during the Great Depression, when he launched the Share Our Wealth society. This movement proposed minimum and maximum limits on household wealth and income. Smith resigned his ministry to work full-time recruiting members to the society.
After Long was assassinated in 1935, Smith directed the society for a short time. He became an ally of Francis Townsend, Father Charles Coughlin and Huey Long followers to form the Union Party. It nominated William Lemke as its presidential candidate in the 1936 election.
Unlike Long, who had been relatively tolerant on racial issues, Smith took the Share Our Wealth movement in the direction of white supremacy. As European tensions rose with the ascendancy of the Nazi party in Germany, Smith tried to form an alliance with the non-interventionist America First Committee, but its leaders spurned him because of his anti-Semitism and racism.
In 1944 Smith formed the America First Party, essentially appropriating the name. He became a member of William Dudley Pelley's pro-Nazi Silver Shirts organization, which was patterned after Hitler's brown shirts.[3]
Smith was one of 30 co-defendants in the Great Sedition Trial of 1944. The case against all the defendants was dismissed when a mistrial was declared, following the death of the presiding judge.[1] Pelley was later convicted for violation of the Alien Enemies Act, but Smith escaped conviction for violations of the Smith Act.
Having moved to Michigan, Smith ran for the United States Senate as a Republican from there but he lost in the primary. He ran as the America First Party candidate in the 1944 Presidential election, winning 1,781 votes (1530 in Michigan, 281 in Texas). In 1948, with running mate Harry Romer on the Christian Nationalist Party ticket, he received 48 votes.[4] Smith's only other run for the presidency was in 1956, when he received eight write-in votes in California.
After World War II, Smith continued to be active on the political right. He lobbied for decades for the release of all Nazi war criminals convicted at the Nuremberg Trials. His activities led to his being shunned by most politicians, including conservative figures such as Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, who distanced his States' Rights Democratic Party from Smith.
In the early 1950s, at the time of the trial of the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, the Anti-Defamation League published an article that attributed the attacks on the Rosenbergs' loyalty to "professional anti-Semites and lunatic nationalists," including the "Jew-baiting cabal of John Rankin, Benjamin Freedman and Gerald Smith."[5]
In 1956, Smith joined a strong campaign against the Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act. He was among such opponents as those who nicknamed it the "Siberia Bill" and denounced it as being part of a communist plot to hospitalize and brainwash Americans. It was a bipartisan, federal effort to improve mental health care to residents of Alaska, which was still a territory, and passage was aided by the support of the conservative senator Barry Goldwater.
Retirement
He eventually moved to Eureka Springs, Arkansas, where he bought and renovated a mansion as a retirement home. In 1964, he began construction of a planned religious theme park on his own property, to be called "Sacred Projects". Smith's biographer, Glen Jeansonne, in Gerald L. K. Smith: Minister of Hate, says that Smith only had $5,000 to his name at the end of 1963 and yet raised $1,000,000 by the spring of 1964 to commission and construct the "Christ of the Ozarks" project.
Although the park was never fully developed, in 1966 the centerpiece, the Christ of the Ozarks statue, was completed on Magnetic Mountain at an elevation of 1500 feet, from where it overlooked the town. Emmet Sullivan, the sculptor, had worked under Gutzon Borglum as one of the sculptors of Mount Rushmore.[6]
Smith's original plans were for a life-size recreation of ancient Jerusalem in the hills near Eureka Springs; no construction of this portion took place. He did initiate an annual outdoor Passion Play, inspired by that of Oberammergau, Germany. It is staged in an amphitheater located near the statue for several nights each week from late April through late October.
Smith died on April 15, 1976 of pneumonia.[7][8] He and his wife are buried adjacent to the Christ of the Ozarks statue, where hymns are continuously played near the graves.[9]
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith (1898-1976)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1767. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- ^ Dart, John (December 23, 1977). "Founded by Gerald L. K. Smith". Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/650349962.html?dids=650349962:650349962&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+23%2C+1977&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=FOUNDED+BY+GERALD+L.+K.+SMITH&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2009-12-26. "The anti-Jewish Christian Nationalist Crusade, founded by the late Gerald L. K. Smith and based in Glendale since 1953, is being dissolved, it was confirmed Thursday."
- ^ Albert E. Kahn and M. Sayers. The Plot against the Peace: A Warning to the Nation!. 1st ed. New York: Dial Press, 1945, p. 196. "... The Cross and the Flag [was] a propaganda magazine which was soon to be named by the Department of Justice as an agency used in a conspiracy to undermine the morale of the United States armed forces. The Cross and the Flag was published in Detroit by ex-Silver Shirter No. 3223, Gerald L. K. Smith."
- ^ "US President National Vote". OurCampaigns.com. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=1945. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
- ^ Stuart Svonkin, Jews Against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999, p 120
- ^ Reed, Roy (July 27, 1972). "Hippies and Gerald L. K. Smith Make Ozark Resort Town a Model of Coexistence; Hippies and Gerald L. K. Smith Coexist in an Ozark Resort Town". New York Times. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D10F6345A137B93C5AB178CD85F468785F9. Retrieved 2009-12-26. "On one page of Down Home, the town's new underground newspaper, an article announced the birth of a baby to a popular couple in the "freak" community."
- ^ "Gerald L.K. Smith Dead; Anti-Communist Crusader". Associated Press in the New York Times. April 16, 1976. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10F14FC3E5F167493C4A8178FD85F428785F9. Retrieved 2009-12-26. "Gerald L.K. Smith, the right-Wing Arkansas preacher who once backed Gov. Huey P. Long of Louisiana for President, died today of complications from pneumonia. He was 78 years old."
- ^ Thackrey Jr, Ted (April 16, 1976). "Reverend Gerald L.K. Smith, 78, Dies in Glendale. Political Orator Was Damned, Revered". Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/692143072.html?dids=692143072:692143072&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+16%2C+1976&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Gerald+L.K.+Smith+Dies+in+Glendale&pqatl=google. Retrieved 2009-12-26. "Gerald L.K. Smith, the fiery orator denounced by many as a hate-mongering bigot--and revered by others as a Christian patriot died Thursday in Glendale."
- ^ Jeansonne, Glen (Winter 2002). "Gerald L. K. Smith". Wisconsin Magazine of History (vol. 86, no. 2): 18–29. http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/wmh/pdf/wmh_winter02_jeansonne.pdf.
Further reading
- Jeansonne, Glen. Gerald L.K. Smith: Minister of Hate, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988/1997.
- Jeansonne, Glen. "Gerald L. K. Smith: From Wisconsin Roots to National Notoriety", Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 86, no. 2 (Winter 2002-03), pp. 18–29.
- Ribuffo, Leo P. The Old Christian Right: The Protestant Far Right From the Great Depression to the Cold War, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1983.
External links
- Gerald L. K. Smith at Find a Grave
- Gerald L K Smith in 1956
- "Gerald Lyman Kenneth Smith", Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture
- Gerald L.K. Smith, American Jewish Committee, 1953
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