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The International Federation of Rock Art Organisations (IFRAO) is a federation of national and regional Organisations promoting the study of palaeoart and cognitive archaeology globally. It was established in September 1988 in Darwin, Australia, by nine founding members (see history of IFRAO). Currently IFRAO has 49 regional members covering most of the globe.
Offices of the IFRAO Representatives Professor B. K. Swartz, Jr American Committee to Advance the Study of Petroglyphs and Pictographs (ACASPP) Dept of Anthropology Ball State University MUNCIE, IN 47306 U.S.A. E-mail: 01bkswartz@bsu.edu Evelyn Billo c/o American Rock Art Research Association (ARARA) 3644 Stone Crest St. Flagstaff, AZ 86004 U.S.A. E-mail: ebillo@aol.com Prof. Dr Herta Mandl-Neumann Anisa, Verein für Alpine Forschung Raiffeisenstrasse 92 A-8967 HAUS i. E. Austria E-mail: anisa.anisa@at Arqto. Ruby De Valencia Archivo Nacional de Arte Rupestre - Venezuela (ANAR) 6ta Av., entre 5º y 6º transversal Qta. María de los Feos Altamira, Caracas Venezuela E-mail: anarvenezuela@yahoo.com Professor Ara Demirkhanian Armenian Centre of Prehistoric Art Study National Academy of Sciences of Armenia Institute of Arts Marshal Bagramian Prosp. 24 G YEREVAN-19 375019 Armenia E-mail: aradem@netsys.am Fernando Javier Costas Goberna Asociación Arqueológica Viguesa (AAV) Museo Municipal Parque de Castrelos c/n 36213 VIGO Spain Professor Hipólito Collado Giraldo Asociación Cultural 'Colectivo Barbaón' (ACCB) Míralrío, we 13, 3e E 10002 Cáceres Spain E-mail: hipolitocollado@gmail.com Professor José Julio García Arranz Asociación Cultural Instituto de Estudios Prehistóricos (ACINEP) c/- John Lennon, nº 3 06800 Mérida (Badajoz) Spain E-mail: turko@unex.es Professor Roy Querejazu Lewis Asociación de Estudios del Arte Rupestre de Cochabamba (AEARC) Casilla 4243 Cochabamba, Bolivia E-mail: aearcb@gmail.com Joëlle Darricau Association Isturitz & Oxocelhaya - Arts & Sciences (AIO) 64640 Laugitea Saint Martin d'Arberoue France E-mail: jdarricau@yahoo.fr Gori Tumi Echevarría López Asociación Peruana de Arte Rupestre (APAR) Alameda Julio C. Tello 274 Dpto No. 303 Torres de San Borja Lima 41 Peru E-mail: aparperu@gmail.com Professor Niede Guidon Associaçao Brasileira de Arte Rupestre (ABAR) Centro Cultural Sérgio Motta, s/n. Bairro Campestre São Raimundo Nonato - PI CEP : 64770 - 000 Brazil E-mail: abar@ab-arterupestre.org.br Professor Mila Simões de Abreu Associaçao Portuguesa de Arte e Arqueologia Rupestre (APAAR) c/o Departamento de Geologia, Unidade de Arqueologia Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Apartado 1013 5000-911 VILA REAL Portugal E-mail: msabreu@utad.pt Dr Jean-Loic Le Quellec Association des Amis de l'Art Rupestre Saharien (AARS) 5, rue des Nobles F - 09190 SAINT LIZIER France E-mail: jean-loic.lequellec@club-internet.fr Professor Philippe Hameau Association de Sauvegarde, d’Etude et de Recherche pour le patrimoine naturel et culturel du Centre-Var (ASER) Maison de l’Archéologie 21 rue République 83143 Le Val France E-mail: aser2@wanadoo.fr Dr Abdelkhalek Lemjidi Association Marocaine d’Art Rupestre (AMAR) Massira III, C Tarablous residence, IMM.685, N°26 46001-Marrakech Morocco E-mail: idijmel@yahoo.fr Dr Jean Clottes Association pour le Rayonnement de L'Art Pariétal Européen (ARAPE) 11, rue du Fourcat 09000 FOIX France E-mail: j.clottes@wanadoo.fr Robert G. Bednarik Australian Rock Art Research Association (AURA) P.O. Box 216 CAULFIELD SOUTH, Vic. 3162 Australia E-mail: auraweb@hotmail.com Robert G. Bednarik Cave Art Research Association (CARA) P.O. Box 216 CAULFIELD SOUTH, Vic. 3162 Australia E-mail: ca1ra1@hotmail.com Professor Mario Consens Centro de Investigación de Arte Rupestre del Uruguay (CIARU) C.C. 18.007 MONTEVIDEO Uruguay E-mail: yacare.cururu@gmail.com Armando Lucena Centro Regional de Arte Rupestre, Murcia (CRAR) Carretera de Campo de San Juan, Km. 6, s/n, 30440 MORATALLA (Murcia) Spain E-mail: rupestre@museosdemurcia.com Professor Luiz Oosterbeek Centro Europeu de Investigação da Pré-História do Alto Ribatejo (CEIPHAR) Instituto Politécnico de Tomar Estrada da Serra 2300 Tomar Portugal E-mail: loost@ipt.pt Professor Dario Seglie Centro Studi e Museo d'Arte Preistorica (CeSMAP) Viale Giolitti, 1 10064 PINEROLO (TO) Italy E-mail: dario.seglie@alice.it Lic. María Mercedes Podestá Comite de Investigación del Arte Rupestre de la Sociedad Argentina de Antropología Av. Santa Fe 983, 4 piso A 1059 BUENOS AIRES Argentina E-mail: mercedespodesta@yahoo.com Dr Thomas W. Wyrwoll Deutsche Gesellschaft für Petroikonologie e.V. (DGP) Postfach 11 20 51 D-60055 Frankfurt am Main Germany E-Mail: t-w@gmx.com Dr Fidelis T. Masao East African Rock Art Research Association (EARARA) Biocultural Research P.O. Box 70566 DAR ES SALAM Tanzania E-mail: fitman60@yahoo.com Dr H. Denise Smith Eastern States Rock Art Research Association (ESRARA) 23207 Plantation Drive NE ATLANTA, GA 30324 U.S.A. E-mail: hdsmith@scad.edu Dr Antti Lahelma Finnish Society for Prehistoric Art (SuMu) Minna Canthin katu 1 a 1 00250 Helsinki Finland E-mail: antti.lahelma@iki.fi Dr Racso Fernández Ortega Grupo Cubano de Investigaciones de Arte Rupestre (GCIAR) Calle Amargura No. 203 entre Aguiar y Habana Habana Vieja La Habana Cuba E-mail: itibacahubaba@yahoo.com.ar Professor Guillermo Muñoz C. Grupo de Investigación de Arte Rupestre Indigena (GIPRI) Carrera 54A 174-12 SANTAFÉ DE BOGOTÁ, D.C. Colombia E-mail: gipricolombia@hotmail.com Dr George Dimitriadis Hellenic Rock Art Centre (HERAC) Philippi GR 640 03 Krinides Greece E-mail: giorgio.dimitriadis@cheapnet.it Dr Pindi Setiawan Indonesian Association of Rock Art (IARA) Sangkuriang R-2 Bandung 40135 Indonesia E-mail: rockart_indo@yahoo.com Inge Diethelm Institutum Canarium (IC) Kilchgrundstr. 28 4125 Riehen Switzerland E-mail: hidiethelm@institutum-canarium.org Professor Nobuhiro Yoshida Japan Petrograph Society (JPS) P.O. Box 11 Kokuranishi Post Office KITAKYUSYU-CITY, 803 Japan E-mail: profny@mopera.net Professor Jack Steinbring Mid-America Geographic Foundation, Inc. (MAGF) Department of Anthropology Ripon College P.O. Box 248 RIPON, Wisconsin 54971 U.S.A. E-mail: SteinbringJ@Mail.Ripon.EDU Dr Arsen Faradjev Moscow Centre of Rock Art and Bioindication Research St. Arkhitektora Vlasova 15-1-26 Moscow 117335 Russian Federation E-mail: arsenfaradzhev@hotmail.com Dr Angus R. Quinlan Nevada Rock Art Foundation (NRAF) 1201 Terminal Way, Suite 215 Reno, Nevada 89502 U.S.A. E-mail: arquinlan@nvrockart.org David Morris Northern Cape Rock Art Trust Archaeology Department McGregor Museum P.O. Box 316 Kimberley 8300 South Africa E-mail: dmorris@museumsnc.co.za Rob Burrett Prehistory Society of Zimbabwe (PSZ) P. O. Box 876 HARARE Zimbabwe E-mail: Professor Jack Steinbring Rock Art Association of Manitoba (RAAM) Dept of Anthropology Ripon College P.O. Box 248 RIPON, Wisc. 54971-0248 U.S.A. E-mail: SteinbringJ@Mail.Ripon.EDU Professor Zhang Yasha Rock Art Research Association of China (RARAC) School of Ethnology & Sociology Minzu University of China 27 Zhongguancun South Avenue Haidian District 100081 BEIJING People’s Republic of China E-mail: yashazhang@sohu.com Professor Giriraj Kumar Rock Art Society of India (RASI) Faculty of Arts Dayalbagh Educational Institute DAYALBAGH, Agra 282 005 India E-mail: girirajrasi@yahoo.com Dr Olga Sovetova Siberian Association of Prehistoric Art Researchers (SAPAR) Archaeology Department Kemerovo State University Krasnaya Street Kemerovo 65004 Russia E-mail: olgasovetova@yandex.ru Lic. Freddy Taboada Sociedad de Investigación del Arte Rupestre de Bolivia (SIARB) c/o Matthias Strecker Casilla 3091 LA PAZ Bolivia E-mail: siarb@acelerate.com Professor Angelo Fossati Società Cooperativa Archeologica Le Orme dell'Uomo Piazzale Donatori di Sangue, 1 25040 CERVENO (Brescia) Italy E-mail: fossati@numerica.it Dr Jean Clottes Société Préhistorique Ariège-Pyrénées 11, rue du Fourcat 09000 FOIX France E-mail: j.clottes@wanadoo.fr Tadjik Centre for the Study of Petroglyphs (TCSP) Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography Tadjik Academy of Sciences Dushanbe Tadjikistan E-mail: David Coulson The Trust for African Rock Art (TARA) P.O. Box 24122 00502, Nairobi Kenya E-mail: tara@swiftkenya.com Charles Robert Bailey Upper Midwest Rock Art Research Association (UMRARA) 1513 72nd Avenue North BROOKLYN CENTER, Minnesota 55430 U.S.A. E-mail: cbailey@tcinternet.net Dr George Nash Welsh Rock Art Organisation (WRAO) Department of Archaeology & Anthropology 43 Woodlands Road Bristol, BS8 1UU United Kingdom E-mail: George.nash@Bristol.ac.uk Office of the IFRAO Convener Robert G. Bednarik P.O. Box 216 Caulfield South, Vic. 3162 Australia E-mail: auraweb@hotmail.com _________________________________________________________ The International Federation of Rock Art Organisations (IFRAO) IFRAO was formed in Darwin, Australia, on 3 September 1988, during the first major international academic conference dedicated entirely to the study of pre-Historic rock art. Nine rock art organisations decided to form an international federation of independent national or regional bodies. At the founding meeting it was decided that IFRAO should be a common forum and initiator of policies, projecting or representing the common interests of member organisations without interfering in their autonomy. It would operate as a democratic advisory body in which each member organisation would hold one vote, exercised by an official representative. International meetings would be held by nominating suitable rock art conferences as official IFRAO congresses at regular intervals. Over the subsequent twelve years, the number of affiliate members quadrupled to almost forty, and the current members of IFRAO cover most of the world. The combined memberships of these organisations include about 7000 rock art specialists, i.e. practically all such specialists in the world. Until the late 1980s, individual rock art researchers as well as rock art organisations around the world operated largely without being aware of the work conducted in other parts of the world — sometimes even in their own country or region of activity. As a result the discipline experienced a great diversity of research approaches and terminology, reflected in a multitude of idiosyncratic constructs, sequences, chronologies, names and definitions. Therefore one of IFRAO’s initial principal concerns was the standardisation of those aspects of the discipline that are essential for effective communication and collaboration: methodology, terminology, ethics, and the technical standards used in analysis and recording. These subjects were addressed through extensive consultation of specialists and, where appropriate, the deliberations of appointed sub-committees. For instance, to establish a uniform code of ethics (see below) for all rock art researchers in the world, IFRAO appointed a sub-committee at its 1998 meeting in Cochabamba, Bolivia, which produced a draft ratified two years later in Alice Springs, Australia. Consultation has also been the basis of determining a uniform terminology, now enshrined in a multi-language dictionary. Methodology has experienced a more subtle process of standardisation, in which unrigorous practices have gradually been weeded out, through debate, editorial practices and good example. The IFRAO members produce about twenty specialist periodicals, whose flagship is Rock Art Research, the official organ of the federation. Wide-ranging cooperation in publishing exists among members, and in 2001 the IFRAO-Brepols imprint was created in Belgium. IFRAO has been particularly effective in the area of rock art protection and preservation, achieving sometimes spectacular successes, such as the electoral defeat of recalcitrant governments in 1995 and 2002. The federation has become the principal international body pursuing the conservation of pre-Historic rock art effectively. Another of its greatest achievements to date has been its successful campaign of empowering traditional indigenous societies to secure the return of rock art sites into their care and possession. Robert G. Bednarik, President of IFRAO 2000-2004 _____________________________________________________________________ The IFRAO Code of Ethics (approved 14 July 2000) See Spanish version 1. Preamble 1(1). This Code of Ethics describes general guidelines which IFRAO recommends to its members. 1(2). Rock art provides a window to our collective past, helps us make sense of the present and contributes to our future. Some of it has been handed down to us by many generations preceding us, to safeguard it for many generations to follow us. Unless we can trace our lineage directly to those who created the rock art and have retained aspects of its original cultural context, it does not belong to us in any way. 1(3). The cultural significance of a rock art site is embodied in the entire fabric of the site, in addition to the actual art present; in the traditional use of the place and the activities that occurred there; and in the meanings and intangible qualities of the place. 1(4). Understanding the cultural significance of a place is fundamental to its care, and where such understanding is inadequate, any interference may be regarded as inappropriate. 1(5). The ‘patina of history’ apparent in the fabric of a rock art site is important evidence and forms an integral part of that fabric. It includes natural or artificial changes or traces. 2. Definitions Fabric all physical aspects of a rock art site, including accretionary deposits, the art itself, traces of later human responses, modifications, even traces of vandalism in cases, lichen, and so forth. Geomorphic exposure any rock surface. Graffiti collective term describing recent anthropic graphic markings or inscriptions that are incompatible with the known or presumed uses of the rock art on the same panels. IFRAO the International Federation of Rock Art Organisations. Indigenous cultural custodians descendants of people who created rock art, who are obligated by their cultural traditions or beliefs to act as the custodians or curators of rock art. Management administrative control over the management of rock art sites, including preservation, access control, public presentation. Massive intervention significant changes to the environmental conditions under which the rock art survives. This includes housing in a building, or removal of the supporting bedrock to another location. Members the members of IFRAO. Peer approval the approval of an action or proposed action by relevant specialists who have no pecuniary involvement in the project in question. Rock art the surviving graphic markings of cultural activities found on rock surfaces. Triumvirate of IFRAO the ruling council of IFRAO, consisting of the immediate past president, president and incoming president [assuming that my proposal to form such a council is approved in Portugal]. Traditional owners see Indigenous cultural custodians. 3. Issues of Ownership 3(1). Traditional owners and indigenous cultural custodians: In areas where indigenous peoples live whose lifestyles and beliefs continue traditions associated with rock art, members recognise their ownership of the sites, and all research, conservation or management of such sites are subject to the full approval of the traditional owners. In areas where such indigenous peoples and traditions are no longer present, members shall endeavour to understand and promote management practices consistent with such beliefs in so far as they are known from ethnographic or archaeological evidence. In the absence of such evidence to the contrary, provisional concepts of such beliefs (e.g. non-human sources of authority, nature of the sacred, non-linear time/space) should be projected from similar societies and traditions elsewhere. 3(2). Local antiquities and cultural heritage laws: Members shall abide by all local, state or national laws protecting archaeological sites and monuments, and comply with heritage protection laws generally. 3(3). Non-traditional ownership of sites: Members shall respect the rules, laws or requests of any individuals or organisations possessing legal ownership of the land rock art sites are located on, or the land that must be traversed in order to reach the sites. 3(4). Copyright and ownership of records: In regions where traditional indigenous owners exist, they possess copyright of the rock art designs. Members wishing to reproduce such designs shall make appropriate applications. Records made of rock art remain the cultural property of the rock artists, or collectively of the societies these lived amongst. 4. Recording of Rock Art 4(1). Methods of recording: Members shall not physically interfere with rock art except as provided in Clauses 5(2) and 6. No substances shall be applied to rock art for recording purposes, except substances that are regularly applied to individual panels by natural processes (e.g. water at open air sites). 4(2). Coverage of recording: All recordings of rock art are incomplete. Therefore rock art recordings need to be as comprehensive as possible, and by multi-disciplinary means. 4(3). Conduct at sites: New uses of sites, including for purposes of research, shall not change the fabric of a site, and shall respect associations and meanings of the site and its contents. 4(4). Conduct in foreign countries: In addition to other requirements listed herein, researchers working in foreign countries shall do so in consultation with the region’s rock art organisation, and shall provide copies of reports and publications to that organisation. 5. Removal of Samples 5(1). Archaeological research: No excavation shall be undertaken at a rock art site unless it forms part of an appropriately authorised archaeological research project. This includes the removal of any sediment to uncover rock art images. Similarly, no archaeological surface remains shall be removed or relocated. 5(2). Sampling of rock art and adjacent geomorphic exposures: No samples shall be removed of paint residue, accretionary deposits of any kind, or of the support rock, except after the following requirements have been satisfied: (a) The sample removal is to form part of a larger and specific research design that has peer approval; (b) The sample removal has been approved in writing by two peer researchers (i.e. scientists specialising in the analytical study of rock art); (c) The funds necessary for the best possible analytical laboratory support have been secured; (d) The analyst has extensive first-hand experience in sampling geomorphic surfaces; (e) Traditional indigenous custodians, where they have jurisdiction, have approved the sample removal; (f) The relevant local or national authorities have approved the sample removal; 5(3). Excavation: No excavations shall be undertaken at a rock art site unless the expertise of identifying rock art-making tools is available to the researchers proposing such excavation. 6. Conservation 6(1). Setting: The area around a rock art site, its setting, may contain features associated with the rock art and other evidence of its history. The visual, historical and other relationships between a site and its setting which contribute to its significance shall be retained in all conservation or preservation work. 6(2). Site fabric: In all conservation, preservation or management work at and near rock art sites, the visual, historical and scientific significance of the site fabric shall be retained. The removal or palliation of ‘graffiti’ shall be undertaken only after approval of the relevant authorities, and be effected only under the guidance of qualified rock art conservators. Massive intervention is to be reserved for situations of extreme threats to rock art, and shall be undertaken only after extensive peer review and approval. 6(3). Protection: Members will not disclose the locations of non-public and unprotected rock art sites to the general public. Ultimately, the best protection will depend on the awareness of the general public of the value of rock art. Part of any conservation effort should include the education of the public towards respect for rock art wherever it occurs. 7. Disputes 7(1). Conduct: Members shall endeavour to treat other members in a courteous manner. In regions where traditional indigenous owners exist, members shall ensure that they are kept informed about all aspects of research work, and that copies of completed reports are made available to them. Where such reports appear in technical jargon, ordinary-language versions are to be made available. 7(2). Plagiarism: Members shall acknowledge the use of other researcher’s recordings, published comments and ideas. 7(3). Dispute settlement: Members shall make every endeavour to settle disputes among themselves, as IFRAO is reluctant to settle disputes among its members. Where a dispute cannot be settled and threatens the integrity of IFRAO, application for arbitration shall be made to the President of IFRAO, providing the relevant documentation. The dispute will then be arbitrated by the Triumvirate of IFRAO if its resolution is urgent, but preferably at the subsequent General Meeting of IFRAO. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Home-pages of some of the IFRAO member organisations: The home-page of the American Rock Art Research Association The home-page of the Australian Rock Art Research Association The home-page of the Centro de Investigación de Arte Rupestre del Uruguay The home-page of the Eastern States Rock Art Research Association The home-page of the Cave Art Research Association The home-page of the Institutum Canarium The home-page of the Nevada Rock Art Foundation The home-page of the Northern Cape Rock Art Trust The home-page of the Siberian Association of Prehistoric Art Researchers The home-page of the Società Cooperativa Archeologica Le Orme dell'Uomo The home-page of the Associaçao Brasileira de Arte Rupestre The home-page of the Upper Midwest Rock Art Research Association The home-page of the Bolivian Rock Art Research Society The home-page of the Grupo de Investigacion de Arte Rupestre (Columbia) The home-page of the Archivo Nacional de Arte Rupestre (Venezuela) The home-page of the Asociación Peruana de Arte Rupestre (APAR) The home-page of the Centro Regional de Arte Rupestre, Murcia, Spain (CRAR) __________________________________________________________________________________________ For a history of IFRAO from 1988 to 2000, click here The Coa issue has been one of IFRAO's major projects. Here is an analytical report on this Portuguese rock art body (PDF file, 255 KB). The IFRAO Congress 2012 will be held in La Paz, Bolivia, 25-29 June 2012. The IFRAO Congress 2013 will be in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, 26-31 May 2013. Before opening a PDF file you may need to open your Acrobat Reader. If you do not have Adobe Acrobat Reader please click here for a free download of the latest version. |
The home-page of the Australian Rock Art Research Association, Inc. (AURA)
The home-page of the campaign to save the rock art of Dampier, Western Australia
The home-page of the campaign to save the rock art on the Guadiana River, Portugal
Discounted rock art books from AURA
Information page of RASI 2004, the IFRAO Congress of 2004 in Agra, India
Home-page of the journal of IFRAO
The Early Indian Petroglyphs Project, an international IFRAO Project of RASI and AURA
Home-page of the Cave Art Research Association (CARA)
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