Palladium

Palladium,  ₄₆Pd

General properties
Name, seembol	palladium, Pd
Pronunciation	/pəˈleɪdiəm/ pə-LAY-dee-əm
Appearance	sillery white
Palladium in the periodic cairt
Ni ↑ Pd ↓ Pt rhodium ← palladium → siller
Atomic nummer	46
Staundart atomic wicht (Ar)	106.42
Element category	transeetion metal
Group, block	group 10, d-block
Period	period 5
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d10
per shell	2, 8, 18, 18
Pheesical properties
Phase	solid
Meltin pynt	1828.05 K ​(1554.9 °C, ​2830.82 °F)
Boilin pynt	3236 K ​(2963 °C, ​5365 °F)
Density near r.t.	12.023 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	10.38 g/cm3
Heat o fusion	16.74 kJ/mol
Heat o	362 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.98 J/(mol·K)
pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1721 1897 2117 2395 2753 3234
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	0, +1, +2, +4, +6 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.20
Atomic radius	empirical: 137 pm
Covalent radius	139±6 pm
Van der Waals radius	163 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structur	​face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed o soond thin rod	3070 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	11.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	71.8 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	105.4 n Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderin	paramagnetic
Young's modulus	121 GPa
Shear modulus	44 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.39
Mohs haurdness	4.75
Vickers haurdness	461 MPa
Brinell haurdness	310 MPa
CAS Registry Nummer	7440-05-3
History
Discovery	William Hyde Wollaston (1803)
First isolation	William Hyde Wollaston (1803)
Maist stable isotopes
iso NA hauf-life DM DE (MeV) DP 100Pd syn 3.63 d ε - 100Rh γ 0.084, 0.074, 0.126 - 102Pd 1.02% 102Pd is stable wi 56 neutrons 103Pd syn 16.991 d ε - 103Rh 104Pd 11.14% 104Pd is stable wi 58 neutrons 105Pd 22.33% 105Pd is stable wi 59 neutrons 106Pd 27.33% 106Pd is stable wi 60 neutrons 107Pd trace 6.5×106 y β− 0.033 107Ag 108Pd 26.46% 108Pd is stable wi 62 neutrons 110Pd 11.72% >6×1017 y β−β− - 110Cd

Palladium is a chemical element wi the chemical seembol Pd an an atomic nummer o 46. It is a rare an lustrous sillery-white metal discovered in 1803 bi William Hyde Wollaston. He named it efter the asteroid Pallas, which wis itself named efter the epithet o the Greek goddess Athena, acquired bi her when she slew Pallas. Palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium an osmium fairm a group o elements referred tae as the platinum group metals (PGMs). These hae seemilar chemical properties, but palladium haes the lawest meltin pynt an is the least dense o them.

Ower hauf o the supply o palladium an its congener platinum gangs intae catalytic converters, which convert up tae 90% o harmful gases frae auto exhaust (hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, an nitrogen dioxide) intae less-harmful substances (nitrogen, carbon dioxide an watter vapor). Palladium is an aa uised in electronics, dentistry, medicine, hydrogen purification, chemical applications, groundwatter treatment an jewelry. Palladium plays a key role in the technology uised for fuel cells, which combine hydrogen an oxygen tae produce electricity, heat, an watter.

Ore deposits o palladium an ither PGMs are rare, an the maist extensive deposits hae been foond in the norite belt o the Bushveld Igneous Complex coverin the Transvaal Basin in Sooth Africae, the Stillwatter Complex in Montana, Unitit States, the Thunder Bay Destrict o Ontario, Canadae, an the Norilsk Complex in Roushie. Recyclin is an aa a soorce o palladium, maistly frae scrapped catalytic converters. The numerous applications an leemitit supply soorces o palladium result in the metal attractin considerable investment interest.

Freemit airtins

• Palladium at The Periodic Table o Videos (Varsity o Nottingham)
• Current an Historical Palladium Price
• Special Mercat Report on Palladium an Precious Metals