Steny Hoyer

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Steny Hoyer
House Minority Whip
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 3, 2011
Leader Nancy Pelosi
Preceded by Eric Cantor
In office
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007
Leader Nancy Pelosi
Preceded by Nancy Pelosi
Succeeded by Roy Blunt
House Majority Leader
In office
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011
Deputy Jim Clyburn
Preceded by John Boehner
Succeeded by Eric Cantor
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 5th district
Incumbent
Assumed office
May 19, 1981
Preceded by Gladys Spellman
Democratic Caucus Chairman of the United States House of Representatives
In office
June 21, 1989 – January 3, 1995
Preceded by William Grey
Succeeded by Vic Fazio
82nd President of the Maryland Senate
In office
January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1978
Preceded by William James
Succeeded by James Clark
Personal details
Born June 14, 1939 (1939-06-14) (age 72)
New York City, New York, United States
Political party Democratic Party
Spouse(s) Judith Hoyer (Deceased)
Children Susan
Stefany
Anne
Alma mater University of Maryland, College Park
Georgetown University
Profession Attorney at law
Religion Baptist

Steny Hamilton Hoyer (pronounced /ˈstɛni ˈhɔɪ.ər/; born June 14, 1939) is the U.S. Representative for Maryland's 5th congressional district, serving since 1981. The district includes a large swath of rural and suburban territory southeast of Washington, D.C.. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

He was first elected in 1980 and served as the House Majority Leader from 2007 to 2011.[1][2] He had previously served as House Minority Whip from 2003 to 2007, and was reelected to that post in 2011. These positions make him the second-ranking figure in the House Democratic Leadership hierarchy.

Contents

[edit] Early life and education

Hoyer was born in New York City but grew up in Mitchellville, Maryland. His mother, Jean (née Baldwin), was American, and his father, Steen Theilgaard Høyer, was Danish and a native of Copenhagen; "Steny" is a variant of his father's name, "Steen",[3] and Hoyer is an anglicized form of the fairly common Danish surname "Høyer". He graduated from Suitland High School in Suitland, Maryland.

In 1963, he graduated magna cum laude from the University of Maryland, College Park, where he also became a member of the Sigma Chi Fraternity.[4] He earned his J.D. from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C., in 1966.[4]

[edit] Early political career

For four years, from 1962 to 1966, Hoyer was a member of the staff of United States Senator Daniel Brewster (D-Maryland); also on Senator Brewster's staff at that time was Nancy Pelosi, who would later become a leadership colleague of Hoyer as she served as Minority Leader and Speaker of the House.[5]

In 1966, Hoyer won a seat in the Maryland State Senate, representing Prince George's County-based 26th Senate District.[4][6] In 1975, Hoyer was elected President of the Maryland State Senate, the youngest in state history.[7]

In 1978, Hoyer sought the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Maryland but lost out to Samuel Bogley 37%-34%.[8] In the same year, Hoyer was appointed to the Maryland Board of Higher Education, a position he served in until 1981.[4]

[edit] U.S. House of Representatives

[edit] Elections

In January 1981, incumbent Democrat Gladys Spellman of Maryland's 5th congressional district was removed from office due to illness. Hoyer won the Democratic primary with a plurality of 30% of the vote.[9] In the general/special election of 1981, Hoyer defeated Republican nominee Audrey Scott 56%-44%.[10] In the 1982 general election, Hoyer won re-election to his first full term with 80% of the vote.[11] His lowest winning percentage performance was his 1992 bid when he defeated Lawrence Hogan, Jr. with just 53% of the vote.[12] His second worst performance was his 1996 bid against Republican State Delagate John Morgan, when he won re-election with 57% of the vote.[13]

[edit] Tenure

2010 Tax controversy

In June 2010, Hoyer brought up the idea that Congress would extend only temporarily middle-class tax cuts that were set to expire at the end of the year, suggesting that making them permanent would cost too much. President Obama wants to extend them permanently for individuals making less than $200,000 a year and families making less than $250,000.[14]

Hoyer speaks during the second day of the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado.
Fundraising

Hoyer is a prolific fundraiser for House Democrats. He has been the top giver to fellow party members in the House. In the 2008 election cycle, he contributed more than $1 million to the party and individual candidates as of July 14, 2008.[15]

In March 2007, the Center for Public Integrity reported that Hoyer's political action committee "raised nearly $1 million for congressional candidates [in the 2006 election cycle] by exploiting what experts call a legal loophole." The Center reported the following:

Campaign finance disclosure records show that the Maryland Democrat used his leadership political action committee — AmeriPAC — as a conduit to collect bundles of checks from individuals, and from business and union interests. He then passed more than $960,000 along to 53 House candidates and another quarter of a million to the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, data compiled from the Center for Responsive Politics Web site show. Federal law generally prohibits political action committees, including leadership PACs, which are run by politicians, from receiving more than $5,000 each year from a single donor or giving more than $10,000 to a single candidate ($5,000 each for the primary and the general election). But Hoyer collected as much as $136,000 from one labor union committee and distributed more than $86,000 to a single Congressional race.[16]

The only media to cover the report, the Capital News Service, quickly pointed out how common and legal the practice is:

"That's like saying somebody who deducts mortgage interest on their taxes is exploiting a tax loophole," said Nathaniel Persily, a campaign finance expert and University of Pennsylvania Law School professor. "What exactly is the problem?" "Bundling is very common," said Steve Weisman, of the George Washington University's Campaign Finance Institute. What Hoyer, a lawyer, did was perfectly legal, the Federal Election Commission said, too. In fact, his insistence on detailed reporting made tracking the funds easier.[17]

[edit] Party leadership

An earlier congressional portrait of Hoyer.

Fifth District Congresswoman Gladys Spellman fell into a coma three days before the 1980 election. She was reelected, but it soon became apparent that she would never regain consciousness, and Congress declared her seat vacant by resolution in February 1981. Hoyer narrowly won a crowded seven-way Democratic primary, beating Spellman's husband Reuben by only 1,600 votes. He then defeated a better funded Republican candidate in the May 19 special election, earning himself the nickname of "boy wonder".[18] He won the seat for a full term in 1982 and has been reelected 14 times with no substantive opposition, and is the longest-serving House member from southern Maryland ever.[7]

Hoyer has served as chair of the Democratic Caucus, the fourth-ranking position among House of Representatives Democrats, from 1989 to 1994; the former co-chair (and a current member) of the Democratic Steering Committee; and as the chief candidate recruiter for House Democrats from 1995 to 2000. He also served as Deputy Majority Whip from 1987 to 1989.[4]

When David E. Bonior resigned as Minority Whip in early 2002, Hoyer ran but lost to Nancy Pelosi. After the 2002 midterm elections, Pelosi ran to succeed Dick Gephardt as Minority Leader, leaving the Minority Whip post open again.[19] On November 14, 2002, Hoyer was unanimously elected by his colleagues in the Democratic Caucus to serve as the Minority Whip, the second-highest-ranking position among House Democrats.[7]

Then-President George W. Bush meets with House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi and House Minority Whip Steny Hoyer on November 9, 2006.

Pelosi became the Speaker of the House in January 2007. Hoyer was elected by his colleagues to be House Majority Leader for the 110th Congress, defeating John Murtha of Pennsylvania by a vote of 149-86 within the caucus, despite Pelosi endorsing Murtha.[1][20] Hoyer is the first Marylander to become Majority Leader.[21] and became the highest-ranking federal lawmaker in Maryland history.[7] In this post, Hoyer is the floor leader of the House Democrats and ranks second in the leadership after the Speaker who is the actual head of the party in the house.

The day after the 2010 midterms elections in which the Democrats lost control of the House, Hoyer had a private conversation with Pelosi and stated that he would not challenge her bid for Minority Leader (for Pelosi to remain Democratic House Leader).[22] He ran for minority whip, but was challenged by outgoing Majority Whip Jim Clyburn (the top House Democrats want to remain in the leadership, but the minority party in the House has one less position). Hoyer is moderate while Pelosi and Clyburn are more liberal, and a significant number of Hoyer's would-be supporters in the House who were moderate and conservative Democrats had been defeated for re-election.[23] [24][25] The Congressional Black Caucus backed Clyburn, while 30 House Democrats have supported Hoyer, and Hoyer has also raised money and campaigned for many candidates.[26][27] Hoyer received further support from outgoing Foreign Affairs Committee Chairman Howard L. Berman, Financial Services Committee Chairman Barney Frank, and outgoing Energy and Commerce Committee Chairman Henry A. Waxman[28] Pelosi intervened in the contest by supporting Hoyer as Minority Whip, while creating an "Assistant Leader" position for Clyburn which would keep him as the third-ranking Democrat in the House behind Pelosi and Hoyer (the existing "Assistant to the Leader" post currently held by Chris Van Hollen is not officially part of the House leadership and was directly appointed by the Minority Leader).[29][30]

[edit] Political Positions and Votes

  • Social Issues: Hoyer is pro-choice.[31] He voted against the Partial-Abortion ban bill in 2003. Hoyer supports affirmative action and gay rights.
  • Gun Rights: He is rated F by the NRA, indicating a pro-gun control voting record
  • Privacy: Hoyer claimed to oppose providing immunity to telecom companies but has come under fire for negotiating a bill, described by Senators Patrick Leahy and Russ Feingold as a "capitulation", that would provide immunity to any telecom company[32] that had been told by the Bush administration that their actions were legal.[33][34][35][36] “No matter how they spin it, this is still immunity,” said Kevin Bankston, a senior lawyer for the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a privacy rights group that has sued over President Bush's wiretapping program. “It’s not compromise, it’s pure theater.” [37]
  • In a USA Today opinion piece regarding healthcare reform that was published August 10, 2009, Steny Hoyer wrote that "Drowning out opposing views is simply un-American."[38]
Foreign issues
  • India: Hoyer supports civilian nuclear cooperation with India.[39]
  • Iraq: Hoyer initially supported the Iraq War and was even recognized by the DLC for his vocal leadership on this issue. After the war became publicly unpopular, Hoyer said he favored a "responsible redeployment".[40] However, he has repeatedly supported legislation to continue funding for the war without deadlines for troop withdrawal, most recently in return for increased funding of domestic projects.[41]
  • Israel: Hoyer is a supporter of Israel, and has often been allied with American Israel Public Affairs Committee. In September 2007, he criticized Rep. Jim Moran for suggesting that AIPAC "has pushed (the Iraq) war from the beginning," calling the comment "factually inaccurate."[42]
  • Iran: Hoyer has stated that a nuclear Iran is "unacceptable" and that the use of force remains an option.[43]
  • Human Rights: Hoyer is a former chairman of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

[edit] Electoral history[44][45]

Year Office Election Subject Party Votes  % Opponent Party Votes  % Opponent Party Votes  %
1981 Congress, 5th district Special Steny Hoyer Democratic 42,573 55.81 Audrey Scott Republican 33,708 44.19
1982 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 83,937 79.58 William Guthrie Republican 21,533 20.42
1984 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 116,310 72.18 John Ritchie Republican 44,839 27.82
1986 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 82,098 81.93 John Sellner Republican 18,102 18.07
1988 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 128,437 78.63 John Sellner Republican 34,909 21.37
1990 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 84,747 80.66 Lee Breuer Republican 20,314 19.34
1992 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 113,280 55.0 Larry D. Hogan, Jr. Republican 92,636 45.0
1994 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 98,821 58.81 Donald Devine Republican 69,211 41.19
1996 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 121,288 56.92 John S. Morgan Republican 91,806 43.08
1998 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 126,792 65.37 Robert Ostrom Republican 67,176 34.36
2000 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 166,231 65.09 Thomas Hutchins Republican 89,019 34.86
2002 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 137,903 69.27 Joseph Crawford Republican 60,758 30.52
2004 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 204,867 68.67 Brad Jewitt Republican 87,189 29.93 Bob Auerbach Green 4,224 1.42
2006 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 168,114 82.69 Steve Warner Green 33,464 16.46 Write Ins: P.Kuhnert and Other Write-Ins 635 1,110 0.86
2008 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 253,854 73.6 Collins Bailey Republican 82,631 24.0 Darlene Nicholas Libertarian 7,829 2.3
2010 Congress, 5th district General Steny Hoyer Democratic 143,620 64 Charles Lollar Republican 79,122 35 H. Gavin Shickle Libertarian 2,399 1

[edit] Personal life

Hoyer has three daughters from his marriage to Judy Pickett Hoyer, who died in 1997. Hoyer has two granddaughters, one grandson and a great-granddaughter.[citation needed] His wife was an advocate of early childhood education, and child development learning centers in Maryland have been named in her honor ("Judy Centers").[46] She also suffered from epilepsy, and the Epilepsy Foundation of America sponsors an annual public lecture in her name.[47] Hoyer, too, has been an advocate for research in this area, and the Epilepsy Foundation presented him in 2002 with their Congressional Leadership Award.[48]

Hoyer serves on the Board of Trustees for St. Mary's College of Maryland[4] and is a member of the board of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, a nonprofit that supports international elections.[49]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b "Democrats defy Pelosi, elect Hoyer House leader". Reuters. November 16, 2006. http://today.reuters.com/news/articleinvesting.aspx?view=CN&symbol=&storyID=2006-11-16T165944Z_01_N16319060_RTRUKOC_0_US-USA-CONGRESS-LEADERS-HOYER.xml&WTmodLoc=InvArt-C2-NextArticle-1. Retrieved 2006-11-16. 
  2. ^ Alexander Mooney (November 16, 2006). "Hoyer beats out Murtha for majority leader". CNN Political Ticker (CNN.com). http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/blogs/politicalticker/2006/11/hoyer-beats-out-murtha-for-majority.html. Retrieved 2006-11-16. 
  3. ^ Jessica Valdez. "For Hoyer, a Balancing of Roles". The Washington Post. August 28, 2004.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Steny H. Hoyer (Democrat), U.S. Representative. Maryland Archives. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
  5. ^ Jonathan Weisman and Lois Romano (November 16, 2006). "Pelosi Splits Democrats With Push For Murtha". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/15/AR2006111501521.html. Retrieved 2006-11-16. 
  6. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=113038
  7. ^ a b c d Biography of Congressman Steny Hoyer. From the official website of Steny Hoyer. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
  8. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27954
  9. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=439802
  10. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27957
  11. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27958
  12. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27962
  13. ^ http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=1199
  14. ^ Associated Press (2010-06-22). "Hoyer: Permanent middle class tax cuts too costly". WEAR-TV. http://www.weartv.com/template/inews_wire/wires.national/320c69a5-weartv.com.shtml. Retrieved 2010-06-22. [dead link]
  15. ^ "Hoyer Is a Giver" (in English). Congressional Quarterly. July 14, 2008. http://www.cq.com/document/display.do?dockey=/cqonline/prod/data/docs/html/news/110/news110-000002916307.html@allnews&pub=news&print=true. 
  16. ^ Bergo, Sandy (March 27, 2007). "Passing The Buck: House majority leader exploited campaign cash loophole" (in English). Center for Public Integrity. http://www.publicintegrity.org/report.aspx?aid=819. 
  17. ^ MURRET, Patricia (March 21, 2007). "Hoyer Exploited Campaign Finance Law Loophole, Report Says" (in English). Capital News Service. http://somd.com/news/headlines/2007/5612.shtml. 
  18. ^ Shailagh Murray "Political Pragmatism Carried Hoyer to the Top". The Washington Post, page A6. Friday, November 17, 2006.
  19. ^ "Hoyer has won contested leadership races before - FoxNews.com". Fox News. November 5, 2010. http://politics.blogs.foxnews.com/2010/11/05/hoyer-has-won-contested-leadership-races. 
  20. ^ "CNN: Scramble is on to replace Congressional leaders". CNN.com. November 9, 2006. http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/11/08/congress.new.leader/. Retrieved 2006-11-09. 
  21. ^ About the Majority Leader, Office of the House Democratic Majority Leader,
  22. ^ Nancy Pelosi Has 'No Regrets' Following Midterm Rout
  23. ^ Camia, Catalina (November 8, 2010). "Democrats Hoyer, Clyburn fight for leadership post". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2010/11/steny-hoyer-james-clyburn-democratic-leadership-/1. 
  24. ^ "Hire Hoyer". The Washington Post. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/postpartisan/2010/11/hire_hoyer.html. 
  25. ^ O'Connor, Patrick (November 8, 2010). "Hoyer, Clyburn: An Impromptu Leadership Fight". The Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2010/11/08/hoyer-clyburn-an-impromptu-leadership-fight/. 
  26. ^ High Profile Dems Back Hoyer In Whip Race | TPMDC
  27. ^ Burner, Darcy (May 25, 2011). "The Progressive Case for Steny Hoyer as Minority Whip". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/darcy-burner/the-progressive-case-for_b_779979.html. 
  28. ^ Kane, Paul (November 10, 2010). "In race for whip, Hoyer gets liberals' support". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/09/AR2010110906587.html. 
  29. ^ Rowley, James (November 13, 2010). "Pelosi Heads Off Democratic Leadership Fight, Backs Hoyer for No. 2 Post". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-13/pelosi-heads-off-democratic-leadership-fight-backs-hoyer-for-no-2-post.html. 
  30. ^ 'Assistant leader' for Jim Clyburn - Jonathan Allen - POLITICO.com
  31. ^ "Steny Hoyer on the Issues". On The Issues. http://ontheissues.org/House/Steny_Hoyer.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-17. 
  32. ^ Hess, Pamela, Associated Press [1] June 20, 2008
  33. ^ Greg Sargent. "Steny Hoyer Says Some Strong Words Against Telecom Immunity". TPM Election Central. http://tpmelectioncentral.talkingpointsmemo.com/2007/10/steny_hoyer_says_some_strong_words_against_telecom_immunity.php. Retrieved 2008-06-18. 
  34. ^ Bob Fertik. "Wiretapping: Impeachment Not Immunity". Democrats.com. http://democrats.com/wiretapping-impeachment-not-immunity. Retrieved 2008-06-17. 
  35. ^ Kagro X. "Hoyer: I've lost all control". DailyKos. http://www.dailykos.com/storyonly/2008/6/18/133218/573/108/537903. Retrieved 2008-06-18. 
  36. ^ Glenn Greenwald. "Targeting Steny Hoyer for his contempt for the rule of law". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2008/06/17/hoyer/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-19. 
  37. ^ Lichtblau, Eric (June 20, 2008). "Deal Reached in Congress to Rewrite Rules on Wiretapping". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/20/washington/20fisacnd.html?hp. Retrieved May 24, 2010. 
  38. ^ Abrams, Rhonda. "Editorials, Debates, and Opinions - USATODAY.com". Blogs.usatoday.com. http://blogs.usatoday.com/oped/2009/08/unamerican-attacks-cant-derail-health-care-debate-.html. Retrieved 2010-08-23. [dead link]
  39. ^ http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2006/roll541.xml
  40. ^ Rep. Steny Hoyer :: newsroom
  41. ^ Weisman, Jonathan; Kane, Paul (December 8, 2007). "Hill Close To Deal on War Funds". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/07/AR2007120702550_2.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved May 24, 2010. 
  42. ^ "Hoyer takes aim at Moran’s AIPAC comment". thehill.com. http://thehill.com/leading-the-news/hoyer-takes-aim-at-morans-aipac-comment-2007-09-18.html. Retrieved 2007-09-19. 
  43. ^ "Democrats: Nuclear Iran unacceptable". jpost.com. http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467674368&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2007-01-08. 
  44. ^ Congressional Quarterly Voting and Elections Collection
  45. ^ "MD - District 5 - Special Election Race - May 19, 1981". Our Campaigns. http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=27957. Retrieved 2010-08-23. 
  46. ^ "The Judy Center website". http://www.judycenter.com/. Retrieved 2006-11-18. 
  47. ^ "Epilepsy Foundation announcement of Judith Hoyer lectureship program". January 28, 2002. http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/epilepsyusa/appropriations.cfm?renderforprint=1&. Retrieved 2006-11-18. 
  48. ^ "Epilepsy Foundation Recognizes the Honorable Steny H. Hoyer For Longstanding Support". Epilepsy Foundation. March 26, 2002. http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutus/pressroom/n031502a.cfm. Retrieved 2006-11-18. 
  49. ^ "Board". IFES. 2009. http://www.ifes.org/board.html. Retrieved Oct. 16, 2009. 

[edit] External links

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Preceded by
Gladys Spellman		 Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Maryland's 5th congressional district
1981–Present		 Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded by
William H. Gray
Pennsylvania		 Chairman of House Democratic Caucus
1989–1995		 Succeeded by
Vic Fazio
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98th Senate: C. Mathias | P. Sarbanes House: C. Long | P. Mitchell | M. Holt | B. Mikulski | M. Barnes | B. Byron | R. Dyson | S. Hoyer
99th Senate: C. Mathias | P. Sarbanes House: P. Mitchell | M. Holt | B. Mikulski | M. Barnes | B. Byron | R. Dyson | S. Hoyer | H. Bentley
100th Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: B. Byron | R. Dyson | S. Hoyer | H. Bentley | B. Cardin | C. T. McMillen | K. Mfume | C. Morella
101st Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: B. Byron | R. Dyson | S. Hoyer | H. Bentley | B. Cardin | C. T. McMillen | K. Mfume | C. Morella
102nd Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: B. Byron | S. Hoyer | H. Bentley | B. Cardin | C. T. McMillen | K. Mfume | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest
103rd Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: S. Hoyer | H. Bentley | B. Cardin | K. Mfume | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn
104th Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | K. Mfume | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | R. Ehrlich
105th Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | R. Ehrlich | E. Cummings
106th Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | R. Ehrlich | E. Cummings
107th Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | C. Morella | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | R. Ehrlich | E. Cummings
108th Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen
109th Senate: P. Sarbanes | B. Mikulski House: S. Hoyer | B. Cardin | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen
110th Senate: B. Mikulski | B. Cardin House: S. Hoyer | W. Gilchrest | R. Bartlett | A. Wynn | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen | J. Sarbanes
111th Senate: B. Mikulski | B. Cardin House: S. Hoyer | R. Bartlett | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen | J. Sarbanes | D. Edwards | F. Kratovil
112th Senate: B. Mikulski | B. Cardin House: S. Hoyer | R. Bartlett | E. Cummings | D. Ruppersberger | C. Van Hollen | J. Sarbanes | D. Edwards | A. Harris
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