فهرست یهودیان برنده جایزه نوبل

برندگان یهودی جایزه‌های نوبل بر پایه رشته‌های مختلف در زیر فهرست شده‌اند:

ادبیات

سال	برنده		کشور	دلیل
۱۹۱۰		پال هیزه	آلمان	"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
۱۹۲۷		آنری برگسون	فرانسه	"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"
۱۹۵۸		بوریس پاسترناک	جماهیر شوروی	"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"
۱۹۶۶		شموئل یوسف آگنون	اسرائیل	"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"
		نلی زاکس	آلمان	"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"
۱۹۷۶		سال بلو	ایالات متحده	"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
۱۹۷۸		ایزاک بشویس سینگر	ایالات متحده	"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
۱۹۸۱		الیاس کانتی	انگلستان	"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"
۱۹۸۷		ایوسیف برودسکی	ایالات متحده	"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
۱۹۹۱		نادین گوردیمر	آفریقای جنوبی	"who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity"
۲۰۰۲		ایمره کرتس	مجارستان	"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
۲۰۰۴		الفریده یلینک	اتریش	"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"
۲۰۰۵		هارولد پینتر	انگلستان	"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"

شیمی

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1905		آدولف فون بایر	آلمان	"[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
1906		هانری مواسان	فرانسه	"[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"
1910		اوتو والاخ	آلمان	"[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of ترکیب‌های آلیفاتیک حلقویs"
1915		ریچارد ویلشتتر	آلمان	"for his researches on plant pigments, especially سبزینه"
1918		فریتس هابر	آلمان	"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
1943		گئورگ دو هوسی	Hungary	"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
1961		ملوین کالوین	United States	"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1962		ماکس پراتز	United Kingdom	"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
1972		ویلیام اشتین	United States	"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
1977		ایلیا پریگوژین	Belgium	"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
1979		هربرت براون	United States	"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1980		پل برگ	United States	"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
		والتر گیلبرت	United States	"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
1981		رولد هافمن	United States	"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
1982		ارون کلوگ	United Kingdom	"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
1985		جروم کارل	United States	"for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
		هربرت هاپتمن	United States
1989		سیدنی آلتمن	Canada United States	"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1992		رادولف مارکوس	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1998		والتر کوهن	United States	"for his development of the density-functional theory"
2004		هارون تسیخانوور	اسرائیل	"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
		افرام هرشکو	Israel
		اروین روز	United States
2006		راجر کورنبرگ	United States	"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
2009		عادا یونات	Israel	"for studies of the structure and function of the ریبوزوم"

پزشکی

سال	برندگان		کشور	دلیل
1908		ایلیا مچنیکو	Russia	"in recognition of their work on immunity"
		پل الریخ	آلمان
1914		رابرت بارانی	Austria	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
1922		اتو فریتز میرهوف	آلمان	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the دگرگشت of اسید لاکتیک in the muscle"
1930		کارل لندستینر	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"
1931		اتو واربورگ	آلمان	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
1936		اتو لوی	Austria	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
1944		جوزف ارلنگر	United States	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single آسهs"
		هربرت اسپنسر گسر
1945		ارنست چین	United Kingdom	"for the discovery of پنی‌سیلین and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
1946		هرمان جوزف مولر	United States	"for the discovery of the production of جهشs by means of پرتو ایکس irradiation"
1947		جرتی کوری	United States	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of گلیکوژن"
1950		Tadeusz Reichstein	Switzerland	"for their discoveries relating to the هورمونs of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1952		سلمان واکسمن	United States	"for his discovery of استرپتومایسین, the first آنتی‌بیوتیک effective against سل"
1953		هانس آدولف کربس	United Kingdom	"for his discovery of the چرخه اسید سیتریک"
		فریتس لیپمان	United States	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
1958		جاشوآ لدربرگ	United States	"for his discoveries concerning نوترکیبی ژنی and the organization of the genetic material of باکتری"
1959		آرتور کورنبرگ	United States	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of آران‌ای and دی‌ان‌ای"
1964		کنراد امیل بلوک	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the کلسترول and اسید چرب دگرگشت"
1965		فرانسوا یاکوب	France	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
		آندره لووف
1967		جورج والد	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1968		مارشال وارن نیرنبرگ	United States	"for their interpretation of the رمز ژنتیکی and its function in protein synthesis"
1969		سالوادور لوریا	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of ویروس (زیستی)es"
1970		ژولیوس اکسلراد	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
		برنارد کتس	United Kingdom
1972		جرالد ادلمن	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of پادتن"
1975		دیوید بالتیمور	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
		هوآرد تمین	United States
1976		باروخ ساموئل بلومبرگ	United States	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1977		اندرو شالی	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the مغز"
		روزالین سوسمن یالو	United States	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
1978		دنیل ناتانس	United States	"for the discovery of اندونوکلئازهای محدودکنندهs and their application to problems of ژنتیک مولکولی"
1980		باروخ بن الصراف	United States	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1982		جان وین (داروشناس)	United Kingdom	"for his discoveries concerning پروستاگلاندینs and related biologically active substances"
1984		سزار میلستین	Argentina United Kingdom	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the دستگاه ایمنی and the discovery of the principle for production of پادتن‌های تک‌تیره"
1985		مایکل اس. براون	United States	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of کلسترول دگرگشت"
		جوزف ال. گلدستین	United States
1986		Stanley Cohen	United States	"for their discoveries of growth factors"
		ریتا لوی مونتالچینی	Italy
1988		گرترود بی. الیون	United States	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1989		هارولد وارموس	United States	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral آنکوژنs"
1992		ادموند اچ. فیشر	Switzerland United States	"for his discoveries concerning reversible پروتئین فسفرگیری as a biological regulatory mechanism"
1994		آلفرد جی. گیلمان	United States	"for their discovery of جی پروتئینs and the role of these proteins in ورارسانی پیام in cells"
		مارتین رادبل
1997		استنلی پریسینر	United States	"for his discovery of پریونs – a new biological principle of infection"
1998		رابرت فرانسیس فوچگات	United States	"for their discoveries concerning نیتریک اکسید as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
2000		پائول گرینگارد	United States	"for their discoveries concerning ورارسانی پیام in the دستگاه عصبی"
		اریک کندل	United States
2002		سیدنی برنر	United Kingdom	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
		رابرت هرویتس	United States
2004		ریچارد اکسل	United States	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the دستگاه بویایی"
2006		اندرو فایر	United States	"for his discovery of آران‌ای سرکوبگر – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
۲۰۱۱		بروس بویتلر	ایالات متحده آمریکا	به خاطر «اکتشافات فعال سازی سیستم ایمنی ذاتی بدن».
		رالف استاینمن	کانادا
2013		جیمز روثمن	United States	for "their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
		رندی شکمن	United States

فیزیک

سال	برندگان		کشور	دلیل
1907		آلبرت آبراهام مایکلسون	United States	"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
1908		گابریل لیپمن	فرانسه	"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
1921		آلبرت اینشتین	آلمان	"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the اثر فوتوالکتریک"
1922		نیلز بور	Denmark	"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
1925		جیمز فرانک	آلمان	"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an الکترون upon an atom"
		Gustav Hertz	آلمان
1943		اتو اشترن	United States	"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the گشتاور مغناطیسی of the پروتون"
1944		ایزیدور ایزاک رابی	United States	"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1945		Wolfgang Pauli	Austria	"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the اصل طرد پاولی"
1952		فلیکس بلاک	United States	"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1954		ماکس برن	United Kingdom	"for his fundamental research in مکانیک کوانتوم, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
1958		لیا فرانک	Soviet Union	"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
		ایگور یوگنیویچ تام	Soviet Union
1959		Emilio Gino Segrè	Italy	"for their discovery of the پادپروتون"
1960		دونالد آرتور گلایزر	United States	"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1961		رابرت هافستاتر	United States	"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
1962		لو لاندائو	Soviet Union	"for his pioneering theories for فیزیک ماده چگال, especially liquid helium"
1963		Eugene Paul Wigner	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
1965		ریچارد فاینمن	United States	"for their fundamental work in الکترودینامیک کوانتومی, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
		جولیان شوینگر	United States
1967		هانس بته	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in ستارهs"
1969		موری گل‌مان	United States	"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1971		دنیس گابور	United Kingdom	"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
1972		لئون نیل کوپر	United States	"for his jointly developed theory of ابررسانایی, usually called the نظریه بی‌سی‌اس"
1973		بریان دیوید جوزفسون	United Kingdom	"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1975		بن روی ماتلسن	Denmark	"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1976		برتون ریشتر	United States	"for his pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1978		آرنو آلان پنزیاس	United States	"for his discovery of تابش زمینه کیهانی"
1979		شلدون لی گلاشو	United States	"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
		استیون واینبرگ	United States
1988		لیان لدرمن	United States	"for the نوترینو beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the لپتونs through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
		ملوین شوارتز	United States
		جک اشتینبرگر	United States
1990		جروم ایزاک فریدمان	United States	"for his pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
1992		جورج چرپک	فرانسه	"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
1995		مارتین لویز پرل	United States	"for the discovery of the تاو (ذره)" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to لپتون physics"
		فردریک رینز	United States	"for the detection of the نوترینو" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to لپتون physics"
1996		David Morris Lee	United States	"for their discovery of ابرشارهity in helium-3"
		داگلاس دین اشرفت	United States
1997		کلود کوهن تانوژی	فرانسه	"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
2000		ژورس آلفروف	Russia	"for developing نیمه‌رسانا heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"
2003		آلکسی آلکسیویچ آبریکوسوف	Russia United States	"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
		ویتالی لازاریویچ گینزبرگ	Russia
2004		دیوید گراس	United States	"for the discovery of آزادی مجانبی in the theory of the نیروی هسته‌ای قوی"
		دیوید پولیتزر	United States
2005		روی جی. گلوبر	United States	"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
۲۰۱۱		آدم ریس	آمریکا	"برای کشف انبساط شتابان جهان از طریق ابرنواخترهای دوردست."
		سال پرلموتر	آمریکا
2012		سرژ هاروش	France	"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
2013		فرانسوا انگلرت	Belgium	"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"

صلح

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1911		توبیاس آسر	The Netherlands	"Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"
		آلفرد فرید	Austria	"Journalist; Founder of Die Friedenswarte"
1968		René Cassin	فرانسه	"President of the European Court for Human Rights"
1973		Henry A. Kissinger	United States	"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the American forces"
1978		مناخم بگین	اسرائیل	"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"
1986		الی ویزل	United States	"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""
1994		اسحاق رابین	Israel	"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."
		شیمون پرز	Israel
1995		ژوزف روتبلات	United Kingdom Poland	"for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"

اقتصاد

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1970		پل ساموئلسون	United States	"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"
1971		سیمون کوزنتس	United States	"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
1972		کنت آرو	United States	"for his pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
1973		واسیلی لئونتیف	Russia Germany United States	"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
1975		لئونید کانتوروویچ	Russia Germany United States	"for his contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
1976		میلتون فریدمن	United States	"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"
1978		هربرت الکساندر سیمون	United States	"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"
1980		لارنس کلاین	United States	"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
1985		فرانکو مودیلیانی	Italy United States	"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
1987		رابرت سولو	United States	"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth""
1990		هری مارکوویتز	United States	"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics""
		مرتون میلر	United States
1992		گری بکر	United States	"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""
1993		رابرت فوگل	United States	"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1994		جان هارسانی	Hungary United States	"for his pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games">
2001		جوزف استیگلیتز	United States	"for his analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2002		دانیل کاهنمن	Israel United States	"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
2005		روبرت اوئمان	Israel United States	"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2007		لئونید هورویچ	United States	"For having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
		اریک ماسکین	United States
		راجر میرسون	United States
2008		پل کروگمن	United States	"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"
2010		پیتر دیاموند	United States	"for his analysis of markets with search frictions"
2012		الوین رات	United States	"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"

برندگانی که به زور مجبور به پس دادن جایزه نوبل شدند

Only four laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize. Three of them were (non-Jewish) Germans, who were prohibited from accepting the prize by آدولف هیتلر in 1938 and in 1939. The fourth was بوریس پاسترناک, a Russian Jew. Pasternak was named the winner of the prize for Literature in 1958. He initially accepted the award, but—after intense pressure from Soviet authorities—subsequently declined it.

منابع

کلی

• "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16. 

ویژه

اطلاعات بیشتر

• Charpa, Ulrich; Deichmann, Ute. (eds.) (2007). Jews and Sciences in German Contexts: Case Studies From the 19th and 20th Centuries, Mohr Siebeck, pp. 23–25.
• Feldman, Burton (2001). The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige, Arcade Publishing, pp. 407–10.
• Julius, Anthony (1995). T. S. Eliot, Anti-Semitism, and Literary Form, انتشارات دانشگاه کمبریج, p. 266.
• Lazarus, William P.; Sullivan, Mark. (2008). Comparative Religion For Dummies, جان وایلی و پسران, p. 45.
• Patai, Raphael (1996). The Jewish Mind, Wayne State University Press, pp. 339–42.
• Rubinstein, W. D. (1982). The Left, the Right and the Jews, Croom Helm, p. 63.
• Scharfstein, Sol (1999). Understanding Jewish Holidays and Customs: Historical and Contemporary, KTAV Publishing House, p. 168.
• Shalev, Baruch Aba (2005). 100 Years of Nobel Prizes, The Americas Group, first publishing in 2002.
• Weiss, Mosheh (2004). A Brief History of the Jewish People, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 216–17.
• Zuckerman, Harriet (1996). Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States, انتشارات ترانسکشن, originally publishing in 1977, pp. 71–78.

پیوند به بیرون

• Jewish Nobel Prize Laureates
• فهرست مسیحیان برنده جایزه نوبل