Help:IPA for Persian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Persian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.
See Persian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Persian.
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Notes[edit]
- ^ Persian consonants can be geminated, especially in words from Arabic. This is represented in IPA by doubling the consonant: [sejjed].
- ^ Also an allophone of /p/ before voiced consonants.
- ^ Also an allophone of /k/ before voiced consonants.
- ^ Also an allophone of /x/ before voiced consonants.
- ^ غ and ق denoted the original Arabic phonemes in Classical Persian, the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] and the voiceless uvular stop [q] (pronounced in Persian as voiced uvular stop [ɢ]), respectively. In modern Tehrani Persian (both colloquial and standard dialects), the phonemes of غ and ق are allophones; when /ɣ/ (spelled either غ or ق) occurs at the beginning and the end of a word, post-consonantal position, and syllable-final position, it is realized as a voiced uvular plosive [ɢ], when /ɢ/ (also spelled either غ or ق) occurs intervocalically, it is realized as a voiced velar fricative [ɣ]; the allophone is probably influenced by Turkic languages like Azeri and Turkmen. The sounds remain distinct in Persian dialects of southern Iran and Eastern Persian dialects (Dari and Tajik).
- ^ a b c d The unvoiced stops /p, t, tʃ, k/ are aspirated much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, though aspiration is not contrastive.
- ^ Also an allophone of /n/ before bilabial consonants.
- ^ A trilled allophone [r] occurs word-initially (Spanish/Italian/Russian R; it can be a free variation between a trill [r] and a flap [ɾ]); trill [r] as a separate phoneme occurs word-medially especially in loanwords of Arabic origin as a result of gemination of [ɾ].
- ^ While و is pronounced [v] in Iranian Persian, it is pronounced as [w] in Dari.
- ^ [v] is also an allophone of [f] before voiced consonants.
- ^ Also an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ^ Also an allophone of /ʃ/ before voiced consonants.
- ^ Velar nasal [ŋ] is an allophone of /n/ before [g], [k], [ɣ], [ɢ], and [x] in native vocabulary.
- ^ Stress falls on the last stem syllable of most words. For the various exception and other clarifications, see Persian phonology#Stress
- ^ a b c In the modern Persian script, the "short" vowels /æ/, /e/, /o/ are usually not written as is done in the Arabic alphabet; only the long vowels /ɒː/, /iː/, /uː/ are represented in the text. This, of course, creates certain ambiguities.
- ^ Campbell, George L. (1995). "Persian". Concise compendium of the world's languages (1st publ. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 385. ISBN 0415160499.
- ^ http://bamdadesari.ir/?p=4319
- ^ http://uijs.ui.ac.ir/jrl/files/site1/user_files_6120f6/admin-A-10-1-32-1d3774c.pdf
- ^ [e] is also an allophone of /æ/ in word-final position in contemporary Iranian Persian.
- ^ The Persian /e/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of bate (for most English dialects) and the vowel of bet; the Persian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ^ The Persian /o/ doesn't quite line up with any English vowel, though the nearest equivalents are the vowel of boat (for most English dialects) and the vowel of raw; the Persian vowel is usually articulated at a point between the two.
- ^ /ou/ becomes [o] in colloquial Tehrani dialect but is preserved in other Western dialects and standard Eastern Persian.
