Near-close near-back vowel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Near-close near-back vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʊ | |||
| IPA number | 321 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʊ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+028A | ||
| X-SAMPA | U |
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| Kirshenbaum | U |
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| Braille |  |
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| Sound | |||
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.svg)
| Near-close near-back unrounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ɯ̽ | |
| ʊ̜ |
The near-close near-back vowel, or near-high near-back vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some vocal languages. The IPA symbol for the near-close near-back rounded vowel is ⟨ʊ⟩. It is informally called "horseshoe u". Prior to 1989, there was an alternate IPA symbol for this sound, ⟨ɷ⟩, called "closed omega"; use of this symbol is no longer sanctioned by the IPA. In Americanist phonetic notation, the symbol ⟨ᴜ⟩ (a small capital U, not Greek lowercase upsilon) is used.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Some languages may have a near-close near-back unrounded vowel, which can be represented with ⟨ɯ̽⟩ or ⟨ʊ̜⟩ in the IPA, or a compressed vowel ⟨ʊᵝ⟩.
Contents
Features[edit]
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IPA help • IPA key • chart •  chart with audio • view |
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- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-back, also known as back-central or centralized back, which means the tongue is positioned as in a back vowel, but slightly further forward in the mouth.
- Its vowel roundedness is sometimes rather ambiguous, but it is generally a rounded vowel, which means that the lips are rounded to a greater or lesser degree.
Occurrence[edit]
In the following transcriptions, an unrounded vowel is represented by the "less-rounded" diacritic [ʊ̜], and a back rounded vowel is represented by the "retracted" diacritic [ʊ̠]:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Cantonese | 紅/hung4 | [hʊŋ˨˩] | 'red' | Can be realized as [o̞] instead. See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 紅/hóng | [xʊŋ˧˥] | See Mandarin phonology | ||
| Danish | Standard[1] | have | [ˈhɛːʊ] | 'garden' | Assimilatory variant of [ʊ̯ə] (phonemically /ʋə/.)[1] May be realized the same as short [o].[1] See Danish phonology |
| English | Australian[2] | hook | [hʊk] | 'hook' | Also described as close back [u].[3] See Australian English phonology |
| California[4] | Unrounded, often pronounced with spread lips.[4] | ||||
| Cockney[5] | Sometimes fronted to [ʊ̈].[5] | ||||
| Conservative RP | Often lowered and centralized to [ɵ], or unrounded to [ɘ]. See English phonology | ||||
| Northern English | plus | [plʊs] | 'plus' | Present in dialects without the foot-strut split. | |
| Southern Irish | |||||
| Hindustani | गुलाब/گلاب | [gʊˈläːb] | 'rose' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Faroese | hvalur | [kvɛalʊɹ] | 'whale' | ||
| French | Quebec | foule | [fʊl] | 'crowd' | Allophone of /u/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Standard[6][7] | Stunde | [ˈʃtʊndə] (help·info) |
'hour' | See German phonology |
| Irish | Munster[8] | dubh | [d̪ˠɰʊvˠ] | 'black' | Allophone of /ʊ/ between broad consonants.[8] See Irish phonology |
| Ulster[9] | [example needed] | Unrounded;[9] allophone of /ɪ/.[9] | |||
| Kaingang[10] | [kʊˈtu] | 'deaf' | Atonic allophone of /u/ and /o/.[11] | ||
| Korean[12] | 어른/eoreun | [ɘːɾɯ̽n] | 'seniors' | Unrounded;[12] typically transcribed as ⟨ɯ⟩. See Korean phonology | |
| Luxembourgish[13] | Sprooch | [ʃpʀʊ̠ːχ] | 'language' | Fully back. May be transcribed /oː/. | |
| Mongolian[14] | ус | [ʊs] | 'water' | ||
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[15] | ond | [ʊn̪] | 'bad' | May be transcribed /u/. See Norwegian phonology |
| Piedmontese | Torton-a | [tʊrˈtʊŋa] | 'Tortona' | ||
| Portuguese | European[16] | pegar | [pɯ̽ˈɣäɾ] | 'to hold' | Unrounded, unstressed vowel.[16] Most often transcribed as /ɨ/ or /ə/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Brazilian[17] | bonito | [bʊˈn̠ʲit̪ʊ̥] | 'handsome' | Corresponds to unstressed [u ~ o̞] in Brazil and /u/ in other national variants. | |
| Punjabi | ਪੁਦੀਨਾ | [pʊˈd̪iːnäː] | 'mint' | ||
| Russian[18] | сухой | [s̪ʊˈxo̞j] (help·info) |
'dry' | Unstressed allophone of /u/. See Russian phonology | |
| Shiwiar[19] | [example needed] | Allophone of /u/.[19] | |||
| Spanish | Eastern Andalusian[20] | tus | [t̪ʊ̠ː] | 'your' (pl.) | Fully back. Corresponds to [u] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
| Murcian[20] | |||||
| Swedish | Central Standard[21] | ort | [ʊ̠ᵝʈː] (help·info) |
'locality' | Retracted and exolabial (compressed). See Swedish phonology |
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Basbøll (2005:58)
- ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007:344)
- ^ a b Ladefoged (1999:42–43)
- ^ a b Mott (2011:75)
- ^ Kohler (1999:87)
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000)
- ^ a b c Ní Chasaide (1999:114)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ^ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
- ^ a b Lee (1999:?)
- ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:13)
- ^ a b Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:69)
- ^ a b Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
Bibliography[edit]
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 41–44
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Mott, Brian (2011), "Traditional Cockney and Popular London Speech" (PDF), Dialectologia 9: 69–94, ISSN 2013-2247
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
