Sanjak of Alexandretta
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The Sanjak of Alexandretta (Turkish: İskenderun Sancağı, French: Sandjak d'Alexandrette, Arabic: سنجق الإسكندرونة Sanjaq al-Iskandarūna) was a Mandate of Syria sanjak composed of two qadaas of the former Aleppo Vilayet (Alexandretta and Antioch, present day İskenderun and Antakya) and became autonomous under Article 7 of the French-Turkish treaty of October 20, 1921: "A special administrative regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition".[1] This was due to the presence of an important Turkish community along with Arabs of various religious denominations: Sunni Muslims, Alawites, Syriac Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Greek Catholics, Maronites. There were also communities of Jews, Assyrians, Kurds, Armenians and Greeks. In 1923 Alexandretta was attached to the State of Aleppo, and in 1925 it was directly attached to the French mandate of Syria, still with special administrative status.[2]
The 1936 elections in the sanjak returned two MPs favoring the independence of Syria from France, and this prompted communal riots as well as passionate articles in the Turkish and Syrian press. The sanjak was given autonomy in November 1937 in an arrangement brokered by the League. Under its new statute, the sanjak became 'distinct but not separated' from the French Mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters.[2]
Population[edit]
According to the estimates of the French high commission in 1936, out of a population of 220,000 39% were Turks, 28% Arabic-speaking Alawites, 11% Armenians, 10% Sunni Arabs, 8% other Christians and 4% were Circassians, Kurds and Jews. Although Turks formed the largest single ethno-religious minority, Arabic speakers including Sunnis, Alawites and Christians were more numerous.[3]
| Population of Hatay State in 1936 according to the French census[3] | ||||||
| Ethnic group | Inhabitants | % | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabs | 101,200 | 46% | ||||
| Alawis | 61,600 | 28% | ||||
| Sunni Arabs | 22,000 | 10% | ||||
| Melkites and other Christians | 17,600 | 8% | ||||
| Turks | 85,800 | 39% | ||||
| Armenians | 24,200 | 11% | ||||
| Circassians, Jews, Kurds | 8,800 | 4% | ||||
| Total | 220,000 | 100% | ||||
1938 voter registration and "elections"[edit]
The allocation of seats in the sanjak assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities under international supervision: out of 40 seats, 22 were given to the Turks, nine for Alawi, five for Armenians, two for Sunni Arabs, and two for Antiochian Greeks. This repartition was the result of a Turkish military intervention from Payas and Hassa just beforehand, on July 5, 1938, with the ethnic cleansing of most of its Arab and Armenian inhabitants who constituted the majority of the population.[4] Turkey had also crossed tens of thousands of Turks into the Sanjak of Alexandretta.[5] These were Turks born in Hatay who were now living elsewhere in Turkey. In two government communiqués in 1937 and 1938, the Turkish government asked all local government authorities to make lists of their employees originally from Hatay. Those who listed were then sent to Hatay to register as citizens and vote.[6] Moreover, the results seemed to be questionable because it happened for the sole purpose of seat repartition, and Turkish propaganda was very active among Alevis and Circassians, all of whom were considered as Turks by Ankara.[2]
According to the official registration numbers by July 22, 1938, 57,008 voters in the Sanjak were registered, belonging to the following ethnic groups.[7]
- Turks: 35,847
- Alawites: 11,319
- Armenians: 5,504
- Antiochian Greeks: 2,098
- Arabs (Sunni): 1,845
- "Others": 359
40 seats of the sanjak assembly per qadaa were distributed as follows:
- Antakya: 14 Turks, 7 Alawis, 2 Armenians, 2 Sunni Arabs, 1 Antiochian Greek
- İskenderun: 3 Turks, 2 Alawis, 1 Armenian, 1 Antiochian Greek
- Kırıkhan: 5 Turks, 2 Armenians
- Total: 22 Turks, 9 Alawis, 5 Armenians, 2 Sunni Arabs, 2 Antiochian Greeks
Despite the voter registration, no elections were held and an "approved" sanjak assembly was commissioned by Turkish and French authorities. Tayfur Sökmen who was appointed by Atatürk to lead the transition arrived in Antakya from Dörtyol on August 25, 1938.[8]
Hatay State[edit]
On September 2, 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the Hatay State. The State lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. The name "Hatay" itself was proposed by Atatürk and the government was under Turkish control. The president Tayfur Sökmen was a member of Turkish parliament elected in 1935 (representing Antalya Province and the prime minister Dr. Abdurrahman Melek, was also elected to the Turkish parliament (representing Gaziantep Province) in 1939 while still holding the prime-ministerial post. The Hatay State became the Hatay Province of Turkey in 1939.
References[edit]
- ^ Sarah D. Shields, Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II, 2011
- ^ a b c Picard, Elizabeth (january-february-march 1982). "Retour au Sandjak". Maghreb-Machrek (in French) (Paris: Documentation française) (99). Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ^ a b Brandell, Inga (2006). State Frontiers: Borders and Boundaries in the Middle East. I.B.Tauris. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-84511-076-5. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ Jack Kalpakian (2004). Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems (Hardcover ed.). Ashgate Publishing. p. 130. ISBN 0-7546-3338-1.
- ^ Robert Fisk (2007). The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East (Paperback ed.). Vintage. p. 335. ISBN 1400075173.
- ^ Çağatay, Soner. Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey: who is a Turk? Volume 4 of Routledge studies in Middle Eastern history. p. 119-120. Taylor & Francis, 2006. ISBN 0-415-38458-3, ISBN 978-0-415-38458-2
- ^ Bazantay, Pierre. "Un conflit de nationalités au Proche-Orient : le sandjak d’Alexandrette 1934-1939" (in French).
- ^ HATAY TARİHİ, Republic of Turkey Hatay Governorate
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