Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy

acquisition age groups Arabic basilect Cambridge Candy Candy's century change rate Chao-zhou Chen Cheng correlation Coulmas Devanagari diglossia dimension Dravidian Dravidian languages economic effect English environment example factors forms Fort William College Frawley function grammar Graphemic guage historical linguistics homophonous implementation Indian languages individuals initial Krishnamurti Labov language change LANGUAGE DATA Lexical Diffusion theory lexical items lexically gradual lexicon linguistic change literacy literate commodities Marathi Marathi language mass literacy ment merger Middle Chinese Mouton Neogrammarian norm orality PAPER parameters percentage phonetic change phonetically abrupt phonological change Polome population preposition preposition stranding production pronunciation rule Sanskrit says scholars script Shanghai Shanghainese social society sociolinguistic sound change speakers speech spelling pronunciation spoken spread strategic Swahili symbolic syntactic change Tamil Telugu texts THEORY OF LEXICAL tion unchanged University Press variable variation velar verbs vowels Wang William Word frequency written