World War II

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World War II
Images of WW2
From top left to bottom right: Commonwealth army in the desert; Japanese troops burying a Chinese person alive; A German submarine under attack; Soviet forces in the Eastern Front; Soviet troops fighting in Berlin; Japanese planes readying for take off from an aircraft carrier.
Date 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945
Location Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean and Africa
Result Allied victory
Participants
Allies

United Kingdom United Kingdom
Soviet Union Soviet Union (from 1941)
United States United States (from 1941)
Republic of China China (from 1937)
and more

 Axis

 Germany
Japan Japan (from 1937)
Italy Italy (from 1940)
and more
Commanders and leaders
Allied leaders

United Kingdom Winston Churchill
Soviet Union Joseph Stalin
United States Franklin D. Roosevelt
Republic of China Chiang Kai-Shek

 Axis leaders

Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler
Empire of Japan Hirohito
Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Benito Mussolini
Casualties and losses
Military Dead::

Over 16,000,000
Civilian Dead:
Over 45,000,000
Total Dead:
Over 61,000,000

 Military Dead:

Over 8,000,000
Civilian Dead:
Over 4,000,000
Total Dead:
Over 12,000,000

World War II (WWII or WW2), also called the Second World War, was a global war. It took place from 1939–1945. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war was fought as a "total war", meaning all resources a country had were used in the war, even those that didn't belong to the army, such as factories. It involved more countries, cost more money, and killed more people than any other war in human history.[1] Between 30 and 50 million people died.[2][3] The mass bombing of cities, The Holocaust and two atomic bombings of Japan are three events which killed many civilians.

The start of the war is usually said to be the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, but some sources count the Japanese invasion of China on 7 July 1937, as the start.[4] The United States reacted to the Japanese invasion of China by placing an embargo on Japan. France and the United Kingdom reacted to the German invasion of Poland by declaring war on Germany. Germany expanded its territory greatly in Europe. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, while only Britain remained fighting against the Axis in North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic. In June 1941, the Axis Powers invaded the Soviet Union, starting the largest theatre of war in history. This would harm the Axis military power greatly. In December 1941, Japan attacked Western colonies in the Pacific.

The Japanese victories were stopped in 1942, and the European Axis victories were also stopped by 1943, both in North Africa and in the Soviet Union. After that, the Allies started to fight back from all sides. The Axis lost North Africa and, starting in 1943, were forced to defend Italy. In 1944, the Allies invaded France, heading towards Germany, while the Soviets kept closing in from the East. Germany surrendered in May 1945. Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945. The war ended with the Allied victory.

After the war, the United Nations was set up to develop support between countries and to prevent future wars. The Cold War took place between the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, but they did not fight each other in an actual war. Decolonization of Asia and Africa, where those countries controlled by European countries were given their independence, happened as well. This was because European power was weakened from the war. Economic recovery and the political integration (the process of uniting countries) were among other results of the war.

The two sides[change | change source]

The countries that joined the war were on one of two sides: the Axis and the Allies.

The Axis Powers at the start of the war were Germany, Italy and Japan. There were many meetings to create the alliance between these countries: Rome-Berlin Axis (Germany-Italy), in October 1936; Anti-Comintern Pact (Germany-Japan) in November 1936,[5] which Italy later joined in November 1937;[6] and Pact of Steel, (formal; Germany-Italy) in May 1939.[7] Germany made the Axis Powers formal alliance in September 1940 with Tripartite Pact.[8] Finland, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Thailand joined the Axis later. However, as the war continued, many Axis countries changed to join the Allies instead.

The Allied Powers were the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth members, France, Poland, Yugoslavia, Greece, Belgium and China at the start of the war. In June 1941, the Soviet Union joined the Allies, after Germany attacked it. On 11 December 1941, four days after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States joined the Allies.

Background[change | change source]

World War I had greatly changed the way of diplomacy and politics in Asia, Europe, and Africa with the defeat of the Central Powers. Many empires which sided with the Central Powers were disestablished. The Russian Empire, however, which did not side with the Central Powers, was disestablished as well. The war also changed the map of Eastern Europe, with many new countries born. The war led to strong irredentism and revanchism in Europe. These senses were especially strong in Germany, which had no choice but to sign the Treaty of Versailles.[9] The Germans also had 13% of their homeland area and all colonies taken away, and they had to pay back a very large sum of money to the Allies. This was about 269 billion German marks (96,000 ton of gold).[10] The number of soldiers and military vehicles it could have (tanks, aeroplanes, warships) was also limited,[11] while its air force was completely banned. Lenin died and Stalin succeeded him as leader of the Soviet Union.

In Italy, nationalists were unhappy with the outcome of the war, thinking that their country should have gained far more territory from the past agreement with the Allies. The fascist movement in the 1920s brought Mussolini to the leadership of the country. He promised to make Italy a great power by creating its colonial empire.[12]

After the Kuomintang (KMT), the governing party of China, unified the country in the 1920s, the civil war between it and the its past ally Communist Party of China began.[13] In 1931, Japan claimed Mukden Incident as a reason to take over China, which was the first step of its plan to rule Asia. Japan was able to take over Manchuria and set up its puppet state, Manchukuo,[14] while the League of Nations could not do anything to stop it. The Tanggu Truce, a ceasefire, was signed in 1933. In 1936, the KMT and the communists agreed to stop fighting against each other to fight Japan instead.[15] In 1937, Japan attacked China again.[16]

Nazi rally at Nuremberg, 1934

After the German Empire was disestablished, the democratic Weimar Republic was set up. There were disagreements between the Germans which involved many political ideologies, ranging from nationalism to communism. The fascist movement in Germany rose because of the Great Depression. Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party, became the Chancellor in 1933. After the Reichstag fire, Hitler created a totalitarian state, where there is only one party by law.[17] Hitler wanted to change the world order and quickly rebuilt the army, navy and air force,[18] especially after Saarland was reunited in 1935. In March 1936, Hitler sent the army to Rhineland. The Spanish Civil War began in July 1936. The war ended with the nationalist victory, supported by Italy and Germany.

In March 1938, Germany sent its army to Austria, which had only a little reaction from European countries.[19] Shortly after that, the Allies agreed to give Sudetenland, part of Czechoslovakia, to Germany, so that Hitler would promise to stop taking more land.[20] But the rest of the country was either forced to surrender[21] or invaded by March 1939.[22] The Allies now tried to stop him, by promising to help Poland if it was attacked.[23] Just before the war, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a peace agreement, agreeing that they would not attack each other for ten years.[24] In the secret part of it, they agreed to divide Eastern Europe between them.[25]

Course of the war[change | change source]

See also: Timeline of World War II

War breaks out[change | change source]

Map showing the beginning of World War II in Europe, September 1939.

World War II began on 1 September 1939, as Germany invaded Poland. On 3 September, Britain and France, and the members of the Commonwealth declared war on Germany. They could not help Poland much and only sent a small French attack on Germany from the West.[26] The Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland soon after Germany, on 17 September.[27] Finally, Poland was divided, but it never formally surrendered and continued fighting on the side of the Allies elsewhere.[28]

Germany then signed an agreement to work together with the Soviet Union. After that, the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries to allow it to keep Soviet soldiers in their countries.[29] Finland did not accept the Soviet call for its land, so it was attacked in November 1939.[30] The war ended in March 1940 with a peace treaty.[31] France and Britain thought that the Soviet Union might enter the war on the side of Germany and drove the Soviet Union out of the League of Nations.[32]

After Poland was defeated, the "Phoney War" began in Western Europe. While British soldiers were sent to the Continent, there were no big battles fought between two sides.[33] Then, in April 1940, Germany decided to attack Norway and Denmark so that it would be safer to transport iron ore from Sweden. The Allies tried to disrupt the German occupation, but had to leave to help the French.[34] Chamberlain was replaced by Churchill as Prime Minister of United Kingdom in May 1940 because the British were unhappy with his work.[35]

Axis early victories[change | change source]

German troops in Paris after the fall of France.

On 10 May, Germany invaded France, Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg and quickly defeated them by using blitzkrieg tactics.[36] The British were forced to leave mainland Europe at Dunkirk. On 10 June, Italy invaded France, declaring war on France and the United Kingdom. Soon after that, France was divided into occupation zones. One was directly controlled by Germany and Italy,[37] and the other was unoccupied Vichy France.

By June 1940, the Soviet Union moved its soldiers into the Baltic States and took over them,[38] followed by some parts of Romania. Although there had been some collaboration between the Soviet Union and Germany earlier, this event made it serious.[39][40] Later, when the two could not agree to work more closely together, relationships between them became worse to the point of war.[41]

Then Germany began an air battle over Britain to prepare for a landing on the island,[42] but the plan was finally canceled in September. The German Navy succeeded in destroying the British ships transporting goods in the Atlantic.[43] Italy, by this time, had begun its operation in the Mediterranean. The United States, which had not joined the war on either side, started to help the Allies. By helping to protect British ships in the Atlantic, the United States found itself fighting German ships by October 1941, although this was not a formal war.[44]

In September 1940, Italy began to invade British-held Egypt. In October, Italy invaded Greece, but it only resulted in an Italian retreat to Albania.[45] Again, in early 1941, an Italian army was pushed from Egypt to Libya in Africa. Germany soon helped Italy. Under Rommel's command, by the end of April 1941, the Commonwealth army was pushed back to Egypt again.[46] Other than North Africa, Germany also successfully invaded Greece, Yugoslavia and Crete by May.[47] Despite these victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after 11 May.[48]

At the same time, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again.[49] Japan was planning to take over European colonies in Asia while they were weak, and the Soviet Union could feel a danger from Germany, so a non-aggression pact (which was an agreement that both countries would not attack each other) between the two was signed in April 1941.[50] However, Germany kept preparing an attack on the Soviet Union, moving its soldiers close to the Soviet border.[51]

The war becomes global[change | change source]

The Axis in the Eastern Front:      Operation Barbarossa to 9 July 1941      to 1 September 1941      to 9 September 1941 (operations around Kiev)      to 5 December 1941

On 22 June 1941, the European Axis countries invaded the Soviet Union. Its main targets were to destroy the Soviet military power and included some Nazi ideological goals, as well as to make use of Russia's rich deposits of natural resources, which would be helpful to continue fighting the war against the Allies. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, which caused huge damage to the Soviets. Britain and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance between them in July.[52] Although there was great progress in the last two months, when winter arrived, the tired German army was forced to delay its attack just outside Moscow.[53] It showed that the Axis had failed its main targets, while the Soviet army was still not weakened. This marked the end of the blitzkrieg stage of the war.[54]

By December, the Red Army facing the Axis army had received more soldiers from the east. It began a counter-attack that pushed the German army to the west.[55] The Axis lost a lot of soldiers but it still saved most of the land it received before.[56]

By November 1941, the Commonwealth counter-attacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land it lost before.[57] However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until stopped at El Alamein.[58]

USS Arizona burning after the Attack on Pearl Harbor.

In Asia, German successes encouraged Japan to call for oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies.[59] Many Western countries reacted to the occupation of French Indochina by banning oil trading with Japan.[60] Japan planned to take over European colonies in Asia to create a great defensive area in the Pacific which would let it free to get resources.[61] But before any future invasion, it first had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the Pacific Ocean.[62] On 7 December 1941, it attacked Pearl Harbor as well as many harbors in several South East Asian countries.[63] This event led the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Western Allies and China to declare war on Japan, while the Soviet Union remained neutral.[64] Most of the Axis nations reacted by declaring war on the United States.

By April 1942, many South East Asian countries: Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies and Singapore, had almost fallen to the Japanese.[65] In May 1942, the Philippines fell. The Japanese navy had many quick victories. But in June 1942, Japan was defeated at Midway. Japan could not take more land after this because a large part of its navy was destroyed during the battle.

Allies are advancing[change | change source]

Japan then began its plan to take over Papua New Guinea again,[66] while the United States planned to attack the Solomon Islands. The fight on Guadalcanal began in September 1942 and involved a lot of troops and ships from both sides. It ended with the Japanese defeat in early 1943.[67]

Soviet soldiers in Stalingrad

On the Eastern Front, the Axis defeated Soviet attacks during summer and began its own main offensive to southern Russia along Don and Volga Rivers in June 1942, trying to take over oil fields in Caucasus and a great steppe. Stalingrad was in the path of the Axis army, and the Soviets decided to defend the city. By November the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad, however the Soviets were able to surround the Germans during winter[68] and forced the heavily lost German army in the city to surrender in February 1943.[69] Even though the front was pushed back further than it was before the summer attacks, the German army still had become dangerous to an area around Kursk.[70]

British infantry attacks at El Alamein

In August 1942, because of the Allied defense at El Alamein, the Axis army failed to take the town. The Allies continued by starting its own offensive, which drove the Axis west across Libya a few months later,[71] just after the Anglo-American invasion of the French North Africa, forcing it to join the Allies.[72] The Axis army faced Allied armies from the east and west and had to defend Tunisia. It was completely lost in May 1943.[73]

In the Soviet Union, on 4 July 1943, Germany started an attack around Kursk. But within a week, a lot of German soldiers were lost because of the Soviets' well-created defenses.[74][75] Hitler canceled the attack before any clear outcome.[76] The Soviets then started their own counter-attack, which was one of the turning points of the war. After this, the Soviets became the attacking force on the Eastern Front, instead of the Germans.[77][78]

On 9 July 1943, affected by the earlier Soviet victories, the Western Allies landed on Sicily. This resulted in the arrest of Mussolini in the same month.[79] In September 1943, the Allies invaded mainland Italy, following the Italian armistice with the Allies.[80] Germany then took control of Italy and disarmed its army,[81] and built up many defensive lines to slow the Allied invasion down.[82] German special forces then rescued Mussolini, who then soon created the German-occupied client state, Italian Social Republic.[83]

In early 1944, the Soviet army drove off the German army from Leningrad,[84] ending the longest and deadliest siege in history. After that, the Soviets began a big counter-attack. By May, the Soviets had retaken Crimea. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing Rome on 4 June 1944, and made the German forces fall back.[85]

The end in Europe[change | change source]

Allied forces arriving Normandy, France, on D-Day
Montreal Daily Star: "Germany Quit", 7 May 1945

On D-Day, 6 June 1944, the Allies began the invasion of Normandy, France. The code name for the invasion was Operation Overlord. The landings were successful, and led to the defeat of the German forces in France. Paris was liberated from the Germans on 25 August, and the Allies continued and pushed the Germans back to the Rhine before the beginning of 1945. The Allied invasion in Italy also pushed the Germans there to their last defensive line.

On 22 June, the great Soviet offensive, codenamed Operation Bagration, almost destroyed the German Army Group Centre.[86] Soon the Germans were forced to defend Ukraine and Poland. Arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings against German government in Eastern European countries, but all of those failed to succeed unless helped by the Soviets.[87] Then another Soviet offensive forced Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies.[88] Communist Serbs partisans under Josip Broz Tito retook Belgrade with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the Soviets attacked many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Hungary. Finland switched to the side of the Soviets and Allies.

American and Soviet soldiers met east of Elbe river, April 1945

On 16 December 1944, the Germans tried for the last time to win on the Western Front by attacking the Allies in the Ardennes, Belgium, known as the Battle of the Bulge, which was also the last major German attack of the war, yet it failed every target.[89] But it also made clear that the war could not be won in a short period of time, as predicted, because of immense German defense efforts. By March 1945, the Soviet army moved quickly from Vistula River in Poland to East Prussia and Vienna, while the Western Allies crossed the Rhine, closing in from Western Germany. By late April, the Allies pushed forward in Italy, while the Soviets attacked Berlin. The two linked up on the Elbe river on 25 April.

Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945, two days after Mussolini's death.[90] In his will, he appointed his navy commander, Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz, to be the President of Germany.[91] Opposing Hitler's will to have Germany continue fighting, Dönitz wanted to surrender to the Western Allies.

German forces in Italy surrendered on 29 April. Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on 7 May, known as V-E Day, and was forced to surrender to the Soviets on 8 May. The final battle in Europe was ended in Italy on 11 May.[92]

The end in the Pacific[change | change source]

A nuclear bomb over Nagasaki

In the Pacific, American forces arrived on the Philippines in June 1944. And by April 1945, American and Philippine forces had cleared much of the Japanese forces, but the fighting continued in some parts of the Philippines until the end of the war.[93] British and Chinese forces advanced in Northern Burma and captured Rangoon by 3 May.[94] American forces then took Iwo Jima by March and Okinawa by June.[95] Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines.

The Allies wanted Japan to surrender with no terms, but Japan refused. The United States then dropped two atomic bombs over Hiroshima (6 August) and Nagasaki (9 August). On 8 August, the Soviets invaded Manchuria, quickly defeating the primary Imperial Japanese Army there.[96] On 15 August, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The surrender documents were formally signed on board the USS Missouri on 2 September 1945, ending the war.[97]

At the end[change | change source]

The Allies managed to occupy Austria and Germany. Germany was divided into western and eastern parts, under the Western Allies and Soviet control, respectively. The Allies began denazification, removing Nazi ideas from history,[source?] and most high-ranking Nazis were captured and brought to a special court. Germany lost a quarter of the land it had in 1937, with the land given to Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets also took some parts of Poland[98][99][100] and Finland,[101] as well as three Baltic countries.[102][103]

Military alliances in Europe after the war

The United Nations was formed on 24 October 1945,[104] to keep peace between countries in the world.[105] However, the relationship between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had worsened during the war[106] and, soon after the war, each power quickly built up their power over controlled area. In Western Europe and West Germany, it was the United States, while in East Germany and Eastern Europe, it was the Soviet Union, in which many countries were turned into Communist states. The Cold War started after the formation of the American-led NATO and the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.[107]

In Asia, Japan was put under American occupation. In 1948, Korea was divided into North and South Korea, each claiming to be the legal representative of the Koreans, which led to the Korean War in 1950.[108] Civil war in China continued fighting in 1946, and resulted with the KMT retreating to Taiwan in 1949.[109] The communists won the mainland. In the Middle East, the Arab disagreement on the United Nations plan to create Israel marked the beginning of conflicts between the Arabs and Israel.

Colonies around the world in 1945. However, many countries in Asia and Africa would become free later.

After the war, decolonization took place in many European colonies.[110] Bad economies and people wanting to rule themselves were the main reasons for that. In most cases, it happened peacefully, except in some countries, such as Indochina and Algeria.[111] In many regions, European withdrawal caused divisions among the people who had different ethnic groups or religions.[112]

Economic recovery was different in many parts of the world. In general, it was quite positive. The United States became richer than any other country and, by 1950, it had taken over the world's economy.[113][114] It also ordered the Marshall Plan (1948–1951) to help European countries. German,[115] Italian,[116][117] and French economies recovered.[118] However, the British economy was badly harmed[119] and continued to worsen for more than ten years.[120] The Soviet economy grew very fast after the war was over.[121] This also happened with the Japanese economy, which became one of the largest economies in the 1980s.[122] China returned to the same production level as before the war by 1952.[123]

Effect[change | change source]

Death and war crimes[change | change source]

World War II death

There is no exact total number of deaths, because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people,[124] almost half of the recorded number.[125] This means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war.[126] About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies side, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were sick, hungry to death, bombed, or killed because of their ethnicity.

The Nazis killed many groups of people they selected, known as The Holocaust. They exterminated Jews, and killed the Roma, Poles, Russians, homosexuals and other groups.[127] Around 11[128] to 17 million[129] civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese.[130] The most well-known Japanese crime is the Nanking Massacre, in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were raped and murdered. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested biological weapons against civilians[131] and prisoners of war.[132]

Although many of the Axis's crimes were brought to the first international court,[133] crimes caused by the Allies were not.

Concentration camps and slave work[change | change source]

Polish civilians that would be sent to Germany for forced labor.

Other than the Holocaust, about 12 million people, mostly Eastern Europeans, were forced to work for the German economy.[134] German concentration camps and Soviet gulags caused a lot of death. Both treated prisoners of war badly. This was even the case for Soviet soldiers who survived and returned home.

Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labour camps, also caused a lot of deaths. The death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%,[135] seven times that of prisoners under Germans and Italians.[136] More than 10 million Chinese civilians were made slaves and had to work in mines and war factories.[137] Between 4 and 10 million people were forced to work in Java.[138]

Between 1942 and 1945, Roosevelt signed an order which made Japanese Americans go to internment camps. Some Germans and Italians were included too.

The Allies agreed that the Soviet Union could use prisoners of war and civilians for forced labor.[139] Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.[140]

Home fronts and production[change | change source]

Before the war, in Europe, the Allies had a larger population and economy than the Axis. If colonies are included, the GDP of the Allies then would be two times of that of the Axis.[141] While in Asia, China had only 38% higher GDP than the Japanese if their colonies are counted.[141]

The Allies' economy and population compared with the Axis' lessened with the early Axis victories. However, this was no longer the case after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies in 1941. The Allies were able to have a higher production level compared with the Axis because the Allies had more natural resources. Also, Germany and Japan did not plan for a long war and had no ability to do so.[142][143] Both tried to improve their economies by using slave laborers.[144]

Women[change | change source]

As men went off to fight, women were forced to take over many of the jobs they left behind. At factories, women were employed to make bombs, guns, aircraft, clothes and parachutes. In Britain, thousands of women were sent to work on farms as part of the Land Army. Others formed the Women's Royal Naval Service to help with building and repairing ships. Even Queen Elizabeth II worked to aid the war effort. By 1945 some weapons (made in the factories) were run almost entirely by women.

In the beginning, women were rarely used in the labour forces in Germany and Japan.[145][146] However, Allied bombings[147][148] and Germany's change to a war economy made women take a greater part.[149]

In Britain, women also worked in gathering intelligence, at Bletchley Park and other places.

Occupation[change | change source]

Germany had two different ideas of how it would occupy countries. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe, Germany set economic policies which would make it rich. During the war, these policies brought as much as 40% of total German income.[150] In the East, the war with the Soviet Union meant Germany could not use the land to gain resources. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought non-human. The Resistance, the group of people who fought Germany secretly, could not harm the Nazis much until 1943.[151][152]

In Asia, Japan claimed to free colonised Asian countries from European colonial powers.[153] Although they were welcomed at first in many territories, their cruel actions turned the opinions against them within a short time.[154] During the occupation, Japan used 4 million barrels of oil left behind by the Allies at the war's end. By 1943, it was able to produce up to 50 million barrels of oil in the Dutch East Indies. This was 76% of its 1940 rate.[154]

Developments in technology[change | change source]

Heinkel He 178, the world's first turbojet-power aircraft.

The war brought new methods for fighting and killing for future wars. The air forces improved greatly in fields such as air transport,[155] strategic bombing (to use bombs to destroy industry and morale),[156] as well as radar, and weapons for destroying aircraft. Jet aircraft were developed and would be used in worldwide air forces.[157]

At sea, the war focused on using aircraft carriers and submarines. Aircraft carriers soon replaced battleships.[158][159][160] The important reason was they were cheaper.[161] Submarines, a deadly weapon since World War I,[162] also played an important part in the war. The British improved weapons for destroying submarines, such as sonar, while the Germans improved submarine tactics.[163]

The style of war on the land changed from World War I to be more moveable. Tanks, which were used to support infantry, changed to a primary weapon.[164] The tank was improved in speed, armour and firepower during the war. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks.[165] However, early tanks could harm armour just a little. The German idea to avoid letting tanks fight one another meant tanks facing tanks rarely happened. This was a successful tactic used in Poland and France.[164] Ways to destroy tanks also improved. Even though vehicles became more used in the war, infantry remained the main part of the army,[166] and most equipped like in World War I.[167]

Portable machine guns became widely used. A good example was the German MG42. Many of them were suited to fight in cities and jungles.[167] The assault rifle, a development combining features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the main weapon for most armies after the war.[168]

Other developments included ways to send and read coded messages. A good example is the German Enigma. Another feature of military intelligence was the use of deception, especially by the Allies. Others include the first programmable computers, modern missiles and rockets, and the atomic bombs.

Notes[change | change source]

  1. ↑ Keegan, John (1989), The Second World War, Glenfield, Auckland 10, New Zealand: Hutchinson
  2. ↑ Sommerville, Donald 2008. The complete illustrated history of World War Two: an authoritative account of the deadliest conflict in human history with analysis of decisive encounters and landmark engagements. Lorenz Books, p. 5. ISBN 0-7548-1898-5
  3. ↑ source list and detailed death tolls for the twentieth century hemoclysm.
  4. ↑ Beevor, Antony (2012). The Second World War. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-297-84497-6 .
  5. ↑ Gerhard Weinberg 1970. The foreign policy of Hitler's Germany diplomatic revolution in Europe 1933-36, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p 346.
  6. ↑ Robert Melvin Spector. World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust, history, and analysis, pg. 257
  7. ↑ Dear I.C.B. & Foot M.R.D eds 2002. Pact of Steel, in Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press, p. 674. ISBN 0-19-860446-7
  8. ↑ Weinberg, Gerhard L. 1995. A world at arms: a global history of World War II. Cambridge University Press, p.182 ISBN 0-521-55879-4
  9. ↑ Hakim, Joy 1995. A history of us: war, peace and all that jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6
  10. ↑ "Reparations and post-war Germany". Alpha History. http://alphahistory.com/weimargermany/reparations/. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
  11. ↑ Kantowicz, Edward R 1999. The rage of nations. Eerdmans, p. 149. ISBN 0-8028-4455-3
  12. ↑ Shaw, Anthony (2000). World War II day by day. MBI Publishing. ISBN 0760309396 . p. 35
  13. ↑ Preston, Peter 1998. Pacific Asia in the global system: an introduction. Oxford: Blackwell, p. 104. ISBN 0631202382
  14. ↑ Ralph Steadman, Winston Smith 2004. All riot on the Western Front. Last gasp, p. 28. ISBN 0-86719-616-5
  15. ↑ Busky, Donald F 2002. Communism in history and theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Praeger, p.10. ISBN 0275977331
  16. ↑ Fairbank, John King; Feuerwerker, Albert; Twitchett, Denis Crispin 1986. The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge University Press, pp. 547–551. ISBN 0-521-24338-6
  17. ↑ Bullock, A. (1962). Hitler: A study in tyranny. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140135642 p. 162.
  18. ↑ Kenneth, Brody, J 1999. The avoidable war: Pierre Laval and the politics of reality, 1935–1936. Transaction, p. 4. ISBN 0-7658-0622-3.
  19. ↑ Collier, Martin; Pedley, Philip (2000). Germany 1919–45. Heinemann. p. 144. ISBN 0435327216 .
  20. ↑ Kershaw, Ian 2001. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis, W.W. Norton, p.121-122. ISBN 0-393-32252-1
  21. ↑ Kershaw, Ian 2001. Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. W.W. Norton, p.157. ISBN 0393322521
  22. ↑ Davies, Norman (2008). No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945. Penguin, p.143-4. ISBN 0143114093
  23. ↑ Andrew J. Crozier. The Causes of the Second World War, pg. 151
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  157. ↑ Sauvain, Philip (2005). Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 128. ISBN 1405132183 .
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