Autistic children have 'too many cells in brain region responsible for emotional development'
- The find by U.S. researchers helps explain why autistic children often develop larger brains
Children with autism appear to have too many cells in a key area of the brain needed for communication and emotional development, scientists said today.
The find helps to explain why young children with autism often develop brains that are larger than normal.
The study by U.S. researchers suggests the condition starts in the womb because brain cells in this area known as the prefrontal cortex typically develop during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Larger brains: The condition of too many cells in the prefrontal cortex starts in the womb because brain cells in this area typically develop during the second trimester of pregnancy
The research could help narrow the search for a cause of autism, which affects one in every 150 children born in the U.S., or about 1 per cent of the population.
Lead researcher Dr Eric Courchesne, of the University of California San
Diego Autism Center of Excellence, said: 'We found a really remarkable 67 per cent increase in the total number of brain cells in the prefrontal cortex.'
Dr Courchesne and his team carefully counted the number of brain cells in tissue from seven boys with autism who had died and six boys who did not have autism at the the time of their deaths.
They focused on the prefrontal cortex, a part of the brain which is thought to grow too large and too fast in children with autism.
Dr Courchesne said: 'It's a part of the brain that's important for social, emotional and communication functions, and it composes about 25 to 30 per cent of the cerebral cortex.'
In 2003, the researchers were the first to link rapid growth in head circumference in the first year of birth with autism.
He said the finding of excess brain cells in the prefrontal cortex explains brain overgrowth in autism, and hints at why brain function in this area is disrupted.
'This isn't just a simple increase in neurons,' Dr Courchesne said. 'It means a huge increase in potential connections and, therefore, a potential for miswiring which would lead to abnormal function.'
'It means a huge increase in potential connections and, therefore, a potential for miswiring which would lead to abnormal function'
Autism is a spectrum of disorders ranging from a profound inability to communicate and mental retardation to relatively mild symptoms such as with Asperger's syndrome.
Scientists have found dozens of genes that may raise the risk of autism. But genetic causes only explain 10 per cent to 20 per cent of cases, and recent studies have pointed to environmental factors, possibly in the womb, as a potential trigger.
Dr Courchesne said: 'For years, it's been a big puzzle from the standpoint of evidence. Where is the evidence that autism has a prenatal origin?
'For the first time, we have something really solid.'
The team found excess brain cells in each child with autism they studied, Dr Courchesne said. And the brains of the autistic children also weighed more than those of typically developing children of the same age.
Lizabeth Romanski, of the University of Rochester Medical Center and who was not involved in the study, said the findings show that the origins of autism occur very early.
She said: 'The generation of new neurons, what we call proliferation, occurs prenatally during the second trimester. That is when these neurons are being born.'
She said the finding of a large number of these neurons in children with autism suggests something occurred during this period to change the way the brain develops.
The researchers acknowledge that their study, which appears in the Journal of
the American Medical Association, is small.
Dr Courchesne said it is difficult to find brain samples from young people with autism, and his study included some from very young children, ranging from ages two to 16.
He said: 'This really says prenatal life is a very important time to study and mechanisms there will eventually lead to our understanding of how autism comes about.'
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