Some renewed interest in this perennial surprise fact, which apparently busts national stereotyping WIDE OPEN – the diligent Greeks work more (average 2109 hours/year) than the OECD average (1749 hours/year), second only to the South Koreans. And the idle Germans are among the lowest (1419 hours a year).

Amazing? Not really. These numbers clump together part-time and full-time workers, and Greece has proportionately more full-timers than part-timers (89.8%) compared with the OECD average (84.4%), which bumps up the number.

The thing is: a relatively small share of Greeks do paid work or look for it, particularly women, who are more likely to work part-time. Poking around the OECD database, it turns out that in 2007, before the crisis, 43.9% of the Greek population were in the labour force, against the G7 average of 50.3%. And they retire early: in 2007, 53.3% of Greeks aged 55-59 were employed, against the OECD average of 63.2%.

A better measure of labour supply is average hours per person of working age in the whole population. This chart is cribbed from an IMF report: data are from 2002, but the numbers underlying them haven’t changed much since then. Greece (GRC) is in the lower half. (BTW look at Germany almost at the bottom: Germany’s super-high labour productivity means they can work fewer hours and still be rich, the cunning fiends.)

Chris Cook

The British government’s academies programme sets out to do something ambitious: to move England’s schools out of the century-old local authority system and turn them into independent charter schools. There has been surprise that this programme – which only started in mid-2010 – has been so popular. Half of all secondary schools in England are academies or are converting into them.

The reason, put briefly, is simple: in most local authorities, if a school becomes an academy, it can get a load of cash. That is what schools say. It is what I – and others – have reported repeatedly. I asked one head teacher why he was converting in September 2010. He said: “A conservatory”.

The only institution which has consistently argued otherwise is the Department for Education, which (for months) denied it was happening, and blamed bad form-filling by local authorities. Happily, even they have acknowledged the errors (while blaming Labour for them).

Things have improved: the overpayments are smaller in 2011-12 than they were in 2010-11: here is the distribution of the overpayments. Each point on the line is a local authority, ranked by the size of the overpayment per pupil.

The governor of the Bank of England has pointed out that Britain’s recorded economic growth in the second quarter of 2012 will be depressed by the plethora of bank holidays. Within three months there is a four-day weekend for Easter, a May day break and another four-day weekend to mark the Queen’s diamond jubilee.

Still, the news is not all bad: output will be boosted in the following quarter by expenditure associated with the London Olympics. The governor’s purpose – he can have had little hope of success – was to pre-empt speculation by financial commentators who perceive significance in 0.1 per cent fluctuations in reported output.

Liverpool has emerged as the whiplash capital of Britain, where the government has recorded more than one compensation claim for neck injuries sustained in a traffic accident for every 50 residents.

A “heat map” drawn up by the Financial Times after a freedom of information request, shows a wide geographical disparity in alleged whiplash injuries, with 20 times more compensation claims per head in Liverpool, Uxbridge and Oldham than some other parts of the country.

Personal injury lawyers suggested regional variations in accident rates helped explain the figures – but insurers said they provided one of the clearest signs yet of fraudulent claims.

Sally Gainsbury

There has been speculation recently that the government is planning to divert millions of pounds in NHS funds from deprived urban areas in the north, to leafy, Conservative voting constituencies in the south.

This stems from health secretary Andrew Lansley’s recent comment that “age is the principal determinant of health need” and that distribution of the £100bn budget for the NHS in England should “get progressively to a greater focus on what are the actual determinants of health need.”

Somewhere along the line, those comments were interpreted by a generally cheesed-off medical profession that Mr Lansley intends to introduce an “age-only” NHS allocation formula, switching substantial NHS funds from, generally younger, Labour-voting constituencies in north to the octogenarians who thrive in the Conservative-voting villages of the south.

It’s a good story, which might even contain elements of the truth, but the reality, as ever, is a little more complicated.

At present, five separate allocation formulae are used to divvy up different bits of the £100bn NHS pot to different areas of England. The largest share – the hospital care budget – is divided up using one formula, while four others – mental health, GP prescribing, health inequalities (more on that in a later post) and maternity – are each allocated using their own separate formula. (Think for a second about the demographics driving the demand for maternity services as opposed to, say, hip replacements, and you will grasp why this makes sense.)

Health economists and statisticians frequently tweak and argue over these formula in order to move, hopefully, ever closer to the Holy Grail: a distribution of health resources which is fairly distributed on the basis of health need.

Chris Cook

Grammar schools are a seductive idea: skim off high performing children at the age of 11 for education together. At the moment, there are 164 such schools in England, in a few counties which did not slough them off.

The excellent Mary Ann Sieghart says in today’s Indie:

…if you are bright but poor and you live in Kent, Essex, Buckinghamshire or Northern Ireland, your parentage doesn’t have to dictate your progress. You have nearly the same chance of becoming a cabinet minister, a judge, a newspaper editor or a top rower as your privately educated neighbour. Why is that? Because these areas still have grammar schools, those turbo-chargers of social mobility.

But I am afraid that is straightforwardedly untrue.

Here is the grade distribution of schools in Kent, London and England at large at GCSE. As ever, the poorest children, as defined by their postcodes, start at left. The richest children sit at the right. (I chose Kent just for its size and range of population.)

Martin Stabe

With more than a year’s worth of of data from our exclusive business sentiment poll, the FT/Economist Global Business Barometer, now available, some interesting longitudinal patterns are becoming apparent for the first time.

Most notable among them is the steady erosion over the past year in executives’ perceptions of the “business friendliness” three of the world’s biggest developing economies, India, China and Brazil.

by guest contributor Paul Hodges

Shale gas developments in the US have sparked a wave of euphoria about the opportunity for a renaissance of its domestic manufacturing base.  Petrochemicals should be one of the main beneficiaries, as the ethane produced from shale gas discoveries now provides the US with some of the cheapest feedstock in the world.

Major producers including Dow Chemicals, Shell and Chevron Phillips have already announced plans to build new ethane-based capacity.  Others are likely to join them.  Current estimates suggest total US ethylene capacity could therefore increase by 25 to 30 percent from today’s 27 million tonnes.

However, one key factor has the potential to spoil the story – much of this new capacity will need to be exported in the form of polyethylene (PE) and other major plastics.  Yet as the chart shows, based on data from Global Trade Information Services, US net PE exports have actually been declining since 2010, even though its cost advantage from shale gas was increasing.

Chris Cook

If you were writing an economists’ manifesto, regional payscales would be one of the few items on which most agreed. The principle is pretty simple: why should a teacher be paid a king’s ransom in Southport, but starved in Southwark.

Part of the principle of this idea is that it is difficult to recruit in areas of high “outside” wages, if you have a national pay-scale. Conversely, the theory goes, when the state “overpays”, it can price out local enterprise.

Some economists from the Centre for Economic Performance at the LSE found a scary natural experiment to test this idea: survival rates from heart attacks.

We predict that areas with higher outside wages should suffer from problems of recruiting, retaining and motivating high quality workers and this should harm hospital performance. We construct hospital-level panel data on both quality – as measured by death rates (within hospital deaths within thirty days of emergency admission for acute myocardial infarction, AMI) – and productivity. We present evidence that stronger local labor markets significantly worsen hospital outcomes in terms of quality and productivity.

A 10 per cent increase in the outside wage is associated with a 4% to 8% increase in AMI death rates. We find that an important part of this effect operates through hospitals in high outside wage areas having to rely more on temporary “agency staff” as they are unable to increase (regulated) wages in order to attract permanent employees.

Emily Cadman

The latest World Health Organisation statistics report has thrown a light on the unglamorous but essential backbone of health policy – accurate death reporting.

According to the report, currently only 15 percent of the world’s population lives in a country where more than 90 percent of births and deaths are registered – and unsurprisingly most of these 34 countries are in Europe and the Americas.

It’s not surprising that war torn countries like Afghanistan might have had other concerns than registration data. But the list of countries without comprehensive data include major economic and population centres like China and India – both of whom use sample registration approaches. The full country by country list is on this pdf.

WHO regionNo death registration
data
Low qualityMedium qualityHigh qualityNumber of WHO
Member States
AFR42 21146
AMR27131335
SEAR7 40011
EUR2 11241653
EMR9 102021
WPR1247427
Global74 384734193

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FT data is a collaborative effort from journalists across the FT working in data journalism, statistics and data visualisation.

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The authors

Chris Cook is the FT's education correspondent. After joining the FT in 2008 as a Peter Martin Fellow, he worked for two years as a leader writer.



Emily Cadman joined the FT in 2010 and is head of the interactive desk.



Martin Stabe works on the FT's interactive team, specialising in databases for interactive graphics.



Keith Fray heads the editorial statistics team, providing data for articles and graphics. His background is in economics, studying at Birkbeck College, London.

Sally Gainsbury works in the investigations team in London, specialising in public policy and data analysis.