Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)

 

For the city in Romania, see Satu Mare.

Satmar (or Satmar Hasidism or Satmarer Hasidism) (Hebrew: חסידות סאטמאר) is a Hasidic movement comprising mostly of Hungarian and Romanian Hasidic Jewish Holocaust survivors and their descendants. It was founded and led by the late Hungarian-born Grand Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum (1887–1979), who was the rabbi of Szatmárnémeti, Hungary (currently Satu Mare, Romania). The town's name in German is Sathmar. The name Satmar was used by the Yiddish-speaking population, Yiddish being then the common language of the local Jews. Members of the movement are usually referred to as Satmar Hasidim or Satmarer Hasidim.

The two largest Satmar communities are in Williamsburg, Brooklyn and Kiryas Joel, New York. There are also significant Satmar communities in Borough Park, Brooklyn and Monsey, New York. Smaller communities can be found in other North American cities such as Lakewood, New Jersey Montreal Canada, in some European cities such as Antwerp, Belgium, London and Manchester in England, in Argentina, Australia and numerous cities and towns in Israel. The late Satmar Rebbe, Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum, also held the title of the Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem's Edah HaChareidis, although he did not live in Jerusalem after 1946.

Satmar is claimed to be one of the largest and most influential Hasidic movements in existence today, but formal demographic comparisons with other Hasidim are not available. It is believed to number close to 130,000 adherents (including men, women and children), and is rapidly growing due to the extremely high birth rate of the group. This population figure does not include a number of smaller and related anti-Zionist Hungarian Hasidic groups who align themselves with Satmar.

Name

The original Hungarian name of the town of origin was Szatmár. The name appeared at first in a document written in 1213 in the form "Zotmar". Originally it was derived from a personal name. The Romanian name was first Sǎtmar, differing only in orthography from the Hungarian one, but in 1925 was officially changed to Satu Mare. That version means "large village", with the Romanian Satu ("village") deriving from the Latin fossatum, while Mare means "large" in Romanian.^{[citation needed]}

There is a well known folk etymology, repeated both among members of Satmar itself and in outside literature about the group, that Satu Mare actually meant "Saint Mary."^{[citation needed]} Many Hasidim, occasionally including Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum himself, referred to the town as "Sakmar" to avoid use of its allegedly "pagan" name. The folk story notwithstanding, the vast majority of Hasidim now use the original Hungarian name "Satmar".

Outline of Satmar Rebbe's Hasidic lineage

• Rebbe Yisroel Baal Shem Tov (1698–1760), founder of Hasidism
• his disciple, Rebbe Dov Ber (1710–1772), the Maggid of Mezritch
• his disciple, Rebbe Elimelech of Lizhensk (1717–1786), the Noam Elimelech
• his disciple, Rebbe Yaakov Yitzchak (1745–1815), the Chozeh of Lublin

• 1. his disciple, Rebbe Moshe Teitelbaum of Ujhely (1759–1841), the Yismach Moshe
  • 2. his son, Rebbe Eluzer Nissan Teitelbaum of Drubitsch (1786–1854)
    • 3. his son, Rebbe Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum of Sighet (1808–1883), the Yetev Lev
      • 4. his son, Rebbe Chananyah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum of Sighet (1836–1904), the Kedushas Yom Tov
        • 5. Rebbe Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum of Sighet (1884–1926), the Atzei Chaim, eldest son of Kedushas Yom Tov
        • 5. Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaum (1887–1979), Satmar Rebbe, author of Divrei Yoel and VaYoel Moshe; youngest son of Kedushas Yom Tov
          • 6. Rebbe Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum of Sighet (1911–1944), son of Atzei Chaim and son-in-law of his uncle Rebbe Yoel
          • 6. Rebbe Moshe Teitelbaum (1914–2006), the previous Satmar Rebbe, author of Berach Moshe; son of Atzei Chaim
            • 7. Rebbe Aaron Teitelbaum (born 1947), current Satmar Rebbe living in Kiryas Joel; eldest son of Berach Moshe. Son-in-law of Rabbi Moshe Yehoshua Hager, the Viznitzer Rebbe of Bnei Brak
              • 8. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Teitelbaum (born 1967), Rabbi of the Satmar Congregation in Williamsburg on Hooper Street; former leader of the small Satmar Community in Antwerp; eldest son of Rabbi Aaron
              • 8. Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Hirsh Teitelbaum (born 1976), Rabbi of the Sighet Synagogue of Williamsburg; son of Rabbi Aaron
              • 8. Rabbi Yoel Teitelbaum (born 1984)
            • 7. Rebbe Chananyah Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum, the second son of Berach Moshe; President of the weekend only shul, called Berach Moshe of Zenta in Williamsburg
            • 7. Rebbe Yekusiel Yehuda (Zalman Leib) Teitelbaum (born 1952), current Satmar Rebbe living in Williamsburg; third son of Berach Moshe
              • 8. Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum, Rabbi of Satmar Congregation of Jerusalem; son of Rabbi Zalman Leib
              • 8. Rabbi Yaakov Dov Ber Teitelbaum, Rabbi of the small but affluent Sighet Synagogue of Boro Park; son of Rabbi Zalman Leib
            • 7. Rabbi Shulom Eliezer Teitelbaum, Rabbi of a small Satmar Synagogue in Boro Park (15th Avenue), youngest son of Berach Moshe, affiliated with Rabbi Aaron.
            • 7. Rabbi Duvid Dov Berish Meisels, leader of the main Satmar Shul in Boro Park, affiliated with Rabbi Aaron; son-in-law of Berach Moshe; his wife Rebbitzin Chaya Meisels the eldest child of Berach Moshe, died in 1993 at age of 48, from cancer.
              • 8. Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Meisels, official leader of Rabbi Aaron's followers within the Satmar Congregation in Bnei Brak; son of Rabbi David Dov Berish Meisels of Boro Park.
              • 8. Rabbi/Activist Mordechai Aharon Meisels, leader of Congregation Ichud HaTalmidim D'Satmar of Williamsburg, affiliated with Rabbi Aaron; founder and administrator of Rofeh Cholim Cancer Society and a popular mohel in the Charedi community. son of Rabbi David Dov Berish Meisels of Boro Park.
            • 7. Rabbi Duvid Meisels, Satmar leader in Montreal, Canada; son-in-law of Berach Moshe.
            • 7. Rebbe Chaim Yehoshua Halberstam, Current Satmar Rebbe Living In Monsey NY; son-in-law of Berach Moshe

Family and successors

There were also several Teitelbaum in-laws who had small followings.

Rabbi Yoel and his first wife, Chava (née Horowitz) Teitelbaum (d. 1936), had three daughters; Esther (d. 1921); Rachel (d. 1931); and Chaya Ruza (d. 1953); all of whom died from natural causes during his lifetime. At the time of his death he had no living descendants. His surviving son-in-law and nephew, Rabbi Lipa Meir/Teitelbaum, (d. 1966), was first known as the Semihayer Ruv. He later moved to Israel, remarried and became the Rebbe of Sassov. He had three sons and a daughter from that second marriage: the current rebbes of Sassov, one who has a community in Israel called Kiryat Yismach Moshe, and one in Monsey, as well as a son and daughter in Jerusalem. Another nephew, the Muzhayer Rebbe of Brooklyn, New York, was also seen by some as a candidate for Satmar Rebbe. Ultimately, Rabbi Moshe became his recognized successor. However, the Bnei Yoel did not accept Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum as his uncle's successor and instead remained loyal to Rabbi Yoel's wife, the Rebbetzin Alta Feige Teitelbaum (1912–2001). They were expelled and shunned by Rabbi Moshe. After the outbreak of the 2000 Succession Feud they became the first and strongest supporters of Rabbi Zalman.

Satmar history

Roots

The dynasty traces its roots to Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum (1759–1841), rabbi of Sátoraljaújhely in Hungary. Himself an adherent of the Polish Hasidic leader Rabbi Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin (the Chozeh of Lublin), Rabbi Teitelbaum was instrumental in bringing Hasidic Judaism to Hungary. He authored the works Heishiv Moshe ("Moses Responded") and Yismach Moshe ("Moses [Shall] Rejoice"), and is commonly called by the title of the latter work. His descendants became leaders of the communities of Máramarossziget (now Sighetu Marmaţiei) (called "Siget" in Yiddish) and Szatmárnémeti (now Satu Mare) (called "Satmar" in Yiddish). He was succeeded by his son, Rabbi Eluzar Nissan Teitelbaum of Drobitsch, who was succeeded by his son, Rabbi Yekusiel Yehuda Teitelbaum of Sighet, author of Yetev Lev.^{[citation needed]}

Rabbi Chananya Yom Tov Lipa Teitelbaum, author of Kedushas Yom Tov, was rebbe in the town of Máramarossziget. He was the son of the author of Yetev Lev. He had two sons: Rabbi Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum and Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum. The elder son, Chaim Tzvi, author of Atzei Chaim, succeeded his father as Rebbe of Máramarossziget. The younger, Joel, was rabbi in Ilosva (now Irshava, Ukraine) and later in Nagykároly (now Carei, Romania) (called "Kruly" in Yiddish), eventually moving to Szatmárnémeti where he became rabbi and formed the Hasidic community of Satmar and was considered to be one of the most dominating Hasidic rabbis in Hungary before world war II. He authored responsa and Jewish novellae under the title Divrei Yoel ("[The] Words [of] Joel") and polemics (mainly against both secular and religious Zionism) in Vayoel Moshe ("And Moses Swore") and Al HaGeula Ve'Al HaTemura ("About the Redemption and the Exchange"). Many of his sermons were printed under the title Chiddushei Torah: MaHaR"Y T"B.

World War II period

Many Satmar Hasidim were dispersed or murdered during World War II and the Holocaust, though the group's destruction was less complete than many other Hasidic dynasties. Although widespread shootings and deportations had already killed 70,000 Jews under Ferenc Szálasi's Arrow Cross regime, which took over power from Miklós Horthy's and allied with Nazi Germany, the first deportations of Jews and death marches to the extermination camps in Hungary did not begin until the spring of 1944, when 436,000 Jews were rounded up by the Hungarian authorities and German SS Troops in 56 days from May through July and deported to Auschwitz.

In June 1944, Teitelbaum became one of a group of some 1,685 people whose release from Hungary was negotiated with Adolf Eichmann by the Zionist leader Rudolf Kastner, who had negotiated the escape of a small group of people who were mostly Zionists but also included a number of prominent rabbis and wealthy Jews who, it is claimed, paid an exorbitant fee to be on the rescue train, nicknamed "Noah's ark". Teitelbaum and his wife were passengers on the Kastner train bound for Switzerland, which was re-routed to Bergen-Belsen for six months before being allowed to continue to the Swiss border as originally planned.

The 21st of Kislev 5705 (1944), the day that Teitelbaum crossed the border into Switzerland and was saved from the Nazis, is celebrated to this day as a joyful holiday among Satmar Hasidim worldwide. After the war, Rabbi Teitelbaum spent time in the Displaced Persons camp of Feldafing, the first camp exclusively for Jewish ex-prisoners.^{[citation needed]}

After World War II

Satmar school in Jerusalem

After leaving the camps, Teitelbaum emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine, where he founded a network of yeshivas in a number of cities. However, he soon came into financial difficulties and subsequently left for New York City to raise money for his growing institutions. Shortly after his arrival to New York the state of Israel was founded which he vehemently denounced. After living in New York for a year, his American followers convinced him to stay, largely due to political changes occurring in the Holy Land concerning the founding of the state of Israel. In 1953 after the death of Rabbi Zelig Reuven Bengis, Teitelbaum became the fourth Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem's anti-Zionist Edah HaChareidis community; however, he remained in New York, giving input and guidance to his followers and colleagues in Jerusalem through personal communications and his advisers. Following the establishment of the state of Israel he did visit several times the latest in 1959.^{[citation needed]}

The main synagogue in Kiryas Joel

In New York, after initially settling on the lower east side of Manhattan, Teitelbaum established the foundations of a community in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, beginning in the early 1950s, under the name Congregation Yetev Lev. Teitelbaum's efforts to rebuild the movement also resulted in the acquisition of land in upstate New York during the 1970s, which was named Kiryas Joel where the rebbe had lived in his last few years. Other Satmar communities sprang up in London, Manchester, Montreal, Buenos Aires, Antwerp, Bnei Brak, and Jerusalem, where they continue to have a strong presence in the Edah HaChareidis.^{[citation needed]}

Teitelbaum was not survived by any children: his three daughters died in his lifetime, and he never had sons. He was succeeded by his nephew, Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum, author of Berach Moshe, the late Rebbe of Satmar, who had been the Chief Rabbi of Senta (Serbian: Сента or Senta, Hungarian: Zenta) before World War II. After the war, he returned to his father's town of Sighet, where he set up Jewish religious institutions. After being warned of Communist opposition to religion in Romania, he fled to America, founding the Sighet Synagogue in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York. In 1966, he moved to a new synagogue in the Boro Park section of Brooklyn, and was known as the Sigheter Ruv ("rabbi") of Boro Park until 1980. After his uncle's death, the board of directors of the central Satmar congregation, with the overwhelming support from the vast majority of satmar hasidim, asked him to be the new Satmar Rebbe. He told them to wait one year before formally crowning him, and he was formally installed as the new Satmar Rebbe in 1980, on the first anniversary of his uncle's death.^{[citation needed]}

Rabbi Moshe was opposed by some dissidents in Satmar, (called "kegeners" or "misnagdim" – opponents), including the Bnei Yoel, a group of Satmar Hasidim that did not accept Rebbe Moshe believing that no one could replace the old rebbe and instead remained loyal to Rebbe Yoel's widow, the Rebbetzin Alta Feige Teitelbaum.

Shortly after Rabbi Moshe's sons began fighting over future leadership of Satmar, the vast majority of Bnei Yoel became the main backers of Rabbi Zalman Teitelbaum's camp, seeing an opportunity to return to the community and, to some extent, the leadership. Rabbi Zalman welcomed them with open arms since most of Rabbi Moshe's loyalists were backing his rival brother Rabbi Aaron Teitelbaum.

Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum served as the Grand Rabbi of Satmar worldwide for almost 27 years until he died on April 24, 2006. He was buried next to his late uncle in the Kiryas Joel cemetery.

Satmar today

For a detailed account on the dispute about the succession the last Rebbe see: Satmar succession feud

After the death of Rabbi Moshe, two of his sons and one son-in-law established their own independent sects with their own followers and institutions. Rabbi Aaron Teitelbaum was declared by his followers as successor and Grand Rabbi of the Satmar dynasty, his primary residence is in Kiryas Joel, New York. Rabbi Zalman Leib Teitelbaum was declared by his followers as successor and Grand Rabbi of the Satmar dynasty and lives in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Rabbi Chaim Yehoshua Halberstam was declared by the Satmar leaders in Monsey, New York as the successor of the Satmar congregation in Monsey, New York. Unlike the two Teitelbaum sons, Halberstam is not considered as a global leader; his status is limited to that of a local rabbi in Monsey; however he conducts himself in the manner of a Hasidic Rebbe, accepting kvitlach and conducting a tish. Another son, Rabbi Lipa Teitelbaum. established his own congregation and calls himself Zenter Rav, named after the town Senta, Serbia, where his father served as Rabbi before World War II. Neither Rabbi Lipa, nor anyone else, seems to consider him to be a successor of the Satmar dynasty.

Satmar and politics

The Satmar Hasidic movement has become known for its social isolation from all forms of secular culture and for its opposition to all forms of religious, secular, and political Zionism. After the Six-Day War in 1967 Reb Yoel told pious Satmar Hasidim not to approach the Western Wall of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, feeling it would show support for the secular government that claimed to have liberated it. This is true of other so called "holy places" that Satmar Hasidim do not visit, partly in protest of the secular Zionist government, which they view as an abomination. Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum visited the Wall before the founding of the State and fainted from its holiness, but his adherents still do not visit it. Satmar Hasidim also refuse to take any social benefits from the Israeli government, and often view negatively other Haredi groups that do so. Their institutions in Israel are funded by private donations solicited abroad.

Some of Satmar's more conservative and isolationist tendencies have resulted in long-standing feuds and enmities with other Haredi groups and Hasidic groups, particularly Chabad Lubavitch, Ger, Klausenberg, Bobov, Breslov and Belz, in part because of the different groups' positions towards Zionism, the State of Israel, and differences of opinion on how to relate, if at all, to the Israeli government. There have also been conflicts in New York between Satmar and Lubavitch Hasidim, in particular over the latter's alleged proselytizing in Satmar areas. Some of these disputes can be originally traced to specific conflicts between small groups of rabbis and thinkers in Eastern Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and in New York and Israel in the twentieth century that later developed into larger ones between the respective communities. However, in recent times, the feuds and enmities have mostly cooled down, even as the political views have remained the same.

Satmar opposition to Zionism

See also: Haredim and Zionism

The Satmar's vehement position against Zionism was refined and officially formulated by Joel Teitelbaum, though it did not originate with him.^{[citation needed]}

Before World War II most Hasidic rabbis, (including Rabbi Joel's father, Rabbi Chananyah Yom Tov Lipa), as well as many prominent non-Hasidic Orthodox leaders, believed that God had promised to return the Jewish people to the Land of Israel by means of the actions of the Jewish Messiah. Rabbi Yom Tov Lipa expressed the opinion that God had promised to return the land to the Jews via the Messiah alone and that any Jewish efforts to facilitate this redemption would be punished. Instead of accepting benefits from the State of Israel, Rabbi Joel encouraged his followers to form self-sufficient communities in "the Holy Land." He recorded his views on Zionism in his polemical work Vayoel Moshe, published in 1958 and in a second book Al Hageulah V'al Hatamurah published in 1967 in the wake of the Six-Day War. Shortly before his death he set up the Keren Hatzalah fund to help those Jews who refrain from taking money from the Israeli Government.^{[citation needed]}

Although it was certainly not the only reason for his opinion, one of the core citations from classical Judaic sources cited by Rav Yoel for his opposition to modern Zionism was that of the Three Oaths mentioned in the Talmud (Kesuboth 111A) which discusses a passage from the Song of Songs in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) in which God made the Israelites promise "to wait for Him before arousing His love":

"King Solomon in Song of Songs thrice adjured the 'daughters of Jerusalem' not to arouse or bestir the love until it is ready.' The Talmud explains that we are bound by three strong oaths not to ascend to the Holy Land as a group using force, not to rebel against the governments of countries in which we live, and not by our sins, to prolong the coming of moshiach"

A variant interpretation of the three oaths has the third oath being that God would not allow the non-Jewish world to "excessively" persecute the Jews. Rabbi Teitelbaum expressly held that the oaths were not dependent upon one another.

In VaYoel Moshe Teitelbaum explicitly declared that, from the time of the very inception of the Zionist movement in the 1890s, the Zionists violated the three oaths, and thereby caused the Holocaust, as well as all wars, terrorism, and violence in modern Israel, and most anti-Semitism around the world since that time, as a result:

"...it has been these Zionist groups that have attracted the Jewish people and have violated the Oath against establishing a Jewish entity before the arrival of the Messiah. It is because of the Zionists that six million Jews were killed."

In keeping with the three oaths, Satmar Hasidim were strongly opposed to the creation of modern Israel through violence and antagonism against gentile nations such as the Ottomans and Britain. In the years following the Holocaust, Rabbi Teitelbaum undertook to maintain and strengthen this position, as did many other Torah Jews and communities. Rabbi Teitelbaum declared that the State of Israel was a violation of Jewish teachings. This was both because of the Zionists' violation of the traditional belief that Jews must wait for the Messiah to re-create Israel, and also because its founders included many personalities who were both hostile to Orthodox Judaism, or simply indifferent to it. Rabbi Teitelbaum believed the creation of the State of Israel, against the oaths described in Ketubot, constituted a form of impatience. In keeping with the Talmud's warnings that impatience for God's love and redemption can lead to grave danger, the Satmar Hasidim have often interpreted the constant wars and terrorism in Israel as fulfilment of that prophecy.^{[citation needed]}

Rabbi Teitelbaum saw his opposition to Zionism as a way of protecting Jewish lives and preventing bloodshed. Most Haredi rabbis may agree with this idea;^{[citation needed]} however, the general view of Agudath Israel is that, despite this, for all practical purposes, efforts can be made to prevent Israel from becoming even more anti-religious through participating in the Israeli government, seen by the Agudah as a form of "damage-control." Rabbi Teitelbaum however, felt that any participation in the Israeli government, even voting in elections, was a grave sin, because it contributed to the spiritual and physical destruction of innocent people. He felt that by voting one had a hand in these sins. Thus, he was officially opposed to the views of Agudath Israel, and the Satmar movement continues to refuse membership in the Agudath Israel organization or party. The Satmar view is that only the Jewish Messiah can bring about a new Jewish government in the Holy Land, and even if a government declaring itself religious would be formed before the Messiah, it would be illegitimate due to its improper arrogation of power, and it would still pose a danger to Jewish life.

While the Satmar Hasidim are opposed to the existence of a state of Israel, many of them live in and visit Israel (as Rabbi Teitelbaum did, many times).^{[citation needed]} They see opposition to Zionism as an expression of love of the Holy Land, protecting it from the defilement of bloodshed and war (and not only from secularism, as many assume).^{[citation needed]}

Satmar and Neturei Karta

The Satmar Hasidim's opposition to Zionism has at times led to comparisons and confusion with the small and controversial Haredi activist group Neturei Karta. While there are ideological similarities between the two groups, they have significantly different historical backgrounds. Satmar's views, as formulated and espoused by Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, were essentially continuations of earlier dynastic teachings about Judaism and the modern world, and are presently maintained by later generations of the Teitelbaum family; keeping the movement's ideology in line with the dynastic hierarchy. By contrast, Neturei Karta, formally created in 1935, was the result of several small and partially ad-hoc coalitions between region of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

While Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum originally supported Neturei Karta's activities in the 1940s and 50's, as led by the late Rabbi Amram Blau, this alliance seems to have cooled or been annulled. Although certain Neturei Karta members or Satmar Hasidim may claim dual membership, Satmar and Neturei Karta are not affiliated with one another. In December 2006, one of the Satmar Rebbes, Rabbi Zalman Leib Teitelbaum, issued a statement, published in Der Yid, strongly condemning seven Neturei Karta followers who went to Teheran, Iran to participate in the Holocaust denial conference organized by the Iranian government. The Edah HaChareidis posted signs in support of Zalman's stand, but they later reversed themselves, apparently because they came to believe that the NK had not actually denied the Holocaust after all.^{[citation needed]}

The newspaper Der Blatt, published by adherents of one of the Satmar factions, that of Rabbi Aaron Teitelbaum, refused to denounce the actions of Neturei Karta, fearing that such denunciation could be interpreted as a softening of Satmar opposition to Israel, and also believing that since Satmar has no affiliation with Neturei Karta they are under no obligation to support nor denounce them. One prominent member of Rabbi Aaron's faction even publicly denounced those who denounced them as "slanderers of the honorable zealots."^{[citation needed]}

Satmar institutions

Charitable institutions

The Satmar Hasidic movement is famous for its many charitable organizations, which were founded by Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum and his wife, Rebbetzin Alte Feiga Teitelbaum. The Satmar Bikur Cholim ("visiting the sick"), founded in 1957 by Alte Feiga, the Satmar Rebbetzin, is highly respected for helping Jewish people, regardless of affiliation, when they are ill in a hospital, taking care of their needs, such as kosher food and other accommodations, both religious and general, as well as the needs of their families who visit them. Rav Tuv is a charitable organization to help Jewish refugees from over the world, originally founded by Teitelbaum in the 1950s to help Jews in the Soviet Union. Today, the organization mostly helps Jews from Iran and Yemen, however many Russian and South American Jews are also helped. Keren Hatzolah is a charitable fund to support yeshivas and the poor in the Holy Land, and helping them resist any financial help from the Zionist government, founded by Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum shortly before his death.

Educational institutions

Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum founded a network of large educational institutions, both yeshivas and girls' schools, and if the Satmar schools in New York were a public school system, it would be the fourth-largest system in New York state, after those of New York City, Buffalo and Rochester. In most places the girl's schools are called Beis Rochel and the yeshivas Torah VeYirah.

Rabbinical organizations

In 1953, Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum founded a major rabbinical association known as the התאחדות הרבנים דארה"ב וקאנאדא – Hisachdus HaRabanim D'ARHA"B V'Canada or the Central Rabbinical Congress of the United States and Canada (CRC), working hand in hand with the עדה החרדית Edah HaChareidis, Jerusalem's Orthodox Jewish Congress. Among their many works are various rabbinical services, including kashruth supervision considered to be one of the better kosher supervisions in the Jewish world.

The function of the Congress is to discuss new issues concerning the spirituality or kashrus of the Haredi Jewish community. Usually this is discussed with rabbis of different sects and neighborhoods. They discuss issues regarding Zionism, how to deal with issues regarding the State of Israel's actions and laws that are targeted against the Jewish religion. At these meetings rabbis of the Satmar sect are mostly present, they have a rabbinical court that deals with civil, monetary, marital issues.

Newspapers

Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum also gave permission and later encouraged his followers to publish a Haredi Jewish weekly newspaper in Yiddish called Der Yid^{[citation needed]}. The goals in its publication were 1) to have a newspaper in accordance with proper Jewish values, that would only publish news considered appropriate for Orthodox Jews. 2) To give the Satmar Community the opportunity to read and understand their Rebbe's views. However, the slogan of the Newspaper states (translated from Yiddish), "Der Yid-The Organ of Independent Orthodox Jewish Identity", it has since been acquired and is currently owned and run by a private owner.

The readership of the newspaper grew to 50,000 copies per week^{[citation needed]}.

In 1989 competition arose when a former employee of Der Yid began publishing his own newspaper titled The News Report. The publisher, Mr. Albert (Abraham) Friedman, has set out to publish a newspaper with similar values of the Satmar Rebbe, with an emphasis on giving greater in-depth analysis and more accuracy in news reporting, his newspaper was also seen as much more tolerant of other hassidic sects.^{[citation needed]}

Today there are several weekly and monthly publications that claim to share the Satmar Rebbe's objectives. Der Blatt, established in 2000, is owned and run by a follower of Grand Rabbi Aaron. Both are privately owned.

Satmar philosophy and teachings

Hasidic literature of importance to Satmar

In addition to those books revered by all Hasidim, the main Hasidic books revered by the Satmar sect are Yismach Moshe, Yetev Lev, Rav Tuv, Kedushas Yom Tov, Divrei Yoel, Chiddushei Torah Maharit"b, Berach Moshe and then the main books Vayoel Moshe, Al HaGeula V'Al HaTemura. The latter two books were written as the main resource of information on how to deal with Zionism and the State of Israel. Rabbi Joel was careful not to be particular about which books his Hasidim should study because he did not want to exclude any Hasidic teachings, for he felt that all Hasidic books should be studied, often encouraging his students to study Be'er Mayim Chaim, Kedushas Levi, Bnei Yisoschor, Noam Elimelech,and other works, never specifying one over the other. Rabbi Joel taught that many of the foundations of Hasidism can be found in the medieval Jewish work Chovos Halevavos, by Rabbi Bachya Ibn Pakudah (11th century, Spain), which preceded Hasidism by many centuries. In addition to Hasidic teachings, the teachings of the Chasam Sofer are also greatly revered in Satmar.

The way of the Baal Shem Tov

Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum taught, based on the teachings of Rabbi Chaim of Sanz, that even though the enthusiasm that the Baal Shem Tov brought to Jewish life is still felt in the Jewish Community, the teachings and the way of the Baal Shem Tov had been slowly become forgotten. When asked to explain this, he responded:

The Skverer said, "Nobody follows the right way except me." The Vizhnitzer says, "Nobody follows the right way except me." And the Gerer the same. And I say, nobody has the right way including me. I don't have the right way either.

The following story took place during the Jewish festival of Sukkos:

One time, a rabbi, a descendant of the Holy Baal Shem Tov, may his memory protect us, joined our Rebbe's Tish at a meal during the intermediate days of the festival of Sukkos. Amidst their conversation, our Rebbe asked this Rabbi "Honored guest, I have heard that you are a descendant of the Holy Baal Shem Tov, perhaps you could tell me something about the way of the Baal Shem Tov?" (It is well known that when the holy book "VaYoel Moshe" was published, in which our Rebbe writes that the path of the Baal Shem Tov has been forgotten, many well known people, who claim themselves under the flag of the "Way of the Baal Shem Tov", yet they do not truly know nor understand what this is, raged against him, and cast arrows of anger over this statement), and this Rabbi answered our Rebbe that he does not know. Our Rebbe said that the way of the Baal Shem Tov is not dependent upon one's minhagim (customs), but is rather a way of serving the Blessed Creator. However, we do know one of the customs of the Baal Shem Tov, may his merit protect us, that he enacted the recitation of the Psalm "Give thanks" (Psalm 107) before the afternoon prayers on the eve of the Sabbath. [One time our Rebbe told one Rabbi that he desired to write a special work to explain the concept of the "Way of the Baal Shem Tov", unfortunately we were not worthy of this book's light.]

Satmar succession feud

Death of Moshe Teitelbaum

Following Moshe Teitelbaum's death in April 2006, both groups of followers announced that their favorite was (or would be) named Moshe's successor in his will. Initially his son Aaron's supporters claimed that they had a verbal will, dated from 1996, in which the rebbe is purported to have passed the leadership to Aaron. This was first announced by Rabbi Hertzke Zweibel, Rosh Kollel of Satmar Kollel in Williamsburg, who claimed that Moshe Teitelbaum had conferred the will upon him as a witness. Zweibel read this will at a large public gathering of Rabbi Aaron's supporters in Williamsburg. Yisroel Chaim Horowitz Rabbi of the Satmar Congregation in Manchester, England also claimed that Moshe Teitelbaum had conferred a similar will to him on a separate occasion in 1997.

The printed will was read at the coronation ceremony for Zalman in Moshe Teitelbaum's house in Williamsburg on the afternoon of April 25. Zalman was given further support by a Satmar beit din, or rabbinical court, in Williamsburg, which agreed with his reading of the will, and named him the legitimate successor. Though this rabbinical court was not the treditional beit din where both sides agreed to commit to a tribunal's decision, but rather an uncenventional unilateral bait din comprised by Rabbis loyal to Zalman. Rabbi Zalman's critics mock the idea of this Beit Din having any legitimacy, claiming this Beit Din was created by the Zalman camp solely for this purpose, so the ruling is neither surprising nor seen as authoritative by all Satmar Hasidim.

Aaron and his followers remained defiant following Zalman's coronation, declaring that "The Grand Rebbe's will does not determine succession. Only the Satmar Board of Directors can make that decision. That's how the Grand Rebbe himself was selected. And that's how his successor will be selected." Both sides announced that they would be filing further litigation in the New York State Supreme Court.

Aaron spent the first Sabbath after his father's death in Williamsburg, setting up a tent in the playground of a local public school. Some analysts have hypothesized that this could indicate that Rabbi Aaron has plans to move to Williamsburg on a permanent or semi-permanent basis to exert further pressure on his brother and gain more followers from among Zalman's power base.

Others, however, downplayed the event, saying that RAaron had already planned to be in Williamsburg before his father's death to celebrate the birth of his first great-grandchild. Both groups held separate Sabbath services three blocks apart, and the day passed without incident.

New York courts decline to adjudicate

On July 12, 2006, an appeals court in Brooklyn on First Amendment grounds refused to rule on the legal issues pertaining to the Teitelbaum brothers' dispute. The legal arguments centered on the validity of each group's elections for Board of Trustees of Congregations Yetev Lev D'Satmar, the legal incorporated name of the congregation's properties. One decision upheld a lower court decision which refused to issue a ruling in the congregation election controversy, and the other overturned an earlier judge's arbitration in favor of Aaron, ruling that the conflict was an internal religious matter and therefore outside the scope of the court. The ruling was appealed to the highest New York court and was upheld on November 20, 2007, re-affirming that the dispute is unjusticiable for the courts. The ruling indirectly left Zalman as the de-facto in charge of all the assets in Williamsburg.

After the final ruling of the court of appeals, subsequent new litigation continued by the Zalman faction asking the court to clarify the prior rulings, by essentially declaring them as the only rightful entity to hold out as the leaders of the congregation since they are the de-facto in charge running the day to day operations, their motions were repeatedly denied.

Aaron Teitelbaum builds parallel community in Williamsburg

Almost immediately after the court decision, 2006, Aaron began plans to construct a synagogue in Williamsburg. Building began in mid-September. Aaron's followers were eager to finish the construction as quickly as possible, and hired several shifts of round-the-clock laborers, as well as Satmar volunteers who only rested for the Sabbath. The Kehilas Yetev Lev D'Satmar synagogue was completed in only 14 business days. Zalman followers reportedly dismissed Aaron's shul as "The Home Depot shul", which led Aaron-supporters to suggest that there are plans to dramatically expand the synagogue over the next several years. It is unclear what the impact that Aaron's new synagogue, built in the heart of what many consider to be Zalman's territory, will have. It is also unclear whether Aaron plans to spend more time in Brooklyn to support his followers there, or will remain primarily in Kiryas Joel. In another significant move by Aaron, in September 2006 the beginning of a new school year, Aaron followers opened a new school for boys and girls in Williamsburg.

Although, apparently, both sides have gradually come to terms that Satmar is now split into 2 independent sects with no side in position to claim exclusivity nor superiority of the Satmar dynasty, still, to this date there has been no official peace agreement or any sort of public conciliatory announcement between the two sides, the 2 brothers are avoiding meeting each other, they do not attend to each other's simchas ("joyous events"), nevertheless by October 2006, there had been a dramatic decrease in public tensions between the brothers and their communities, for the simple reason that both sides ran out of strategically and viable moves to gain advantage against each other. There were no reports of any fighting during the Sukkot holiday and the weddings of both rebbes' children (Zalman's in Williamsburg, and Aaron's in Kiryas Joel).

See also

• History of the Jews in Hungary
• Jewish Anti-Zionism
• List of Hungarian Jews
• History of the Jews in the United States
• History of the Jews in the United States in the 20th century
• Kabbalah
• Neturei Karta
• Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Williamsburg, Brooklyn)

• 

  Grand Rebbe
  Joel Teitelbaum
  1887-1979

Bibliography

• Yechezkel Yossef Weisshaus. THE REBBE. A Glimpse into the Daily Life of the Satmar Rebbe Rabbeinu Yoel Teitelbaum. Translated by Mechon Lev Avos from Sefer Eidis B'Yosef by Rabbi Yechezkel Yosef Weisshaus. Machon Lev Avos. Distributed by Israel Book Shop, Lakewood New Jersey, 2008. ISBN 978-1-60091-063-0

External links and sources

• Roots of Satmar
• The Satmar Rebbe
• Rav Yoel Teitelbaum – The Satmarer Rebbe
• What is Satmar Chasidism
• Chassidic Approaches: Satmar Chassidism
• Satmar Biography
• Satmar Hassidim from Kiryas Joel save the day for Bronx Children
• Satmar's Sisters of Mercy
• The Satmar Rebbetzin, a"h
• The Shopping Bag Ladies – Satmar Bikur Cholim
• Men in Black: A Passover Tale of Fish and Family – references to Satmar
• "My Neighbor, My Father, The Rebbe": Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum
• Rebbetzin Alte Feigeh Teitelbaum, the Satmar Rebbetzin
• With Rabbi Teitelbaum in Bergen-Belsen
• "March from NY to DC" to protest the desecration of ancient jewish cemeteries in israel
• Obituary of Rabbi Moshe Teitelbaum
• The Kiryas Joel Voice Newspaper
• Jewish Press article about Satmar Weddings (10 November 2006)
• Thousands flock to KJ wedding for rabbi's daughter (10/24/06) from the Times Herald-Record
• Boychiks in the Hood: Travels in the Hasidic Underground

Conflicts between Teitelbaum brothers

• Hasidic News Op/Ed
• Controversy over the Williamsburg Eruv
• Satmar Rebbe insults Aaron
• Ruling Leaves Younger Son in Control of Hasidic Sect
• Chasidic Split Colors Satmar Endorsement (07/27/2001) from The Forward
• Satmar wedding leads to brawl (12 May 2002)
• Fistfights on Rodney Street (3 October 2002)
• Tempers, bones snap in Hasidic infighting (10/26/2004)
• Satmar Dispute Over Half A Billion (03/22/2006)
• Rebbe's death splits Satmar community (04/25/2006)
• Sons Start Fight Over Who's Boss (04/26/2006)
• Succession Unclear After Grand Rebbe's Death (04/26/2006)
• One Rebbe or Two? (05/05/06) from The Forward
• Hats On, Gloves Off (05/08/06) from New York Magazine.
• A Tale Of Two Rebbes (06/09/06) from the Times Herald-Record
• Splintering of Satmar Community Leads to a ‘Miracle' Synagogue (09/27/06) from the New York Sun
• It's a house of 'gosh!' (10/02/06) from the New York Post