Ireland
 

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Leitrim
Limerick
Longford
Louth
Mayo
Meath
Monaghan
Offaly
Roscommon
Sligo
Tipperary
Tyrone
Waterford
Westmeath
Wexford
Wicklow

Ireland Page Contents

Poor Law Unions in Ireland
Research in Ireland
The Workhouse System in Ireland
Law of Removal
Useful Links

Irish Removals

Return of a few Cases illustrative of the Hardships to the Irish
Poor in the Operation of the Law of Removal.p 758 Appendix No 4

10 Cases named:

Bridget Parker Dec 1875 Leeds Ennis
This was a washerwoman who had lived in Leeds for several years
and supported herself. Being taken ill she applied for relief,
and was admitted to Leeds Hospital on the 24th November, and on the 2nd December taken from her bed and hurried, half-dressed, to the police office, where a warrant was obtained for her removal to
Ennistymon Union; and in due time arrived in Ireland and was left
in Ennis Union, contrary to the terms of the order.

Anthy Campbell Mar 1879 Wapping Limerick
Removed from Wapping to Limerick, by order dated as in margin, at
the age of 54. His father and mother lived in Stepney. He was 
employed in the dockyard, and she kept a chandler's shop. The father being a native of Limerick, used occasionally to visit it, and on
one of these occasions his son Anthony was born, and when only a
few days old went back with his parents to Stepney.
There he lived for 18 years, when he emigrated with his brother to
Buenos Ayres, and remained there until 1879, when he returned to
Stepney, and having applied for relief in the February of that year,
was removed to the place of his birth, Limerick.

Source: From Parliamentary Papers PP 1878/79 Vol XII 
282 Report from the Select Committee on Poor Removal,
with Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence,
and Appendix and Index pp 561-805
Submitted by Alan Longbottom


Poor Law Unions in Ireland

7th Report of the Poor Law Commissioners 1841

Appendix E 10 pp 466-468 
List of Unions in Ireland showing extent, population etc

A new total of 130 Unions 

Source: 7th Report of the Poor Law Commissioners 1841
England, Wales and Ireland with Appendices pp 1-543
Submitted by Alan Longbottom

Research in Ireland

Ireland National Archives
http://www.nationalarchives.ie/ 

The Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
http://proni.nics.gov.uk/ 

GENUKI: Ireland Pages
http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/irl/ 

Irish Workhouse Records
http://www.rootsweb.com/~fianna/guide/PLUwork.html  

The Workhouse System in Ireland

The "workhouse" system was imposed on Ireland despite opposition across the board. During the Famine years, thousands died within the workhouses. Other unfortunates, denied admission, died outside.

The Poor Law of 1838 had been aimed at providing accommodation for the absolutely destitute, and by 1845, there were 123
workhouses in Ireland, paid for by a poor tax levied on local landlords and, like other taxes in Ireland, passed on to their tenants. Conditions for entry were so strict, as was life inside, that the workhouses were the very last resort of a destitute people. Able-bodied adults had to work: knitting for women, breaking stones for men. Food was poor--even by mid-19th-century standards set for the Irish--and accommodation was cold, damp, and cramped.

By December 1846, over half the workhouses were full and were having to refuse admittance to new applicants. Few workhouses could cope with such a sharp increase in the intake of paupers, especially sick paupers, and there were widespread shortages of bedding, clothing, and medicine. This led to the practice of giving the clothes of inmates who died of fever or any other disease to new inmates, without first washing the garments. There was even a shortage of coffins, and many
burial sites were situated within the grounds of the workhouse, sometimes next to the water supply.

Despite all these problems, in many unions [administrative districts for providing relief for the poor] the guardians and the workhouse officers attempted to provide relief despite their lack of capital and the various regulations imposed on them. In the winter of 1846-'47, over half of the Boards of Guardians were giving food to paupers who were not residents of the workhouse. This was actually illegal under England's law and was strongly condemned by the Poor Law Commissioners.

The introduction of soup kitchens in 1847 took much of the pressure off the workhouses. As conditions worsened, however, the workhouses became crammed. By February 1847, some 100,000 persons were getting workhouse relief, 63,000 of them children. A report of one workhouse that year states:

"The building we found most dilapidated, and fast advancing to ruin, everything out of repair, the yards undrained and filled, in
common with the cesspools, by accumulation of filth--a violation of all sanitary requirements; fever and dysentery prevailing throughout the house, every ward filthy to a most noisome degree, evolving offensive effluvia; the paupers defectively clothed, and many of those recently admitted continuing in their own rags and impurity; classification and separation set at nought; a general absence of utensils and implements; the dietary not adhered to, and the food given in a half-cooked state--most inadequate, particularly for the sick."

The survivors of the workhouses had this to say about the system:

"Eagoir agus batarail agus cos ar bolg agus ocras a ba saol na mbochtan sa Phoorhouse. Bhiodh na ceanna ag slad chucu feinig
agus chun a lucht leanuna, agus ni raibh le fail ag na 'paupers' bhochta ach an caolchuid -- 'an ceann ba chaoile den bheatha
agus ceann ba ramhaire don bhata'."

With thousands still trying to gain entry into the already over-full workhouses, the newly-elected English government in the summer of 1847 seized its chance. Responding to the usual impatience with the affairs of Ireland on the part of the British middle and upper classes, and to the declining sympathy for the starving which was replaced by the cultural stereotyping of the Irish, the legislators removed the financial "burden" of famine relief from the English electorate's shoulders.

The government announced that the famine was over and stopped financial aid from the Treasury. The poor unions which ran the workhouses were now made responsible for outdoor relief despite the fact that many were already bankrupt. The collection of taxes was nearly impossible, and the richest landlords seemed to be paying least.

The Catholic Dean of Mayo estimated that in his diocese it cost a pound to collect every shilling, a one for twenty return. In 1844 it had been necessary to send 700 soldiers as well as constabulary to collect the poor tax in Galway, and in Mayo the authorities sent a warship, two cruisers, two companies of the 69th Regiment, a troop of the 10th Hussars, 50 police, two inspectors and two magistrates.

The English Chancellor of Exchequer, Charles Wood, justified the tight-fistedness (toward the Irish) on the grounds that
"except through a purgatory of misery and starvation, I cannot see how Ireland is to emerge into anything approaching either quiet or prosperity." Pax Britannica, in other words.

The new poor law saw the demise of the government's experiment in soup kitchens. Though only in place since February 1847, the two thousand or so soup kitchens were at the peak of their operations, feeding over three-million persons a day. Only £50,000 was advanced as a start-up grant; the rest was to be made up by the cash-starved poor unions, which were of course unable to collect appropriate taxes from wealthy absentee landlords. The kitchens gave at best minimal relief and were a haphazard response to the Famine, but at least they were something.

The new law required that those seeking relief must be "destitute poor" and, in a move reminiscent of Penal Days, the Gregory Clause of the act barred those with holdings of more than a quarter of an acre [a patch of about a hundred by a hundred ten feet] from receiving any form of aid. Thus the London government facilitated the clearances of estates for landlords and wiped out a way of life and an entire class of farm laborers. Desperate to hold onto the little they had, thousands died of starvation rather than bow to this new oppression which had been added to their misery.

When it was suggested to William Gregory that the provision would destroy the class of small farmers in Ireland, he replied that
"he did not see of what use such small farmers could possibly be." Palmerston, an influential member of the government and an
Irish landlord himself, said: "Any great improvement in the social system in Ireland must be founded upon an extensive change in
the present state of agrarian occupation, and that this change necessarily implied a long, continued and systematic rejectment of
small holders and of squatting [sic] cottiers."

Even to those who accepted the Gregory Clause conditions, entry into a workhouse was not guaranteed and was often arbitrary, and your stay could be terminated at a whim: "Ranged by the side of the opposite wall [of Nenagh workhouse in County Tipperary], which afforded some shelter from the wind, were about 20 cars, each with its load of eight or ten human beings, some of them in the most dangerous stages of dysentery and fever, others cripples, and all, from debility, old age, or
disease, unable to walk a dozen steps... In the evening some 30 or 40 'paupers' were turned out to make room for an equal number of the crowd, while the rest returned weary and dispirited to the cheerless homes they left in the morning."

The road to the workhouse became known as Cosan na Marbh (pathway of the dead). Up to 25% of those admitted died.
Yet, by 1851, 309,000 persons were in workhouses throughout Ireland, with many more seeking entry or emigrating.

"If the government of Ireland insists upon being a government of dragoons and bombardiers, of detectives and light infantry,
then up with the barricades and invoke this God of Battles-Young Irelander Thomas Francis Meagher, March 18, 1848.

By Aengus O Snodaigh
© 1997 The Irish People. Article may be reprinted with credit.

Useful Links

Link to records held in Northern Ireland
http://proni.nics.gov.uk/records/poor_law.htm

Workhouse staff
http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/history/workstaff.htm

Irish medical directory
http://www.imd.ie/hosp_12.htm

Irish Workhouse records
http://www.rootsweb.com/~fianna/guide/PLUwork.html
 

Book: The Workhouses in Ireland
http://www.quintinpublications.com/ireland.html

Library Holdings in Ireland
http://www.iol.ie/~libcounc/specialcollections.htm 

Page last updated 19 December, 2006 by Rossbret