Code of Professional Conduct

Introduction

"A profession is a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to high ethical standards and uphold themselves to, and are accepted by the public as possessing special knowledge and skills in a widely recognised body of learning derived from research, education and training at a high level, and who are prepared to exercise this knowledge and these skills in the interest of others.

It is inherent in the definition of a profession that a code of ethics governs the activities of each profession. Such codes require behaviours and practice beyond the personal moral obligations of an individual.

They define and demand high standards of behaviour in respect to the services provided to the public and in dealing with professional colleagues. Further, these codes are enforced by the profession and are acknowledged and accepted by the community."
 
Australian Council of Professions, 1997                                            

 

The Australian Veterinary Association Code of Professional Conduct presents and promotes a body of ethical principles to guide veterinarians’ conduct in their relationships with patients, clients, colleagues and the community. Whilst this Code reflects the professional commitment of AVA members, it should be relevant to all practising veterinarians.

Mankind makes use of animals for companionship, work, food, clothing, teaching, research, recreation and sport. Because of their special knowledge and expertise, veterinarians have a responsibility to maintain and improve the health and welfare of animals in these and other situations. Changes in society, science and the law constantly raise new ethical issues regarding animals, and may challenge existing ethical perspectives.

Code of Professional Conduct

The community and your clients are entitled to expect that you will:

Guiding principles

  1. Always consider the health, welfare and respectful treatment of the animal

    1. Veterinarians should recommend appropriate preventive measures and provide suitable management and treatment for disease conditions. Although actions may be influenced by consideration of a clients commercial, financial, emotional or other circumstances, veterinarians should not condone animal suffering, nor be party to it.
       

    2. Animals should be handled with the minimum of stress and the maximum care. By example, veterinarians should encourage people to handle animals as gently and safely as circumstances allow.
       
    3. Veterinarians should consider the welfare implications of any surgical or other procedure involving animals and act or advise appropriately. Pain management should be used whenever appropriate.
       
    4. Veterinarians should promote humane management of domestic and feral animals. If culling of feral animals or the euthanasia of animals (companion, domestic or feral) is deemed necessary, it should be carried out as humanely as possible with due consideration to the individual animal and to the group from which it is drawn.
       
    5. In an emergency and having regard to legal requirements, veterinarians should provide aid, within the limits of available resources, to sick or injured animals.
       
    6. As members of animal ethics committees, veterinarians should ensure that the highest standards of management, animal handling and analgesia are used at all times, and that the experimental techniques are consistent with the Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes.[1]

    7. In the workplace, whenever appropriate, veterinarians should provide guidance to their employers and co-workers on relevant aspects of animal welfare.
       
  2. Take personal responsibility to uphold the good reputation and integrity of the veterinary profession.


    1. Veterinarians have an obligation to maintain appropriate personal, moral and ethical standards in the practice of their profession, and in other aspects of their personal life. Failure to do so may reflect adversely upon the profession.
       
    2. In their professional work, veterinarians should make reasonable effort to identify and avoid potential or perceived conflict of interest.
       
    3. Veterinarians should promote and enhance the integrity of their profession by fostering a sense of trust and mutual respect between colleagues.
       
    4. Veterinarians working in both private and public sectors should promote positive relationships, to provide a service that reflects credit on the profession.
       
    5. Veterinarians who become aware of misconduct, or unprofessional or discreditable conduct by a colleague should take such action as seems appropriate in the circumstances.
       
    6. In any professional capacity veterinarians should exercise their judgment with integrity and with such independence as the nature of their position allows.
       
  3. Strive to provide the best possible veterinary services, and to improve the quality of animal health and welfare.


    1. Veterinarians have a responsibility to provide the best veterinary services within the prevailing circumstances, and should strive to improve the quality of those services.
       
    2. Veterinary procedures and recommendations should be based on sound evidence-based science and practice.
       
    3. Veterinarians should practise within the limits of their knowledge and expertise and, when appropriate, be prepared to recommend referral to a colleague or veterinary specialist.
       
    4. Veterinarians should provide appropriate continuity of care for their patients or arrange suitable substitute care. To the extent practicable within a locality, provision should be made for an emergency veterinary service to be available at all times.
       
    5. Veterinarians must maintain adequate records as an aide-memoire to facilitate optimal treatment, for communication within multi-practitioner practices, and for legal and statutory purposes.
       
  4. Foster and maintain good communications and relationships with your clients, earning their trust and respecting professional confidentiality.


    1. Veterinarians should inform clients of the nature, purpose, benefits, effects and risks, and the anticipated costs of a proposed procedure or treatment. A written estimate should be provided, particularly if the procedure involves surgery, general anaesthetic, intensive care, or hospitalisation, on a time basis, where appropriate.
       
    2. Clients should be informed about any available alternative procedures or treatments, in terms they are likely to understand.
       
    3. Prior informed consent of the owner should be obtained for any procedure or treatment, if readily available.
       
    4. In discussing options for treatment versus euthanasia with clients, veterinarians should as far as possible, avoid imposing personal value judgements.
       
    5. Veterinarians will respect their clients’ right to confidentiality, and safeguard all information associated with the disease status of an individual animal or group of animals. A careful balance must be maintained between a client’s right to confidentiality and the need to communicate relevant information to colleagues and staff within a practice. Unless required by law, information should not be provided to any third party, including a second opinion or referral veterinarian, without the express approval of the client.
       
    6. When a case is referred to another veterinarian, all relevant information should be provided by the referring veterinarian.
       
    7. Veterinarians should be cognisant of the special requirements of the particular animal industry in which they practise.
       
  5. Understand and comply with all relevant laws and guidelines, especially those regarding animal welfare, veterinary certification and the prescribing of restricted substances.


    1. Veterinarians must be familiar with and abide by all relevant legislation and guidelines affecting their professional activity and behaviour.
       
    2. Veterinarians must not practise without being registered with the Veterinary Board in their jurisdiction(s).
       
    3. Veterinarians must comply with all legislative provisions when prescribing, authorising and dispensing drugs, including the requirement for a bona fide veterinarian-client relationship.[2]
       
    4. Veterinarians must not abuse the authority to prescribe or obtain restricted substances or drugs of addiction.
       
    5. Veterinarians should be familiar with the animal welfare legislation in the jurisdiction(s) in which they practise. They should also take such reasonable steps to acquaint their clients, employees, co-workers and any other people responsible for the care and husbandry of animals with which they have contact, with such provisions as may appear to be relevant and applicable at the time.
       
    6. Veterinarians involved in research or teaching using animals must be familiar with the relevant animal welfare legislation, codes of practice and the role of the animal ethics committee at the institution/organisation where the research or teaching is conducted.
       
    7. Whilst upholding the principle of confidentiality, veterinarians must do so within the constraints of the law and with regard to their statutory obligations. Although the reporting of a notifiable disease or breach of animal welfare legislation may jeopardise a veterinarian-client relationship, it should be undertaken as required by the law, in the public interest.
       
    8. If required to divulge information, for example as a witness in court, veterinarians should divulge only that information which is relevant to the case and take care to differentiate factual information from opinion. When providing evidence as an expert witness, a veterinarian may offer a professional opinion. Such opinion should be confined to areas where the veterinarian has particular expertise and personal experience.

  6. Foster and endeavour to strengthen relationships with your professional colleagues, utilising their skills where appropriate.


    1. Veterinarians should respect the professional endeavours and integrity of their colleagues and neither exploit particular situations nor use unreasonable actions to gain an advantage.
       
    2. Veterinarians should offer support to colleagues whenever possible.
       
  7. Maintain and continue to enhance your professional knowledge and skills.


    1. Continuing veterinary education and the advancement of knowledge are fundamental to the role of the professional. Failure to keep informed about relevant advances in veterinary science is a dereliction of this responsibility. Continuing education may include attendance at meetings and conferences, reading of journals, interaction with colleagues, publication of papers, and the education and professional development of new graduates, veterinary nurses and veterinary students.
       
  8. Wherever possible, adhere to AVA policies and guidelines.


    1. The AVA policies and guidelines cover a diverse range of topics and issues related to various veterinary activities. It is expected that, except in very rare circumstances, AVA members will adhere to those policies and follow the guidelines as far as is practicable.
       
    2. If an AVA member is asked or required to make public comment about a professional matter that is covered by a policy or position statement, and the matter cannot be referred to the AVA President or nominated spokesperson, the AVA position should be used as the basis of that comment, if that position is known to the veterinarian. In the event that the veterinarian personally disagrees with that position, the veterinarian may state his own position, whilst acknowledging that that view does not accord with the AVA position.

[1]Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes, 7th Edition 2004. National Health and Medical Research Council.

[2]The veterinarian-client relationship is important as the basis for most professional interactions. A bona fide relationship exists where each of the following occurs:

  • The veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making judgments regarding the health and welfare of the animal(s) and the need for treatment, with the owner’s (client’s) agreement.

  • The veterinarian has sufficient knowledge of the animal(s) to initiate at least a general or preliminary diagnosis of their medical condition. This means that the veterinarian has recently seen and is personally acquainted with the keeping and care of the animal(s) by virtue of a clinical examination, or by medically appropriate and timely visits to the premises where the animal(s) are kept.

  • The veterinarian is available, or has arranged for adequate emergency coverage, for follow-up evaluation in the event of an adverse reaction or failure of the treatment regimen.
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