Open-mid front unrounded vowel

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Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
IPA number 303
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɛ
Unicode (hex) U+025B
X-SAMPA E
Kirshenbaum E
Braille ⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)
Sound

The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, ⟨ɛ⟩.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Features[edit]

IPA vowel chart
Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back
Close
Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
•iy
•ɨʉ
•ɯu
•ɪʏ
•eø
•ɘɵ
•ɤo
•ɛœ
•ɜɞ
•ʌɔ
•æ
•aɶ
•ɑɒ
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • Loudspeaker.svg chart with audio • view

Occurrence[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Akan pɛ [pʰɛ] 'to like'
Albanian tre [tɾɛ] 'three'
Arabic كريب [kɾɛp] 'crêpe' Only in loanwords and used by a small number of speakers, depending on country of origin. See Arabic phonology.
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[1] [example needed] May be transcribed in IPA as ⟨æ⟩.[1]
Catalan[2] mel [mɛɫ] 'honey' See Catalan phonology
Armenian Eastern[3] էջ [ɛd͡ʒ] 'page'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic mes [mɛːs] 'table' Used predominantly in the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects.
Corresponds to [i] in other varieties.
Chinese Cantonese 蛇/se4 [sɛː˩] 'snake' See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin 斜/xié [ɕjɛ˧˥] 'tilted' See Mandarin phonology
Wu /顏 ngae [ŋɛ˥˨] 'face'
Czech Amerika [ˈämɛrɪkä] 'America' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[4][5][6][7] frisk [ˈfʁ̞ɛsɡ̊] 'fresh' Most often transcribed in IPA as ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[8] bed About this sound [bɛt] (help·info) 'bed' See Dutch phonology
The Hague[9] jij About this sound [jɛ̞ː] (help·info) 'you' Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch.
English General American[10] bed About this sound [bɛd] (help·info) 'bed'
Northern English[11] May be somewhat lowered.[12]
Received Pronunciation[13][14] Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology
Scottish[15]
Cockney[16] fat [fɛt] 'fat'
Singaporean[17]
New Zealand[18]
Some Broad South African speakers[19] Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a].
Belfast[20] days [dɛːz] 'days' Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP.
Zulu[21] mate [mɛt] 'mate' Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger.
Faroese elska [ɛlska] 'love'
French[22] bête About this sound [bɛt̪] (help·info) 'beast' See French phonology
Galician pé [pɛ] 'foot'
Georgian[23] გედი [ɡɛdɪ] 'swan'
German Standard[24] Bett About this sound [bɛtʰ] (help·info) 'bed' Also described as mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[25] See Standard German phonology
Hindustani شَہَر / शहर [ʃɛɦɛr] 'city' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian nem [nɛm] 'no' See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic[26][27][28] kenna [ˈcʰɛnːa] 'to teach' Often diphthongized to [eɛ] when long.[29] See Icelandic phonology
Italian[30] bene About this sound [ˈbɛːne] (help·info) 'good' See Italian phonology
Kaingang[31] [ˈᵐbɾɛ] 'with'
Korean 태도 [tʰɛː.do] 'attitude' See Korean phonology
Lithuanian mane [mɐˈnʲɛ] 'me' (acc.)
Luxembourgish[32] drécken [ˈdʀɛkən] 'to push' Allophone of /e/ before velar consonants; in free variation with [e].
Macedonian елен [ˈɛl̪ɛn̪] 'deer' See Macedonian phonology
Ngwe Njoagwi dialect [lɛ̀rɛ́] 'eye'
North Frisian tech [tɛx] 'closed'
Polish[33] ten About this sound [t̪ɛn̪] (help·info) 'this one' (masc. nom.) See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most dialects[34][35] meleca [mɛˈl̪ɛ̞kə] 'goo' Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [e̞ e ɪ i ɨ], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[36] tempo [ˈt̪ɛ̃pu] 'time' Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel /ẽ̞/. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[37] vede [vɛɟe][stress?] '(he) sees' Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[38] это About this sound [ˈɛt̪ə] (help·info) 'this' See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic aig [ɛk] 'at' See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Seri me [mɛ] 'you'
Shiwiar[39] [example needed] Allophone of /a/.
Spanish Eastern Andalusian[40] las madres [læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː] 'the mothers' Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[40]
Swedish Central Standard[41] ät [ɛ̠ːt̪] 'eat' (imp.) Somewhat retracted. See Swedish phonology
Turkish süre [syɾɛ] 'duration' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian береза About this sound [bɛˈrɛz̪ɐ] (help·info) 'birch' See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese e [ɛ] 'to fear' See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian têd [tɛːt] 'languid'
Yoruba[42] ẹsẹ̀ [ɛ̄sɛ] 'leg'

The vowel transcribed /ɛ/ in Standard Eastern Norwegian is actually mid.[43]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  2. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
  3. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
  4. ^ Grønnum (1998:100)
  5. ^ Grønnum (2005:268)
  6. ^ Grønnum (2003)
  7. ^ Basbøll (2005:45)
  8. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  9. ^ Collins & Mees (2003:136)
  10. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
  11. ^ Lodge (2009:163), Watson (2007:357), Watt & Allen (2003:268)
  12. ^ Lodge (2009:163)
  13. ^ Schmitt (2007:322–323)
  14. ^ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Retrieved 2013-05-26. 
  15. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  16. ^ Hughes & Trudgill (1979:35)
  17. ^ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000)
  18. ^ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
  19. ^ Lanham (1967:9)
  20. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-05-26. [better source needed]
  21. ^ Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English at the Wayback Machine (archived May 17, 2008)
  22. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
  23. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
  24. ^ Mangold (2005:37)
  25. ^ Kohler (1999:87)
  26. ^ Árnason (2011:60)
  27. ^ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
  28. ^ Haugen (1958:65)
  29. ^ Árnason (2011:57–60)
  30. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
  31. ^ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
  32. ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
  33. ^ Jassem (2003:105)
  34. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
  35. ^ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
  36. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  37. ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  38. ^ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
  39. ^ Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
  40. ^ a b Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
  41. ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
  42. ^ Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
  43. ^ Vanvik (1979:13)

Bibliography[edit]

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  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 
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  • Bet Hashim, Suzanna; Brown, Adam (2000), "The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Ling, Low Ee Ling, The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 84–92, ISBN 981-04-2598-8 
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618 
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406 
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  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company 
  • Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578 
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1 
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  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278 
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  • Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6 
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X 
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