Ethiopia
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1881 - 6
Oct 1897
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6 Oct 1897 - 9
May 1936
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9 May 1936 - 5 May 1941
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5 May 1941 - 1
Jan1975
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1 Jan 1975 - 12 Sep 1975
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From 1 Jan 1975 Civil
Flag
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12 Sep 1975
- 12 Sep 1987
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12 Sep 1987 - 28
May 1991
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Adopted 6 Feb 1996
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Map
of Ethiopia
|
Hear
National Anthem
"Whedefit Gesgeshi Woude
Henate Ethiopia"
(March Forward,
Dear
Mother Ethiopia)
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Text
of National Anthem
Adopted 1992
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Constitution
(22 August 1995)
-------------------------------
Imperial
Constitutions
(16
Jul 1931 and 4
Nov 1955)
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Map
of Ethiopia
1952-1993
|
Hear
Former Anthem
"Ethiopia Hoy"
(Ethiopians, Be Happy)
(2 Nov
1930-21 Mar 1975)
|
Hear
Former Anthem
"Ityopya, Ityopya,
Ityopya, qidä mi"
(Ethiopia, Ethiopia,
Ethiopia be first)
(21 Mar 1975-1992)
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Eritrea-Ethiopia
Border Map
|
Capital:
Addis Ababa
(Entoto 1880-89; Magdala
1855-1880; Gonder
1636-1855;
Danqaz ...-1636; Tegulat
1270-....;
Roha [Lalibela] 11.. -
12..;
Nazaret ....-....; Axum 250-...)
|
Currency:
Birr (ETB);
1945-1976
Ethiopian Dollar
(ETD); 1941-45
East Africa
Shilling (XEAS); 1893-1936
Ethiopian Talari (ETT)
|
National
Holiday: 28 May (1991)
National Day
|
Population:
93,877,025 (2013) |
GDP: $118.2
billion (2013)
|
Exports:
$3.21 billion (2013)
Imports: $10.6
billion (2013)
|
Ethnic
groups: Oromo 34.5%, Amhara
(Amara) 26.9%,
Somali (Somalie) 6.2%, Tigray (Tigrigna)
6.1%, Sidama 4%,
Gurage 2.5%, Welaita 2.3%, Hadiya 1.7%,
Afar (Affar) 1.7%,
Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, other 11.3%
(2007) |
Total Active
Armed Forces: 138,000 (2010)
Merchant marine:
8 ships (2010)
|
Religions:
Ethiopian Orthodox 43.5%, Muslim 33.9%,
Protestant 18.6%, traditional 2.6%,
Roman Catholic 0.7%,
other 0.7% (2007) |
International
Organizations/Treaties: ACP,
AfDB, APM, AU, BTWC, COMESA, CTBT, CWC,
ENMOD (signatory), ESCR, FAO, G-24,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, ICSID (signatory), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU,
IRENA (signatory), ISA (observer), ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP,
MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT (signatory), OPCW,
PCA, UN, UNCLOS
(signatory), UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
(observer)
|
Ethiopia Index
|
Chronology
250 -
c.980
Empire of Axum
1117
Ethiopian Kingdom
1268
Empire of Ethiopia
1528 -
1541
Much of Ethiopia occupied by the
Muslim Sultan
of Harar, Ahmad bin Ibrahim ("Gragn"),
allied
with
the Ottoman Empire.
11 Oct 1875 - 1884
Harar
occupied by Egypt.
1889
Definitive incorporation of the
Kingdom
of Shewa (Shoa)
into Ethiopia.
2 May 1889 - 26 Oct
1896 By the Treaty of Uccialli
declared a protectorate
by Italy (Abyssinian Protectorate);
disputed
by Ethiopia.
3 Oct
1935
Italian invasion.
9 May
1936
Annexed by Italy.
1 Jun
1936
Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Italian Somalia
are united
into Italian
East Africa (Africa Orientale
Italiana)
and reorganized as a
federation of
six provinces: Eritrea
(formed by the merger
of the former colony of Eritrea and
the Ethiopian
region of Tigre), Somalia
(formed by the merger
of the former colony of Somalia and
the
Ethiopian region of Ogaden), Addis
Ababa
(capital region of Ethiopia), Amhara,
Harar, and
Galla-Sidama (parts of Ethiopia).
1 Jan
1939
Addis Ababa and parts of the provinces
of Amhara
and Galla-Sidama are united into the
new
province of Showa.
Mar 1941 - 23 Sep
1948 British
military administration of the Ogaden.
5 May
1941
Addis Ababa liberated by Allies.
27 Nov
1941
Last Italian administrators surrender.
15 Sep 1952 - 24 May 1993 Eritrea
part of Ethiopia.
12 Sep
1974
Ethiopia
20 Dec
1974
Socialist Ethiopia
21 Mar
1975
Monarchy abolished.
10 Sep
1987
People's Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia
27 May
1991
Ethiopia
21 Aug
1995
Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia
|
Regions
(from 1994)
|
Traditional
Border
States
|
Imperial
Govt.
in Exile
|
Shewa
(1682-1889)
|
Italian East
Africa
(1935-1942)
Ethiopian
provinces
Addis
Aababa
Amhara
Galla-Sidama
Harar
Showa
|
Ogaden
(1941-1948)
|
Ethiopian
Orthodox
Church
|
Historical
Maps
of
Ethiopia
|
Map
of Ethiopia
1952-1993
|
|
Chairman of the Central Committee of the
Commission to Organize the
the (communist) Party of the Workers of Ethiopia
(COPWE)
Dec 1979 - 12 Sep 1984
Mengistu Haile
Mariam
(b. 1937)
General Secretary of the Ethiopian Worker's Party
(EWP)
12 Sep 1984 - 21 May 1991 Mengistu Haile
Mariam
(s.a.)
(party renounces Marxist-Leninism 10 Mar
1990)
Emperors¹
1268 - 19 Jun 1285 Yekuno
Amlak Tasfa Iyasus
(d. 1285)
(= Tasfa Iyasus)
19 Jun 1285 - 1294 Yagbe'u
Seyon Yekuno Amlak
(=
Salomon I)
1294 - 1295
Senfa Ared IV Yagbe'u Seyon
1295 - 1296
Hezba Asgad Yagbe'u Seyon
1296 - 1297
Qedma Asgad Yagbe'u
Seyon
1297 - 1298
Zin Asgad Yagbe'u Seyon
(Jin Asgad)
1298 - 1299
Saba Asgad Yagbe'u Seyon
1299 - 1314
Wedem Arad Yekuno
Amlak
(d. 1314)
1314 - 1344
Amda Seyon I Wedem
Arad
(= Gabra
Masqal I)
1344 - 1372
Newaya Krestos Amda Seyon
(= Sayfa
Ar`ed)
1372 - 1382
Newaya Maryam Newaya Krestos
(= Wedem
Asfare or Gemma Asfare)
1382 - 1411
Be'ede Maryam Newaya
Krestos
(= Dawit
I)
1411 - 23 Jun 1414 Tewodros
I Be'ede Maryam
(d. 1414)
(= Walda
Ambasa)
Sep 1414 - Aug 1429 Yeshaq I
Be'ede Maryam
(= Gabra
Masqal II)
Aug 1429 - Mar 1430 Andreyas
Yeshaq (= Eskender)
1430 - Jun 1433
Takla Maryam Be'ede
Maryam
(= Hezba
Nan)
Jun 1433 - Nov 1433 Sarwe
Iyasus Takla Maryam
(d. 1433)
(=
Mehreka Nan)
Nov 1433 - Jun 1434 Amda
Iyasus Takla Maryam
(= Badel
Nan)
Jun 1434 - 24 Aug 1468 Zar'a Ya`qob Be'ede
Maryam (b. 1399 - d. 1468)
(=
Amda Seyon Kwestantinos I)
6 Sep 1468-8/19 Nov 1478 Be'ede
Maryam Zar'a Ya`qob
(b. 1448 - d. 1478)
(= Admas
Seggad)(= Dawit III)
1478 - May 1494
Eskender Be'ede Maryam
(=
Kwestantinos II)
May 1494 - 26 Oct 1494 Amda Seyon II Eskender
(= Andreyas)(d. 1494)
1494 - 31 Jul 1508
Na'od I Baeda Maryam
(d. 1508)
(= 'Anbasa Bazar)
22 Aug 1508 - 13 Sep 1540 Lebna Dengel
Naod
(b. c.1496 - d. 1540)
(= Dawit II Anbasa Seggad)
13 Sep 1540 - 3 Apr 1559 Gelawdewos Lebna
Dengel
(b. 1521/22 - d. 1559)
(= Asnaf
Sagad I)
3 Apr 1559 - 31 Jan 1563 Menas Lebna
Dengel
(d. 1563)
(= Admas
Sagad I or Wanag Sagad)
1561 - Jul 1561
Tazkaro Qal Yaqob (in opposition)
31 Jan 1563 - 3 Apr 1597 Sarsa
Dengel Menas
(d. 1597)
(= Malak
Sagad I)
1563 - 1564
Tekle Maryam (in opposition)
156. - 156.
Marqos (in opposition)
1597 - Aug/Sep 1603 Yaqob Sarsa
Dengel (1st time) (d. 1607)
(= Malak
Sagad II)
Sep 1603 - 24 Oct 1604 Za
Dengel Sarsa Denge
(d. 1604)
(= Asnaf
Sagad II)
Nov 1604 - 10 Mar 1607 Yaqob Sarsa
Dengel (2nd time) (s.a.)
1607
Yaqob Sarsa
Dengel (1st time)
(an
impostor, in opposition)
10 Mar 1607 - Aug 1632 Susenyos
I Fasilides
(b. 1572 - d. 1632)
(= Malak
Sagad III)
(in opposition from 14 Dec
1604)
1607
'Arzo Hawaryat (in
opposition)
1608 - 16..
Yaqob Sarsa
Dengel (2nd time)
(an
impostor, in opposition)
1626 - 16..
Yaqob Sarsa
Dengel
(another
impostor, in opposition)
Aug 1632 - 18 Oct 1667 Fasilides
Susenyos
(b. 1603 - d. 1667)
(= `Alam Sagad or
Adyam Sagad I)
1635 - 1636
Melke Krestos Fasilides
(in opposition)
1636 - 1640
La'eke Maryam Melke Krestos
(in
opposition)
18 Oct 1667 - 19 Jul 1682 Yohannes I
Fasilides
(d. 1682)
(= `Alam
Sagad)
19 Jul 1682 - 13 Oct 1706 Iyasu I
Yohannes
(b. 1662 - d. 1706)
(= Adyam Sagad II)
1685
Yeshaq Iyasu (in opposition)
13 Oct 1706 - 30 Jun 1708 Tekle Haymanot I
Iyasu
(b. 16.. - d. 1708)
(= Le`al Sagad)
(in
opposition from 27 Mar 1706)
30 Jun 1708 - 1 Jul 1708 Na'od II
Tekle
Haymanot
(b. 1704 - d. 1722)
1 Jul 1708 - 14 Oct 1711 Tewoflos
Yohannes (= Walda Ambasa) (b. 16.. - d. 1711)
Sep 1709
Amda Seyon (in opposition)
1709 - Jul
1710
Nebahne Yohannes (in opposition)
14 Oct 1711 - 19 Feb 1716 Yostos Delba
Iyasus
(b. 16.. - d. 1716)
(= Sahay Sagad)
19 Feb 1716 - 18 May 1721 Dawit III Iyasu (=
Adabar Sagad I) (b. 1695 - d. 1721)
(in opposition from 8 Feb 1716)
18 May 1721 - 21 May 1721 Walda Giyorgis Iyasu
21 May 1721 - 19 Sep 1730 Asma Giyorgis
Iyasu
(b. 1694 - d. 1730)
(= Adbar Sagad II or Masih Sagadr or Bakaffa)
19 Sep 1730 - 26 Jun 1755 Iyasu II Asma
Giyorgis
(b. 1723 - d. 1755)
(= `Alem Sagad)
19 Sep 1730 - 26 Jun 1755 Mantuab Walatta
Giyorgis (f) (b.
c.1710 - d. 1773)
(1st time) -Dowager Empress-Regent
1736 -
1737
Hezqeyas (in opposition)
26 Jun 1755 - 7 May 1769 Iyoas I
Iyasu (= Adyam Sagad)
(b. 174. - d. 1769)
26 Jun 1755 - 7 May 1769 Mantuab
Walatta Giyorgis (f)
(s.a.)
(2nd time) -Dowager Empress-Regent
7 May 1769 - 18 Oct 1769 Yohannes II
Iyasu
(b. 1699 - d. 1769)
18 Oct 1769 - Jun 1770 Tekle
Haymanot II
Yohannes
(b. 1754 - d. 1777)
(1st time)(= Admas Sagad III)
Jun 1770 - Dec
1770 Susenyos
II Iyasu?
Dec 1770 - 13 Apr 1777
Tekle Haymanot II
Yohannes
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Apr 1777 - 20 Jul 1779 Salomon II Adigo
20 Jul 1779 - 8 Feb 1784 Tekle
Giyorgis I Yohannes
(= Feqr Sagad)(1st time)
(b. 1755 - d. 1817)
16 Feb 1784 - 24 Apr 1788 Iyasu III
Azequ
(d. 1788)
1787 -
1788
Iyasu (in opposition)
1787 -
1788
Be'ede Mariam (in opposition)
Feb 1788 -
1789
Tekle Haymanot (in opposition)
24 Apr 1788 - 26 Jul 1789 Tekle Giyorgis I
Yohannes
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
26 Jul 1789 - Jan 1794
Hezqeyas
Iyasu
(b. 17.. - d. 1816)
Jan 1794 - 15 Apr 1795 Tekle
Giyorgis I Yohannes
(3rd
time)
(s.a.)
15 Apr 1795 - Dec 1795 Be'ede
Mariam III Salomon
Dec 1795 - 20 May 1796 Tekle
Giyorgis I Yohannes
(4th
time)
(s.a.)
20 May 1796 - 15 Jul 1797 Salomon III Tekle
Haymanot
(1st time)
18 Aug 1797 - 4 Jan 1798 Yonas
Letezum
(b. 1766 - d. 1832)
4 Jan 1798 - 20 May 1799 Tekle Giyorgis I
Yohannes
(5th
time)
(s.a.)
20 May 1799 - 25 Jul 1799 Salomon III Tekle
Haymanot
(2nd time)
25 Jul 1799 - 24 Mar 1800 Demetros Arqedewos
(1st time) (b. 17.. - d.
1803)
24 Mar 1800 - Jun 1800 Tekle
Giyorgis I Yohannes
(6th
time)
(s.a.)
Jun 1800 - Jun
1801 Demetros
Arqedewos (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Jun 1801 - 3 Jun 1818
Egwale Seyon
Hezqeyas
(d. 1818)
(= Newaya Sagad)
19 Jun 1818 - 3 Jun 1821 Iyoas II
Hezqeyas
(d. 1821)
3 Jun 1821 - Apr
1826 Gigar Iyasu (1st
time)
(b. 1745 - d. 1831)
Apr
1826
Be'eda Mariam IV
Apr 1826 - 18 Jun 1830
Gigar Iyasu (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
18 Jun 1830 - 18 Mar 1832 Iyasu IV Salomon
18 Mar 1832 -
1832
Gebre Krestos Gebre Mesay
(1st
time)
(d. 1832)
1832
Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(1st
time)
(b. c.1778 - d. 18..)
1832 - 8 Jun
1832
Gebre Krestos Gebre Mesay
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Oct 1832 - 29 Aug 1840 Sahle
Dengel Gebre Mesay
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1832
Egwala Anbasa (in rebellion)
30 Aug 1840 - Oct 1841
Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
(1st
time)
(b. 1797 - d. af.1868)
Oct 1841 -
1845
Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(3rd
time)
(s.a.)
1845
Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
(2nd
time)
(s.a.)
1845 -
1850
Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(4th
time)
(s.a.)
1850 -
1851
Yohannes III Tekle Giyorgis
(3rd
time)
(s.a.)
1851 - 11 Feb
1855
Sahle Dengel Gebre Mesay
(5th
time)
(s.a.)
1851 - 29 Jun
1853 Ali
Alula
(usurper)
(b. c.1819 - d. 1853)
Jul 1853 - 9 Feb 1855
Webe Haile Mariam (usurper)
(b. 1799 - d. 1867)
9 Feb 1855 - 13 Apr 1868 Tewodros
II
(b. c.1818 - d. 1868)
11 Jun 1868 - 11 Jul 1871 Tekle Giyorgis
II
(b. c.1836 - d. 1872)
1868 - 15 Nov
1868
Menelik II (in
rebellion)
(b. 1844 - d. 1913)
11 Jul 1871 - 10 Mar 1889 Yohannes
IV
(b. 1837 - d. 1889)
10 Mar 1889 - 12 Dec 1913 Menelik
II
(s.a.)
1910
Etege T'aytu Bet'ul (f) -Regent
(b. 1853 - d. 1918)
1910 -
1911
Ras Tesemma -Regent
(b. 18.. - d. 1911)
1912 -
1913
Lij Iyasu -Regent
(b. 1898 - d. 1935)
12 Dec 1913 - 27 Sep 1916 Iyasu
V
(s.a.)
27 Sep 1916 - 2 Apr 1930 Zauditu -Empress
(b. 1876 - d. 1930)
27 Sep 1916 - 2 Apr 1930 Ras Tafari
Makonnen -Regent
(b. 1892 - d. 1975)
(from 7 Sep 1928, Negus Tafari Makonnen)
2 Apr 1930 - 9 May 1936 Haile
Selassie I (1st
time) (s.a.)
(Ras Tafari)(in exile 2 May 1936 - 5 May 1941
in Jersusalem, then Bath, U.K and
later in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan)
1 May 1936 - 17 Dec 1936 Ras Imru -Regent
(b. 1892 - d. 1980)
9 May 1936 - 5 May 1941 Vittorio
Emanuele
III
(b. 1869 - d. 1947)
(in name only to 8 Sep 1943; also King of
Italy)
5 May 1941 - 12 Sep 1974 Haile Selassie I
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
13 Dec 1960 - 15 Dec 1960 Mengistu
Neway
(b. 1919 - d. 1960) Mil
+ Germame
Neway
(b. 1924 - d. 1960)
(in rebellion)
12 Sep 1974 - 21 Mar 1975 Asfa
Wossen
(b. 1916 - d. 1997)
(13-15 Dec 1960 designated head of state
by rebel leaders; 21 Sep 1974 designated
emperor, does not take offices)
Chairmen of the Provisional Military Administrative
Council2
(nominally for Asfa Wossen to 21 Mar
1975)
12 Sep 1974 - 17 Nov 1974 Aman Mikael
Andom
(b. 1924 - d. 1974) Mil
17 Nov 1974 - 28 Nov 1974 Mengistu Haile
Mariam (1st time)
(s.a.)
Mil
28 Nov 1974 - 3 Feb 1977 Tafari
Benti
(b. 1921 - d. 1977) Mil
3 Feb 1977 - 10 Sep 1987 Mengistu Haile
Mariam (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil/EWP
(acting to 11 Feb 1977)
Presidents
10 Sep 1987 - 21 May 1991 Mengistu Haile
Mariam
(s.a.)
EWP
21 May 1991 - 27 May 1991 Tesfaye Gebre Kidan
(acting) (b. 1935 -
d. 2004) EWP
27 May 1991 - 21 Aug 1995 Meles Zenawi
(interim)
(b. 1955 - d. 2012) TPLF+EPRDF
21 Aug 1995 - 8 Oct 2001 Negasso Gidada
Solon
(b.
1943)
ODPO+EPRDF
8 Oct 2001 - 7 Oct 2013 Girma
Wolde-Giorgis
Lucha
(b.
1924)
Ind+EPRDF
7 Oct 2013
-
Mulatu Teshome
Wirtu
(b.
1956?)
OPDO+EPRDF
Chief ministers
1909 -
1927
Habte
Giyorgis
(b. 1851 - d. 1927) Non-party
1927 - 1 May
1936 Ras
Tafari
Makonnen
(s.a.)
Non-party
(from 3 Apr 1930, Haile Selassie I)
1 May 1936 - 1936
Wolde Tzaddick
Non-party
Prime ministers
29 Jan 1943 - 1 Nov 1957 Makonnen
Endelkachew
(b. 1890 - d. 1963) Non-party
27 Nov 1957 - 15 Dec 1960 Abebe
Aragai
(b. 1903 - d. 1960)
12 Dec 1960 - 15 Dec 1960 Ras Imru (in
rebellion)
(s.a.)
15 Dec 1960 - 17 Apr 1961 Vacant
17 Apr 1961 - 1 Mar 1974 Tsehafi Taezaz
Aklilu Habte-Wold (b. 1912 - d. 1974)
Non-party
1 Mar 1974 - 22 Jul 1974 Endelkacaw
Makonnen
(b. 1927 - d. 1974) Non-party
3 Aug 1974 - 12 Sep 1974 Lij Mikael
Imru
(b. 1929 - d. 2008) Non-party
12 Sep 1974 - 10 Sep 1987 Post Abolished
10 Sep 1987 - 8 Nov 1989 Fikre Selassie
Wogderess (b. 1945)
EWP
8 Nov 1989 - 26 Apr 1991 Hailu Yimenu
(acting)
(b. 19.. - d. 1991) EWP
26 Apr 1991 - 6 Jun 1991 Tesfaye Dinka
(acting)
EWP
6 Jun 1991 - 22 Aug 1995 Tamirat
Layne
(b.
1955)
EPDM
(acting to 29 Jul 1991)
23 Aug 1995 - 20 Aug 2012 Meles
Zenawi
(s.a.)
TPLF+EPRDF
20 Aug 2012 -
Hailemariam Desalegn
(b. 1965)
SEPDM+EPRDF
(acting
to 21 Sep 2012)
British Chief Political Officers
Mar 1941 - 31 Jan 1942 Sir Philip Mitchell
(in Nairobi) (b. 1890 - d. 1946)
(for East
Africa)
18 Apr 1941 - 31 Jan 1942 Maurice Stanley Lush
(b.
1896 - d. 1990)
(deputy chief
political officer for Ethiopia)
Imperial Government in Exile
-
Emperor
6 Apr 1988 - 17 Jan 1997
Amha Selassie
I
(b. 1916 - d. 1997)
(Asfa Wossen Haile Selassie)
(to 23 Oct 1989 in London, then in Washington, DC)
President of the Crown Council
15 Jul 1993
-
Prince Ermias Sahle-Selassie
(b. 1960)
Haile-Selassie
¹Official style: Moa
Anbesa ze Emnegede Yehuda, N.N., Seyume Egziebher,
Neguse/Negeste Negest za Ityopya
("Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, N.N., Elect of
God, King/Queen of Kings of Ethiopia");
9 May 1936 - 8 Sep 1943:
Vittorio Emanuele III was styled Imperatore
d'Etiopia. ("Emperor of Ethiopia"), the
title "Emperor of Ethiopia" was informally
discontinued after 23 Sep 1943 and was dropped
as of 8 Sep 1943 by retroactive proclamation dated 27
Nov 1943.
2Nominally
acting for Crown Prince Asfa Wossen Haile Selassie
(s.a.), who did not assume
this
office from his father when he was overthrown, on 12 Sep
1974, until the abolition of
the
monarchy on 21 Mar 1975.
Territorial Disputes: Eritrea and
Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia
Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but
neither party responded to the revised line detailed in
the Nov 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; the
undemarcated former British administrative line has
little meaning as a political separation to rival clans
within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo
region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and
routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in Jan 2007;
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in
Berbera and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; civil
unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to
demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia.
Party abbreviations: AAPO
= All-Amhara People's Organization; EPRDF
= Ethiopian People's Revolutionary
Democratic Front (democratic
socialist, ethnic self-determination, coalition
of OPDO, ANDM, SEPDF and TPLF, est.1989); Ind
= Independent; ODPO = Oromo
People's Democratic Organization (Omoro regionalist,
social-democratic, est.1982); SEPDM
= Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (est.1992);
TPLF = Tigrayan People's Liberation Front
(Tigre regionalist, democratic socialist,
est.1975); Mil =
Military;
- Former parties: EPRP
= Yethiopia Hizbawi Abyotawi Party (Ethiopian People's
Revolutionary Party, from 1984 non-ethinic
federalist, to 1984
communist, est.1972); EWP
= Ye Ityopia Serategnoch Parti (Ethiopian Workers'
Party, communist, 1984-1990
-only legal party, renounced Marxist-Leninism 7 Mar
1990, 1984-1991); MEISON =
Mela Ethiopia Sosialist Niqinaqe (All-Ethiopia Socialist
Movement, Marxist-Leninist,
est.1968)
Shewa
Capital: Ankober
(Qundi 1808-1813;
Doqait 1745-1805)
|
Population: N/A
|
1839
Kingdom of Shewa (Shoa)
1856 -
1859
Annexed by Ethiopia.
1860 -
1864
Annexed by Ethiopia.
10 Mar
1889
Incorporated into Ethiopia.
Ruling princes
1682 -
1703
Negasi Krestos Lebsa
Qal
(d. 1703)
1703 - 6 Mar
1719
Sebestyanos Negasi
Krestos
(d. 1719)
6 Mar 1719 - 23 Feb 1744
Qedami Qal
Sebestyanos
(d. 1744)
23 Feb 1744 - 6 Feb 1775
Amha Iyasus Qedami
Qal
(d. 1775)
6 Feb 1775 - 30 Jul 1807
Tewodros Amha
Iyasus
(d. 1807)
Kings (styled Ras
to 1839)
30 Jul 1807 - 7 Jun 1813
Welde Giyorgis
Tewodros
(d. 1813)
7 Jun 1813 - 12 Oct 1847
Sahle
Selassie
(b. 1795 - d. 1847)
12 Oct 1847 - 9 Nov 1855
Haile
Melekot
(b. 1825 - d. 1855)
9 Nov 1855 -
1856
Sahle Mariam (1st
time)
(b. 1844 - d. 1913)
(Menelik II of Ethiopia)
Ruling princes
1856 -
1859
Haile Mikael Sahle
Selassie (b.
1827 - d. 1884)
1859
Bezabeh (1st time)(usurper)
1859 -
1860
Seyfu Sahle
Selassie
(b. 1828 - d. 1860)
1860 -
1865
Bezabeh (2nd time)(usurper)
King
Aug 1865 - 10 Mar
1889 Sahle Mariam (2nd
time)
(s.a.)
Italian East Africa
Map
of Italian East Africa |
Capital: Addis Abbeba
(Mogadishu 1935-1936) |
Currency: 1936-1941
Italian East Africa Lira
(AOIL) |
Population: 12,000,000
(1939 est.) |
-
- 15 Jan
1935
Eritrea and Italian Somaliland united as Italian East
Africa.
- 3 Oct
1935
Italy invades Ethiopia.
- 9 May
1936
Annexation of Ethiopia by Italy.
- 1 Jun
1936
Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Italian Somalia are
united
-
into Italian East Africa and reorganized as a
federation of
-
six provinces: Eritrea (formed by the merger of the
former
-
colony of Eritrea and the Ethiopian region of Tigre),
Somalia
-
(formed by the merger of the former colony of Somalia
and the
-
Ethiopian region of Ogaden), Addis Ababa (capital
region of
-
Ethiopia), Amhara, Harar, and Galla-Sidama
-
(parts of Ethiopia).
- 1 Jan
1939
Addis Ababa and parts of the provinces of Amhara
and
-
Galla-Sidama are united into the new province of
Showa.
- 5 May
1941
Addis Ababa liberated by Allies.
- 27 Nov
1941
Last Italian administrators surrender.
High Commissioners
15 Jan 1935 - 27 Nov 1935 Emilio Giuseppe Gaspar
Giovanni (b. 1866 - d. 1944)
de Bono
28 Nov 1935 - 9 May 1936 Pietro
Badoglio
(b. 1871 - d. 1956)
(from 1936, duca di Addis Ababa)
Viceroys and Governors-general (representing
Italian King Vittorio Emanuele III
who holds the title of Emperor of Ethiopia 9 May 1936 -
3 Sep 1943)
9 May 1936 - 11 Jun 1936 Pietro Badoglio,
duca
di
(b. 1871 - d. 1956)
Addis Ababa
11 Jun 1936 - 21 Dec 1937 Rodolfo Graziani,
marchese di (b. 1882 - d.
1955)
Neghelli
21 Dec 1937 - 19 May 1941 Prince Amedeo di Savoia,
duca (b. 1898 - d. 1942)
d'Aosta
23 May 1941 - 6 Jul 1941 Pietro Gazzera
(acting)
(b. 1879 - d. 1953)
6 Jul 1941 - 27 Nov 1941 Guglielmo Nasi
(acting)
(b. 1879 - d. 1971)
Addis Ababa
1 Jan 1939
Part of Showa.
Governors
5 May 1936 - 27 May 1936 Giuseppe
Bottai
(b. 1895 - d. 1959)
1 Jun 1936 - 23 Sep 1938 Alfredo
Siniscalchi
(b. 1885 - d. 1964)
23 Sep 1938 - 1 Jan 1939 Francesco Camero
Medici (b. 1896
- d. 1946)
Amhara
Governors
1 Jun 1936 - 15 Dec 1937 Alessandro Pirzio
Biroli
(b. 1877 - d. 1962)
15 Dec 1937 - 1 Jan 1939 Ottorino
Mezzetti
(b. 1877 - d. 1962)
1 Jan 1939 - 19 May 1941 Luigi Frusci
(acting)
(b. 1879 - d. 1949)
19 May 1941 - 27 Nov 1941 Guglielmo Nasi
(acting)
(s.a.)
Galla-Sidama
Governors
1 Jun 1936 - 9 Jul 1938 Carlo
Geloso
(b. 1879 - d. 1957)
10 Jul 1938 - 12 Aug 1938 Armando Felsani
12 Aug 1938 - 6 Jul 1941 Pietro
Gazzera
(s.a.)
Harar
Governors
1 Jun 1936 - 5 May 1939 Guglielmo
Nasi (1st
time)
(s.a.)
5 May 1939 - 11 Jun 1940 Enrico
Cerulli
(b. 1898 - d. 1988)
11 Jun 1940 - 4 Feb 1941 Guglielmo Nasi
(2nd time) (acting) (s.a.)
4 Feb 1941 - 9 Mar 1941 Mario Pompeo
Gorini (acting)
10 Mar 1941 - 24 Apr 1941 Carlo De Simone
(acting)
(b. 1885 - d. 1951)
Showa
(Scioà)
Governors
1 Jan 1939 - 5 May 1939 Enrico
Cerulli
(s.a.)
5 May 1939 - 2 Jun 1940 Guglielmo
Nasi
(s.a.)
2 Jun 1940 - 3 Apr 1941 Giuseppe
Daodice di Daodicca (b. 1882 -
d. 1952)
3 Apr 1941 - 6 Apr 1941 Agenore
Frangipani dei marchesi (b. 1876 - d. 1941)
di
Mileta (acting)
Ogaden
Mar 1941 - 23 Sep 1948
British military administration of the Ogaden;
subordinated
to British occupied Somalia (see
under Somalia).
28 Feb 1955
Haud and Reserved Areas transferred
to Ethiopia.
Heads of the British Military Mission to
Ethiopia
1942 - 1943
Stephen Seymor
Bulter
(b. 1880 - d. 1964)
1943 - 1949
Algeron Edward Cottam
(b. 1893 - d. 1964)
British Military Governors of Ogaden
Mar 1941 - 23 Sep
1948 ....
Senior Civil Affairs
Officers, Residents
194. - May 1943
G.D.
Pitcairn
May 1943 - 194.
D.K. Daniels
(b. 1905 - d. ....)
c.1945/46
F.W.N.
Collingwood
© Ben Cahoon
|