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====Post World War II====
[[Trotsky]]'s [[Fourth International]] was established in France in 1938 when [[Trotskyists]] argued that the [[Comintern]] or [[Third International]] had become irretrievably "lost to Stalinism" and thus incapable of leading the international working class to political power.<ref name="transitional">''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1938/tp/index.htm The Transitional Program]''. Retrieved 5 November 2008.</ref> The rise of [[Nazism]] and the start of [[World War II]] led to the dissolution of the LSI in 1940. After the War, the Socialist International was formed in [[Frankfurt]] in July 1951 as a successor to the LSI.{{sfn|Peter Lamb; James C. Docherty (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (Second ed.). The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5560-1.|p=320}}

After World War II, social democratic governments introduced social reform and [[wealth redistribution]] via state welfare and taxation. Social Democratic parties dominated post-war politics in countries such as France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium and Norway. At one point, France claimed to be the world's most state-controlled capitalist country. The nationalised public utilities included Charbonnages de France (CDF), Electricité de France (EDF), Gaz de France (GDF), Air France, Banque de France, and Régie Nationale des Usines Renault.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sund.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/trente1.htm |title=Les trente glorieuses: 1945–1975 |publisher=Sund.ac.uk |accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref>

In 1945, the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], led by [[Clement Attlee]], was elected to office based on a radical socialist programme. The UK Labour Government nationalised major public utilities such as mines, gas, coal, electricity, rail, iron, steel, and the Bank of England. British Petroleum was officially nationalised in 1951.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Nationalisation_of_Anglo-Iranian_Oil_Company%2C_1951 |title=Nationalisation of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 1951 |publisher=Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk |date=11 June 2007 |accessdate=30 October 2011}}</ref> [[Anthony Crosland]] said that in 1956, 25% of British industry was nationalised, and that public employees, including those in nationalised industries, constituted a similar proportion of the country's total employed population.<ref>Crosland, Anthony, ''The Future of Socialism'', pp. 9, 89. (Constable, 2006)</ref> The Labour Governments of 1964–1970 and 1974–1979 intervened further.<ref>"The New Commanding Height: Labour Party Policy on North Sea Oil and Gas, 1964–74" in ''Contemporary British History'', vol., Issue 1, Spring 2002, pp. 89–118.</ref> It re-nationalised steel (1967, British Steel) after the Conservatives had denationalised it, and nationalised car production (1976, British Leyland).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uksteel.org.uk/history.htm |title=home : UK steel : EEF |publisher=UK steel |date=12 September 2013 |accessdate=11 October 2013}}</ref> The [[National Health Service]] provided taxpayer-funded health care to everyone, free at the point of service.<ref>Bevan, Aneurin, ''In Place of Fear'', 2nd ed. (MacGibbon and Kee, 1961), p. 104</ref> Working-class housing was provided in [[council housing]] estates, and university education became available via a school grant system.<ref>Beckett, Francis, ''Clem Attlee'' (Politico's, 2007) p. 247.</ref>