Health geography
Health geography is the application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care.
Contents
Overview[edit]
The study of health geography has been influenced by (re)positioning of medical geography within the field of social geography due to a shift from a medical model to a social model in healthcare, which advocates for the redefinition of health and health care away from prevention and treatment of illness only to one of promoting well-being in general. Under this model, some previous illnesses (e.g., mental ill health) are recognized as behavior disturbances only, and other types of medicine (e.g., complementary or alternative medicine and traditional medicine) are studied by the medicine researchers, sometimes with the aid of health geographers without medical education. This shift changes the definition of care, no longer limiting it to spaces such as hospitals or doctor's offices. Also, the social model gives primacy to the intimate encounters performed at non-traditional spaces of medicine and healthcare as well as to the individuals as health consumers.[1]
This alternative methodological approach means that medical geography is broadened to incorporate philosophies such as Marxian political economy, structuralism, social interactionism, humanism, feminism and queer theory.[2]
History of health geography[edit]
The relationship between space and health dates back to Hippocrates, who stated that "airs, waters, places" all played significant roles impacting human health and history.[2] A classic piece of research in health geography was done in 1854 as a cholera outbreak gripped a neighborhood in London. Death tolls rang around the clock and the people feared that they were being infected by vapors coming from the ground. John Snow thought that if he could locate the source of the disease, it could be contained. He drew maps showing the homes of people who had died of cholera and the locations of water pumps. He found that one pump, the public pump on Broad Street, was central to most of the victims. He figured that infected water from the pump was the culprit. He instructed the authorities to remove the handle to the pump, making it unusable. After that the number of new cholera cases decreased.
Areas of study[edit]
Health geography is considered to be divided into two distinct elements. The first of which is focused on geographies of disease and ill health, involving descriptive research quantifying disease frequencies and distributions, and analytic research concerned with finding what characteristics make an individual or population susceptible to disease. This requires an understanding of epidemiology.[3] The second stream of health geography is the geography of health care, primarily facility location, accessibility and utilization. This requires the use of spatial analysis and often borrows from Behavioral economics.[4]
Geographies of disease and ill health[edit]
Health geographers are concerned with the prevalence of different diseases along a range of spatial scales from the local to global, and inspects the natural world, in all of its complexity, for correlations between diseases and locations. This situates health geography alongside other geographical sub-disciplines that trace human-environment relations. Health geographers use modern spatial analysis tools to map the diffusion of various diseases, as individuals spread them amongst themselves, and across wider spaces as they migrate.[2] Health geographers also consider all types of spaces as presenting health risks, from natural disasters, to interpersonal violence, stress and other potential dangers.[1]
Geography of health care provision[edit]
Although health care is a public good, it is not equally available to all individuals. Demand for public services is continuously increasing. People need advance knowledge and fastest prediction technology, that Health Geography offers. The latest example is Telemedicine
Mobility and Disease Tracking[edit]
With the advent of mobile technology and its spread, it is now possible to track individual mobility. Corelating the movement of individuals by tracking the devices using access towers or other tracking systems, it is now possible to determine and even control disease spread. While privacy laws will come in the way of tracking individuals, the commercial mobile service providers are using anonymizing techniques or getting government waiver to track people .
Health geographers[edit]
Notable[citation needed] health geographers include:
- John Snow
- William C. Gorgas
- Jonathan Mayer[5]
- Robin Kearns[6]
- Graham Moon[7]
- Nancy Ross[8]
- W.F. (Ric) Skinner[9]
See also[edit]
- Cluster (epidemiology)
- Geographic Information System
- Spatial epidemiology
- Social model of disability
References[edit]
- ^ a b Philo, Chris (2009). "Health and Health Care". In Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine et. al The Dictionary of Human Geography (Fifth Edition). Oxford:Blackwell. pp.325-326
- ^ a b c Philo, Chris (2009). "Medical Geography". In Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine et. al The Dictionary of Human Geography (Fifth Edition). Oxford:Blackwell. pp.451-453
- ^ Ocaña-Riola, Ricardo (2010). "Common errors in disease mapping". Geospatial Health. 4 (2): 139–54. doi:10.4081/gh.2010.196. PMID 20503184.
- ^ Litva, Andréa (1995). "Coming out: exposing social theory in medical geography". Health. 1 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1016/1353-8292(95)00002-4.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Robin Kearns
- ^ Graham Moon
- ^ [2]
- ^ W.F. (Ric) Skinner
External links[edit]
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Sub-fields of and approaches to human geography
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