Leaders of Italy
(Italian Republic)
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Look for biographies of the leaders (in Spanish) at CIDOB website. Also visit a detailed page on Italian Governments since 1990 to know more about the ruling parties. The presidents of the regions are available at Rulers.

Current parties and coalitions: ALD: Autonomy Liberty Democracy CDA: Christian Democracy for the Autonomies DCU: United Christian Democrats FLI: Future and Freedom for Italy FV: Federation of the Greens IDV: Italy of Values LAL: League for Autonomy-Lombard Alliance LD: Liberal Democrats LN: Norther League PD: Democratic Party PDCI: Party of the Italian Communists PdL: The People of Freedom PS: Socialist Party (new) PSDI: Italian Democratic Socialist Party (new) RC: Communist Refoundation RI: Italian Radicals SD: Democratic Left. For European Socialism SVP: South Tyrolean People's Party UDC: Union of Christian and Centre Democrats Popolari-Udeur: Populars-Union of Democrats for Europe n/p: non-party

Late parties: AN: National Alliance (1994-2009 > PdL) AR: Reformist Alliance (2007 > PD) CCD: Christian Democratic Center (1994-2002 > UDC) CDU: United Christian Democrats (1995-2002 > UDC) DC: Christian Democracy (1944-1994 > PPI, CCD, CDU) DL-La Margherita: Democracy is Freedom-Daisy (2002-2007 > PD) DS: Party of the European Socialism-Democrats of the Left (1998-2007 > PD) FI: Forza Italia (1994-2009 > PdL) I Democratici/Asinello: The Democrats/Donkey (1999-2002 > DL-La Margherita) Italia di Mezzo: Middle-of-the-Road Italy (2006-2007 > PD) L'Ulivo: Olive Tree Federation (comprising DS, DL-La Margherita and MRE, 2005-2007 > PD) L'Unione: The Union (2005-2008, coalition comprising PD, RC, SDI, FV, PDCI, Popolari-Udeur, IDV, RI, PSDI, SD, LD, LAL, SVP, DCU, ALD) MRE: European Republican Movement (2001-2007 > PD) MSI: Italian Social Movement (1946-1994 > AN) PA: Action Party PCI: Italian Communist Party (1921-1994 > PDS, RC) PDL: Labour Democratic Party (1943-1948 > PSDI) PDM: Southern Democratic Party (2006-2007 > PD) PDS: Democratic Party of the Left (1994-1998 > DS) PLI: Italian Liberal Party PPI: Italian People's Party (1994-2002 > DL-La Margherita) PRI: Italian Republican Party Progetto Sardegna: Sardinia Project (2003-2007 > PD) PSDI: Italian Democratic Socialist Party (old, 1952-1998 > SDI) PSI: Italian Socialist Party (1892-1994 > SI) PSU: United Socialist Party RD: Democratic Republicans (2004-2007 > PD) RI: Italian Renewal (1996-2002 > DL-La Margherita) RNP: Rose in the Fist (2005-2007, federation comprising SDI and RI) SDI: Italian Democratic Socialists (1998-2007 > (new) PS) SI: Italian Socialists (1994-1998 > SDI) UDR: Democratic Union of the Republic (1998-1999 > Udeur)

Heads of State 
Kings
Vittorio Emanuele III       29 Jul 1900 -  9 May 1946 (+1947) 
Umberto II                   9 May 1946 - 18 Jun 1946 (+1983) 

Provisional Head of State  
Alcide De Gasperi           18 Jun 1946 -  1 Jul 1946 (+1954)  DC (acting)

Presidents of the Republic
Enrico De Nicola             1 Jul 1946 - 12 May 1948 (+1959)  PLI (1)
Luigi Einaudi               12 May 1948 - 11 May 1955 (+1961)  PLI
Giovanni Gronchi            11 May 1955 - 11 May 1962 (+1978)  DC
Antonio Segni               11 May 1962 -  6 Dec 1964 (+1972)  DC
Cesare Merzagora             6 Dec 1964 - 29 Dec 1964 (+1991)  DC (acting)
Giuseppe Saragat            29 Dec 1964 - 29 Dec 1971 (+1988)  PSDI
Giovanni Leone              29 Dec 1971 - 15 Jun 1978 (+2001)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            15 Jun 1978 -  9 Jul 1978 (+1999)  DC (acting)
Alessandro (Sandro) Pertini  9 Jul 1978 - 29 Jun 1985 (+1990)  PSI
Francesco Maurizio Cossiga  29 Jun 1985 - 28 Apr 1992 (+2010)  DC
Giovanni Spadolini          28 Apr 1992 - 28 May 1992 (+1994)  PRI (acting)
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro        28 Apr 1992 - 15 May 1999 (+2012)  DC (2)
Nicola Mancino              15 May 1999 - 18 May 1999          PPI (acting)
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi        18 May 1999 - 15 May 2006          n/p 
Giorgio Napolitano          15 May 2006 -                      DS
(1) Provisional head of State to 1 Jan 1948.
(2) Scalfaro remained as a non-party polititian since the disband of DC in 1994.
Presidents of the Council of Ministers 
Ivanoe Bonomi                9 Jun 1944 - 25 Jun 1945 (+1951)  n/p 
Ferruccio Parri             25 Jun 1945 - 10 Dec 1945 (+1981)  PA
Alcide De Gasperi           10 Dec 1945 - 15 Aug 1953 (+1954)  DC
Giuseppe Pella              15 Aug 1953 - 18 Jan 1954 (+1981)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            18 Jan 1954 -  9 Feb 1954 (+1999)  DC
Mario Scelba                 9 Feb 1954 -  6 Jul 1955 (+1991)  DC
Antonio Segni                6 Jul 1955 - 19 May 1957 (+1972)  DC
Adone Zoli                  19 May 1957 -  2 Jul 1958 (+1960)  DC
Amintore Fanfani             2 Jul 1958 - 15 Feb 1959 (+1999)  DC
Antonio Segni               15 Feb 1959 - 25 Mar 1960 (+1972)  DC
Fernando Tambroni           25 Mar 1960 - 26 Jul 1960 (+1963)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            26 Jul 1960 - 21 Jun 1963 (+1999)  DC
Giovanni Leone              21 Jun 1963 -  5 Dec 1963 (+2001)  DC
Aldo Moro                    5 Dec 1963 - 25 Jun 1968 (+1978)a DC
Giovanni Leone              25 Jun 1968 - 13 Dec 1968 (+2001)  DC
Mariano Rumor               13 Dec 1968 -  7 Aug 1970 (+1990)  DC
Emilio Colombo               7 Aug 1970 - 18 Feb 1972          DC
Giulio Andreotti            18 Feb 1972 -  4 Jul 1973          DC
Mariano Rumor                4 Jul 1973 -  2 Nov 1974 (+1990)  DC
Aldo Moro                    2 Nov 1974 - 29 Jul 1976 (+1978)a DC
Giulio Andreotti            29 Jul 1976 -  5 Aug 1979          DC
Francesco Cossiga            5 Aug 1979 - 18 Oct 1980 (+2010)  DC
Arnaldo Forlani             18 Oct 1980 - 28 Jun 1981          DC
Giovanni Spadolini          28 Jun 1981 - 30 Nov 1982 (+1994)  PRI
Amintore Fanfani            30 Nov 1982 -  4 Aug 1983 (+1999)  DC
Benedettino (Bettino) Craxi  4 Aug 1983 - 18 Apr 1987 (+2000)  PSI
Amintore Fanfani            18 Apr 1987 - 29 Jul 1987 (+1999)  DC
Giovanni Giuseppe Goria     29 Jul 1987 - 13 Apr 1988 (+1994)  DC
Ciriaco De Mita             13 Apr 1988 - 23 Jul 1989          DC
Giulio Andreotti            23 Jul 1989 - 28 Jun 1992          DC
Giuliano Amato              28 Jun 1992 - 29 Apr 1993          PSI
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi        29 Apr 1993 - 11 May 1994          n/p
Silvio Berlusconi           11 May 1994 - 17 Jan 1995          FI
Lamberto Dini               17 Jan 1995 - 18 May 1996          n/p, RI
Romano Prodi                18 May 1996 - 21 Oct 1998          n/p (3)
Massimo D'Alema             21 Oct 1998 - 26 Apr 2000          DS
Giuliano Amato              26 Apr 2000 - 11 Jun 2001          n/p
Silvio Berlusconi           11 Jun 2001 - 17 May 2006          FI
Romano Prodi                17 May 2006 -  8 May 2008          L'Ulivo/L'Unione, PD/L'Unione
Silvio Berlusconi            8 May 2008 - 16 Nov 2011          FI/PdL
Mario Monti                 16 Nov 2011 -                      n/p
(3) Non-party prime minister, although supported by the election list Forum Romano Prodi and being head of the multi-party Olivo Tree coalition.
Vicepresidents of the Council of Ministers 
Giulio Rodinň      +                  (+1950)  DC 
 Palmiro Togliatti          1944-1945 (+1964)  PCI  
Manlio Brosio      +                  (+1980)  PLI
 Pietro Sandro Nenni        1945      (+1980)  PSI
Pietro Sandro Nenni         1945-1946 (+1980)  PSI
Randolfo Pacciardi +                  (+1991)  PRI
 Giuseppe Saragat  +                  (+1988)  PSDI 
 Luigi Einaudi              1947-1948 (+1961)  PLI  
Attilio Piccioni   +                  (+1976)  DC   
 Giovanni Porzio   +                  (+1962)  PLI
 Giuseppe Saragat           1948-1950 (+1988)  PSDI (4)
Attilio Piccioni            1951-1953 (+1976)  DC
Giuseppe Saragat            1954-1957 (+1988)  PSDI
Giuseppe Pella              1957-1958 (+1981)  DC
Antonio Segni               1958-1959 (+1972)  DC
Attilio Piccioni            1960-1963 (+1976)  DC
Petro Sandro Nenni          1963-1968 (+1980)  PSI
Francesco De Martino        1968-1969 (+2002)  PSI
Emilio Paolo Taviani        1969-1970 (+2001)  DC
Francesco De Martino        1970-1972 (+2002)  PSI
Mario Tanassi               1972-1973 (+2007)  PSDI
Ugo La Malfa                1974-1976 (+1979)  PRI
Ugo La Malfa                1979      (+)      PRI
Bruno Visentini             1979      (+1995)  PRI
Arnaldo Forlani             1983-1987          DC
Gianni De Michelis          1988-1989          PSI
Claudio Martelli            1989-1992          PSI
Giuseppe Tatarella +                  (+1999)  AN
 Roberto Maroni             1994-1995          LN
Walter Veltroni             1996-1998          PDS
Sergio Mattarella           1998-1999          PPI
Gianfranco Fini             2001-2006          AN
Marco Follini               2004-2005          UDC 
Giulio Tremonti             2005-2006          FI
Massimo D'Alema             2006-2008          DS/L'Ulivo/L'Unione
Francesco Rutelli           2006-2008          Margherita/L'Ulivo/L'Unione, PD/L'Unione
(4) Saragat only up to 1949.
Ministers of Foreign Affairs 
Ivanoe Bonomi               1944      (+1951)  n/p  
Alcide De Gasperi           1944-1946 (+1954)  DC
Pietro Sandro Nenni   	    1946-1947 (+1980)  PSI
Carlo Sforza          	    1947-1951 (+1952)  n/p  
Alcide De Gasperi           1951-1953 (+1954)  DC
Giuseppe Pella              1953-1954 (+1981)  DC
Attilio Piccioni            1954      (+1976)  DC
Gaetano Martino             1954-1957 (+1967)  PLI
Giuseppe Pella              1957-1958 (+1981)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            1958-1959 (+1999)  DC
Giuseppe Pella              1959-1960 (+1981)  DC
Antonio Segni               1960-1962 (+1972)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            1962      (+1999)  DC (interim)
Attilio Piccioni            1962-1963 (+1976)  DC
Giuseppe Saragat            1963-1964 (+1988)  PSDI
Aldo Moro                   1964-1965 (+1978)a DC (interim)
Amintore Fanfani            1965      (+1999)  DC
Aldo Moro                   1965-1966 (+1978)a DC (interim)   
Amintore Fanfani            1966-1968 (+1999)  DC
Aldo Moro                   1968      (+1978)a DC
Giuseppe Medici             1968      (+2000)  DC
Pietro Sandro Nenni         1968-1969 (+1980)  PSI
Aldo Moro                   1969-1972 (+1978)a DC
Giuseppe Medici             1972-1973 (+2000)  DC
Aldo Moro                   1973-1974 (+1978)a DC
Mariano Rumor               1974-1976 (+1990)  DC
Arnaldo Forlani             1976-1979          DC
Franco Maria Malfatti       1979-1980 (+1991)  DC
Attilio Ruffini             1980      (+2011)  DC
Emilio Colombo              1980-1983          DC
Giulio Andreotti            1983-1989          DC
Gianni De Michelis          1989-1992          PSI
Vincenzo Scotti             1992               DC
Giuliano Amato              1992               PSI (interim) 
Emilio Colombo              1992-1993          DC
Beniamino Andreatta         1993-1994 (+2007)  DC
Leopoldo Elia               1994      (+2008)  PPI
Antonio Martino             1994-1995          FI
Susanna Agnelli             1995-1996 (+2009)  n/p  
Lamberto Dini               1996-2001          RI
Renato Ruggiero             2001-2002          n/p  
Silvio Berlusconi           2002               FI
Franco Frattini             2002-2004          FI
Gianfranco Fini             2004-2006          AN
Massimo D'Alema             2006-2008          DS/L'Ulivo/L'Unione, PD/L'Unione
Franco Frattini             2008-2011          FI/PdL
Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata  2011-              n/p
Ministers of Defence (5) 
Alessandro Casati           1944-1945 (+1955)  PLI  
Stefano Jacini              1945-1946 (+1952)  DC
Manlio Brosio               1946      (+1980)  PLI
Cipriano Facchinetti        1946-1947 (+1952)  PRI
Luigi Gasparotto            1947      (+1954)  PA
Mario Cingolani             1947      (+1970)  DC
Cipriano Facchinetti        1947-1948 (+1952)  PRI
Randolfo Pacciardi          1948-1953 (+1991)  PRI
Giuseppe Codacci Pisanelli  1953      (+1988)  DC
Emilio Paolo Taviani        1953-1958 (+2001)  DC
Antonio Segni               1958-1959 (+1972)  DC
Giulio Andreotti            1959-1966          DC
Roberto Tremelloni          1966-1968 (+1987)  PSDI
Luigi Gui                   1968-1970 (+2010)  DC
Mario Tanassi               1970-1972 (+2007)  PSDI
Franco Restivo              1972      (+1976)  DC 
Mario Tanassi               1972-1974 (+2007)  PSDI
Giulio Andreotti            1974               DC
Arnaldo Forlani             1974-1976          DC
Vito Lattanzio              1976-1977 (+2010)  DC
Attilio Ruffini             1977-1980 (+2011)  DC
Adolfo Sarti                1980      (+1992)  DC
Lello Lagorio               1980-1983          PSI
Giovanni Spadolini          1983-1987 (+1994)  PRI
Remo Gaspari                1987      (+2011)  DC
Valerio Zanone              1987-1989          PLI
Fermo Mino Martinazzoli     1989-1990 (+2011)  DC
Virginio Rognoni            1990-1992          DC
Salvo Andň                  1992-1993          PSI
Fabio Fabbri                1993-1994          PSI
Cesare Previti              1994-1995          FI
Domenico Corcione           1995-1996          n/p  
Beniamino Andreatta         1996-1998 (+2007)  PPI
Carlo Luigi Scognamiglio    1998-1999          UDR
Sergio Mattarella           1999-2001          PPI
Antonio Martino             2001-2006          FI
Arturo Parisi               2006-2008          Margherita/L'Ulivo/L'Unione, PD/L'Unione
Ignazio La Russa            2008-2011          AN/PdL
Giampaolo Di Paola          2011-              n/p, military
(5) To 1947 separated ministries for the Army (War), the Navy and the Air Forces. To then the holder is the minister of War.
Ministers of the Interior 
Ivanoe Bonomi               1944-1945 (+1951)  n/p 
Ferruccio Parri             1945-1946 (+1981)  PA
Giuseppe Romita             1946      (+1958)  PSU
Alcide De Gasperi           1946-1947 (+1954)  DC
Mario Scelba                1947-1953 (+1991)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            1953-1954 (+1999)  DC
Giulio Andreotti            1954-1955          DC 
Fernando Tambroni           1955-1959 (+1963)  DC
Antonio Segni               1959-1960 (+1972)  DC       
Giuseppe Spataro            1960      (+1979)  DC
Mario Scelba                1960-1962 (+1991)  DC
Emilio Paolo Taviani        1962-1963 (+2001)  DC
Mariano Rumor               1963      (+1990)  DC
Emilio Paolo Taviani        1963-1968 (+2001)  DC
Franco Restivo              1968-1972 (+1976)  DC
Mariano Rumor               1972-1973 (+1990)  DC
Emilio Paolo Taviani        1973-1974 (+2001)  DC
Luigi Gui                   1974-1976          DC
Aldo Moro                   1976      (+1978)a DC
Francesco Cossiga           1976-1978 (+2010)  DC
Giulio Andreotti            1978-1979          DC 
Virginio Rognoni            1979-1983          DC
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro        1983-1987 (+2012)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            1987-1988 (+1999)  DC
Antonio Gava                1988-1990 (+2008)  DC
Vincenzo Scotti             1990-1992          DC
Nicola Mancino              1992-1994          DC
Roberto Maroni              1994-1995          LN
Antonio Brancaccio          1995-1996          n/p
Giorgio Napolitano          1996-1998          PDS
Rosa Russo Jervolino        1998-1999          PPI
Enzo Bianco                 1999-2001          D
Claudio Scajola             2001-2002          FI
Giuseppe Pisanu             2002-2006          FI
Giuliano Amato              2006-2008          L'Ulivo/L'Unione, L'Unione
Roberto Maroni              2008-2011          LN
Anna Maria Cancellieri      2011-              n/p
Ministers of the Treasury 
Marcello Soleri             1944-1945 (+)
Federico Ricci              1945      (+1963)
Epicarmo Corbino            1945-1946 (+1984)  PLI	
Giovanni Battista Bertone   1946-1947 (+1969)  DC
Piero Campilli              1947      (+1974)  DC
Luigi Einaudi               1947      (+1961)  PLI
Gustavo Del Vecchio         1947-1948 (+1972)
Giuseppe Pella              1948-1951 (+1981)  DC
Ezio Vanoni                 1951-1952 (+1956)  DC (interim) 
Giuseppe Pella              1952-1953 (+1981)  DC (interim)
Silvio Gava                 1953-1956 (+1999)  DC
Ezio Vanoni                 1956      (+)      DC (interim)
Giuseppe Medici             1956-1958 (+2000)  DC
Giulio Andreotti            1958-1959          DC
Fernando Tambroni           1959-1960 (+1963)  DC (interim)
Emilio Paolo Taviani        1960-1962 (+2001)  DC
Roberto Tremelloni          1962-1963 (+1987)  PSDI
Emilio Colombo              1963-1970          DC
Mario Ferrari Aggradi       1970-1972 (+1997)  DC
Emilio Colombo              1972               DC
Giovanni Francesco Malagodi 1972-1973 (+1991)  PLI
Ugo La Malfa                1973-1974 (+1979)  PRI
Emilio Colombo              1974-1976          DC     
Gaetano Stammati            1976-1978 (+2002)  DC
Filippo Maria Pandolfi      1978-1980          DC
Beniamino Andreatta         1980-1982 (+2007)  DC
Giovanni Giuseppe Goria     1982-1987 (+1994)  DC   
Giuliano Amato              1987-1989          PSI
Guido Carli                 1989-1992 (+1993)  n/p
Piero Barucci               1992-1994          n/p
Lamberto Dini               1994-1996          n/p   
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi        1996-1999          n/p  
Giuliano Amato              1999-2000          n/p  
Vincenzo Visco              2000-2001          DS
Ministers of Finance 
Antonio Pesenti             1944-1945 (+1973)  PCI          
Mauro Scoccimarro           1945-1947 (+1972)  PCI
Piero Campilli              1947      (+1974)  DC
Luigi Einaudi               1947      (+1961)  PLI 
Giuseppe Pella              1947-1948 (+1981)  DC
Ezio Vanoni                 1948-1954 (+1956)  DC
Adone Zoli                  1954      (+1960)  DC
Roberto Tremelloni          1954-1955 (+1987)  PSDI
Giulio Andreotti            1955-1958          DC
Luigi Preti                 1958-1959 (+2009)  PSDI
Emilio Paolo Taviani        1959-1960 (+2001)  DC
Giuseppe Trabucchi          1960-1963
Mario Martinelli            1963      (+2001)  DC  
Roberto Tremelloni          1963-1966 (+1987)  PSDI
Luigi Preti                 1966-1968 (+2009)  PSDI
Mario Ferrari Aggradi       1968      (+1997)  DC
Oronzo Reale                1968-1969 (+1988)  PRI
Giacinto Bosco              1969-1970 (+1997)  DC
Luigi Preti                 1970-1972 (+2009)  PSDI
Giuseppe Pella              1972      (+1981)  DC
Athos Valsecchi             1972-1973 (+1985)  DC
Emilio Colombo              1973-1974          DC 
Mario Tanassi               1974      (+2007)  PSDI
Bruno Visentini             1974-1976 (+1995)  PRI
Gaetano Stammati            1976      (+2002)  DC
Filippo Maria Pandolfi      1976-1978          DC
Franco Maria Malfatti       1978-1979 (+1991)  DC
Franco Reviglio             1979-1981          PSI
Salvatore Rino Formica      1981-1982          PSI
Francesco Forte             1982-1983          PSI
Bruno Visentini             1983-1987 (+1995)  PRI
Giuseppe Guarino            1987
Antonio Gava                1987-1988 (+2008)  DC
Emilio Colombo              1988-1989          DC
Salvatore Rino Formica      1989-1992          PSI 
Giovanni Giuseppe Goria     1992-1993 (+1994)  DC  
Franco Reviglio             1993               PSI
Vincenzo Visco              1993               PDS
Franco Gallo                1993-1994
Giulio Tremonti             1994-1995          n/p   
Augusto Fantozzi            1995-1996          n/p  
Vincenzo Visco              1996-2000          PDS
Ottaviano del Turco         2000-2001          SDI

Economy and Finance
Giulio Tremonti             2001-2004          FI
Silvio Berlusconi           2004               FI
Domenico Siniscalco         2004-2005          n/p
Giulio Tremonti             2005-2006          FI
Tommaso Padoa-Schioppa      2006-2008 (+2010)  L'Ulivo/L'Unione, L'Unione
Giulio Tremonti             2008-2011          FI/PdL
Mario Monti                 2011-2012          n/p
Vittorio Grilli             2012-              n/p
Presidents of the Camera dei Deputati 
Giovanni Gronchi            1948-1955 (+1978)  DC
Giovanni Leone              1955-1963 (+2001)  DC
Brunetto Bucciarelli Ducci  1963-1968 (+1994)  DC 
Alessandro (Sandro) Pertini 1968-1976 (+1990)  PSI
Pietro Ingrao               1976-1979          PCI
Leonilde (Nilde) Iotti      1979-1992 (+1999)  PCI
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro        1992      (+2012)  DC
Giorgio Napolitano          1992-1994          PCI 
Irene Pivetti               1994-1996          LN
Luciano Violante            1996-2001          PDS/DS 
Pier Ferdinando Casini      2001-2006          CCD
Fausto Bertinotti           2006-2008          RC/L'Unione    
Gianfranco Fini             2008-              AN/PdL/FLI
Presidents of the Senato della Repubblica 
Ivanoe Bonomi               1948-1951 (+)      n/p 
Enrico De Nicola            1951-1952 (+1959)  PLI
Giuseppe Paratore           1952-1953 (+1967)
Luigi Gasparotto            1953      (+1954)  
Bartolomeo Meuccio Ruini    1953      (+1970)  PRI
Cesare Merzagora            1953-1967 (+1991)  DC
Ennio Zelioli Lanzini       1967-1968 (+1976)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            1968-1973 (+1999)  DC
Giovanni Spagnolli          1973-1976 (+1984)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            1976-1982 (+1999)  DC
Tommaso Morlino             1982-1983 (+)      DC
Vittorino Colombo           1983      (+)      DC 
Francesco Cossiga           1983-1985 (+2010)  DC
Amintore Fanfani            1985-1987 (+1999)  DC
Giovanni Francesco Malagodi 1987      (+1991)  PLI
Giovanni Spadolini          1987-1994 (+1994)  PRI
Carlo Luigi Scognamiglio    1994-1996          FI
Nicola Mancino              1996-2001          PPI
Marcello Pera               2001-2006          FI
Franco Marini               2006-2008          Margherita/L'Ulivo/L'Unione, PD/L'Unione
Renato Schifani             2008-              FI/PdL
(List courtesy of Adriana Ricchini)
Leaders of PdL 
President
Silvio Berlusconi           2007-

General Secretary
Angelino Alfano             2011-
The PdL was launched by S. Berlusconi on 18 Nov 2007 as the would-be merger of FI, AN, CDA and other minor center-right parties. It run as a joint list in the 2008 general elections. Its founding congress took place on 27-29 Mar 2009. On 30 Jul 2010 Gianfranco Fini led a split that became the FLI party on 13 Feb 2011.
President of FI (1994-2009) 
Silvio Berlusconi           1994-2009
FI was founded on 18 Jan 1994. On 27 Mar 2009, with the founding of PdL, FI ceased to exist.
Leaders of L'Ulivo and PD 
President
Romano Prodi                2005-2008  

National Political Secretaries
Walter Veltroni             2007-2009
Dario Franceschini          2009
Pier Luigi Bersani          2009-
The Olivo Tree Federation (a.k.a. All United under the Olivo Tree), was formally constitued on 26 Feb 2005 by DS, DL-La Margherita, SDI and MRE. SDI left out in 2005. The three-party federation was the core of the broader coalition L'Unione, launched on 10 Feb 2005. On 14 Oct 2007 the three parties merged with other minor forces (Italia di Mezzo, Progetto Sardegna, AR, RD and PDM) to form a single party, the PD.
Leaders of PCI / PDS / DS (1921-2007) 
General Secretaries of PCI
Palmiro Togliatti           1927-1964 (+1964) 
Luigi Longo                 1964-1972 (+1980) 
Enrico Berlinguer           1972-1984 (+)     
Alessandro Natta            1984-1988 (+2001) 
Achille Occhetto            1988-1991         

National Secretaries of PDS / DS
Achille Occhetto            1991-1994         
Massimo D'Alema             1994-1998         
Walter Veltroni             1998-2001         
Piero Fassino               2001-2007
The former PCI was founded in 1921 by splinters of the PSI. The party became the PDS in its XX Congress, from 31 Jan to 4 Feb 1991. On 14 Feb 1998 it was renamed to Democrats of the Left (DS) and became a party with a federal structure. Three small groups merged into it: the United Communists (CU, splinters of RC), the Labour Federation (FL, formed by former PSI members; leader, Valdo Spini) and the Social Christians (CS, formed by former DC members; leader, Ermanno Gorrieri). In the III Congress of DS, from 3 to 5 Feb 2005, the party adopted the additional name of Party of the European Socialism. On 14 Oct 2007 the party merged with DL-La Margherita, MRE and other minor parties to form the PD, ceasing to exist.
Leaders of MSI / AN (1946-2009) 
General Secretaries of MSI and MSI-AN
Giorgio Almirante           1946-1951 (+1988) 
Augusto de Marsanich        1951-1954 (+1973)
Arturo Michelini            1954-1969 (+)
Giorgio Almirante           1969-1987 (+1988) 
Gianfranco Fini             1987-1990         
Giuseppe (Pino) Rauti       1990-1991         
Gianfranco Fini             1991-1995         

President of AN
Gianfranco Fini             1995-2009
MSI was founded in 1946 and became a parliamentary caucus called MSI-AN on 29 Jan 1994. On 25 Jan 1995 it constitued itself as a party properly. Former MSI secretary Pino Rauti, claiming to be the legitimate heir of MSI, created the Social Movement-Three Color Flames party. AN dissolved itself on 22 Mar 2009, prior to the founding congress of PdL.
General Secretaries of DC (1944-1994) 
Alcide De Gasperi           1944-1946 (+1954) 
Attilio Piccioni            1946-1949 (+1976) 
Giuseppe Cappi              1949      (+1963)
Emilio Paolo Taviani        1949-1950 (+2001) 
Guido Gonella               1950-1953 (+1982)
Alcide De Gasperi           1953-1954 (+1954) 
Amintore Fanfani            1954-1959 (+1999) 
Aldo Moro                   1959-1964 (+1978)a
Mariano Rumor               1964-1969 (+1990) 
Flaminio Piccoli            1969      (+2000) 
Arnaldo Forlani             1969-1973         
Amintore Fanfani            1973-1975 (+1999) 
Benigno Zaccagnini          1975-1980 (+1989) 
Flaminio Piccoli            1980-1982 (+2000) 
Ciriaco De Mita             1982-1989         
Arnaldo Forlani             1989-1992        
Fermo Mino Martinazzoli     1992-1994 (+2011)
DC was founded in Oct 1942 and ceased to exist on 18 Jan 1994.
President of DL-La Margherita (2002-2007) 
Francesco Rutelli           2002-2007
The founding congress of DL-La Margherita was held on 22-24 Mar 2002, as the merger of PPI, RI and I Democratici. On 14 Oct 2007 the party merged with DS, MRE and other minor parties to form the PD, ceasing to exist.
General Secretaries of PSI (1892-1994) 
Alberto Giacometti          1948-1951 (+1985)
Pietro Sandro Nenni         1951-1963 (+1980) 
Francesco De Martino        1963-1976 (+2002) 
Benedettino (Bettino) Craxi 1976-1993 (+2000) 
Giorgio Benvenuto           1993              
Ottaviano Del Turco         1993-1994
PSI was founded in 1892 but it had got no secretaries and its members ruled themselfs on written documents modified at each party congress. The first PSI secretary was Costantino Lazzari (1912-1921). Documents system returned to use in the period 1921-1948. PSI approved its dissolution in its 47th Congress, on 13 Nov 1994. After that development, a group of former PSI members (notably, Enrico Boselli and Ottaviano Del Turco) organized the Italian Socialists (SI) (See SDI).
General Secretaries of PPI (1994-2002) 
Fermo Mino Martinazzoli     1994       (+2011)       
Rosa Russo Jervolino        1994               (interim) 
Rocco Buttiglione           1994-1995         
Gerardo Bianco              1995-1997         
Franco Marini               1997-1999         
Pier Luigi Castagnetti      1999-2002
PPI was born founded on 18 Jan 1994 from the DC, which ceased to exist. Other parties emerged from the DC were CDU and CCD. In Mar 2002 PPI joined RI and I Democratici to form DL-La Margherita, and ceased to exist.(List courtesy of Roberto Cicciomessere)
Secretary of CCD (1994-2002) 
Pier Ferdinando Casini      1994-2001         
Marco Follini               2001-2002
CCD resulted from the disolution of DC on 18 Jan 1994. On 6 Dec 2002 it merged with the CDU and the movement European Democracy to form the UDC, ceasing to exist.
Leaders of CDU (1995-2002) 
Presidents
Roberto Formigoni           1995-1998
Mario Tassone               1999-2002

Secretary
Rocco Buttiglione           1995-1998         
Rocco Buttiglione           1999-2002
CDU was founded on 23 Jul 1995 by members of the late DC split from PPI. It did not exist between 18 Feb 1998 and 24 Feb 1999, during its integration in UDR. On 6 Dec 2002 it merged with the CCD and the movement European Democracy to form the UDC, ceasing to exist.
Leaders of UDC 
President
Rocco Buttiglione           2002-

National secretaries
Marco Follini               2002-2005   
Lorenzo Cesa                2005-

Leaders in the Chamber of Deputies
Luca Volontč                2002-2008
Pier Ferdinando Casini      2008-
UDC was born on 6 Dec 2002 as the merger of CCD, CDU and Sergio D'Antoni's electoral list European Democracy.
Leaders of RC 
President
Armando Cossutta            1991-1998        

Secretaries
Sergio Gavarini             1991-1994
Fausto Bertinotti           1994-2006
Franco Giordano             2006-2008
Paolo Ferrero               2008-
RC was founded on 6 Feb 1991 as a movement by splinters of PCI, opposed to its transformation into PDS, and on 13 Dec 1991 became a party.
Leaders of PDCI 
President
Armando Cossutta            1998-2006 
Antonino Cuffaro            2007-

National Secretary
Armando Cossutta            1998-2000   
Oliviero Diliberto          2000-
PDCI was founded on 11 Oct 1998 by splinters of RC.
President of RI (1996-2002) 
Lamberto Dini               1996-2002
RI was founded on 26 Feb 1996 and ceased to exist in Mar 2002 as it merged with PPI and I Democratici to form DL-La Margherita.
Leaders of Lega Nord 
Federal Secretaries
Umberto Bossi               1991-2012
Roberto Maroni              2012-            

Coordinators
Roberto Maroni + 
Roberto Calderoli +
Manuela Dal Lago            2012   

Federal President  
Umberto Bossi               2012-
National Secretary of SDI (1998-2008) 
Enrico Boselli              1998-2007
SDI was founded on 8 Feb 1998 as the merger of the PSDI (led by Gianfranco Schietroma), the Socialist Party (PS, led by Ugo Intini) and The Italian Socialists (ISI, led by Enrico Boselli and Ottaviano Del Turco) (See PSI). SDI was a original partner of the Olivo Tree Federation (see below) but left it in 2005 to form with the Italian Radicals the federation Rose in the Fist, a member of L'Unione coalition. In Oct 2007 SDI was a constituting member of the new PS, to be formally founded in Jun 2008.
Leaders of UDR, Udeur 
Secretary                
Mario Clemente Mastella     1998-             

Presidents
Francesco Cossiga +                    (+2010)        
 Rocco Buttligione          1998-1999         
Irene Pivetti               1999-2002                    
Ida Dentamaro               2002-2004
Mino Martinazzoli           2004-2005
Lorenzo Acquarone           2005-2006
Federica Rossi Gasparrini   2007-2008
Marilina Intrieri           2009-
UDR was founded on 16 Feb 1998 (formally on 10 Jun 1998). Following the departures of Cossiga and Buttiglione from UDR, which provoked its desintegration on 24 Feb 1999, Mastella reestructured the party as Union of the Democratic European Reformers, Udeur, on 23 May 1999. Then, the party was called Populars-Union of Democrats for Europe (Popolari-Udeur).
Leaders of MRE (2001-2007) 
President
Adriano Musi                2001-2007

Political Secretary
Luciana Sbarbati            2001-2007
The MRE was launched in 2001 by members of the PRI. On 14 Oct 2007 the party merged with DS, DL-La Margherita and other minor parties to form the PD, ceasing to exist.

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